Increased risk of non-multiple sclerosis demyelinating syndromes in patients with preexisting septicaemia: a nationwide retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Growing evidence shows links between septicaemia and non-multiple sclerosis demyelinating syndromes (NMSDS); nevertheless, epidemiological data are still very limited. This study aimed to explore the relationship between septicaemia and NMSDS in a general population. METHODS: The study included 482 781 individuals diagnosed with septicaemia and 1 892 825 age/sex-matched non-septicaemia patients for the comparison. Data were drawn from a population-based nationwide National Health Insurance Research Database Taiwan, from 1 January 2002 to 31 December 2011. The two cohorts of patients with and without septicaemia were followed up for the occurrence of NMSDS. The Cox-proportional hazard regression model was performed to estimate adjusted HR after multivariate adjustment. RESULTS: Individuals with septicaemia had a 4.17-fold (95% CI 3.21 to 5.4, p < 0.001) higher risk to develop NMSDS compared with those without septicaemia. Patients aged <65 years had a greater NMSDS risk (<45 years: HR = 6.41, 95% CI 3.65 to 11.3, p < 0.001; 45-64 years: HR = 6.66, 95% CI 3.98 to 11.2, p < 0.001). Furthermore, females with septicaemia and individuals with higher severity of septicaemia were associated with increased risks of developing NMSDS. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicated that patients with septicaemia were likely to develop NMSDS. A possible contributing role of septicaemia in increasing the hazard of NMSDS is proposed, based on the outcome that individuals with higher severity of septicaemia carried elevated threat of encountering NMSDS.

Male, old age and low income to predispose epilepsy in migraineurs.

BACKGROUND: This study investigated whether sex, age, income and any comorbidity affect subsequent epilepsy development in migraineurs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 4915 men diagnosed with migraine who were aged older than 20 years were identified as the study cohort. A total of 4882 female migraineurs were included in the comparison cohort. We calculated the adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) for the risk of epilepsy in the two cohorts after adjustment for age and comorbidity. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to analyse the cumulative epilepsy incidence, and the log-rank test was used to estimate the differences between the two cumulative incidence curves. RESULTS: The risk of epilepsy was 2·31-fold higher in male migraineurs than in female migraineurs. The income-specific analysis showed that the risk of epilepsy was high in migraineurs with a low monthly income [aHR: 2·73 for 15 000-25 000 new Taiwan dollar (NTD; approximately 500-833 USD) and aHR: 2·71 for < 15 000 NTD]. Among patients with one or more comorbidity, a 2·48-fold (95% confidence interval: 1·65-3·74) high risk of epilepsy was noted in male migraineurs, regardless of the presence of head injury. Additional analyses revealed that male migraineurs aged 65 years or older had the highest risk of epilepsy. CONCLUSION: Migraineurs have an increased risk of subsequent epilepsy. Male sex, old age and low income may interact with migraine and result in a high risk of epilepsy in migraineurs.

Association of Vagotomy and Decreased Risk of Subsequent Ischemic Stroke in Complicated Peptic Ulcer Patients: an Asian Population Study.

OBJECTIVES: The primary management of peptic ulcers is medical treatment. Persistent exacerbation of a peptic ulcer may lead to complications (perforation and/or bleeding). There has been a trend toward the use of a less invasive surgical simple suture, simple local suture or non-operative (endoscopic/angiography) hemostasis rather than acid-reducing vagotomy (i.e., vagus nerve severance) for treating complicated peptic ulcers. Other studies have shown the relationship between high vagus nerve activity and survival in cancer patients via reduced levels of inflammation, indicating the essential role of the vagus nerve. We were interested in the role of the vagus nerve and attempted to assess the long-term systemic effects after vagus nerve severance. Complicated peptic ulcer patients who underwent truncal vagotomy may represent an appropriate study population for investigating the association between vagus nerve severance and long-term effects. Therefore, we assessed the risks of subsequent ischemic stroke using different treatment methods in complicated peptic ulcer patients who underwent simple suture/hemostasis or truncal vagotomy/pyloroplasty. METHODS: We selected 299,742 peptic ulcer patients without a history of stroke and Helicobacter pylori infection and an additional 299,742 matched controls without ulcer, stroke, and Helicobacter pylori infection from the National Health Insurance database. The controls were frequency matched for age, gender, Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) score, hypertension, hyperlipidemia history, and index year. Then, we measured the incidence of overall ischemic stroke in the two cohorts. The hazard ratio (HR) and the 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated by Cox proportional hazard regression. RESULTS: Compared to the controls, peptic ulcer patients had a 1.86-fold higher risk of ischemic stroke. There were similar results in gender, age, CCI, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia stratified analyses. In complicated peptic ulcer patients, those who received truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty had a lower risk of ischemic stroke than patients who received simple suture/hemostasis (HR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.60-0.81). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that patients with peptic ulcers have an elevated risk of subsequent ischemic stroke. Moreover, there were associations between vagotomy and a decreased risk of subsequent ischemic stroke in complicated peptic ulcer patients.

Cancer risk in East Asian patients associated with acquired haemolytic anaemia: a nationwide population-based cohort study.

BACKGROUND: This study investigated whether patients with acquired haemolytic anaemia (AHA) would have elevated cancer risk including that for non-haematological solid tumours. We further examined whether the cancer risk would be different between patients with autoimmune type AHA (AIHA) and patients of non-AIHA. METHODS: Using nationwide population-based insurance claims data of Taiwan we identified a cohort of patients with AHA with no pre-existing cancer, (n = 3902) and a comparison cohort (n = 39020) without AHA, frequency-matched by gender, age, urbanization of residency and diagnosis date. Incidence and Cox method estimated adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) of cancers controlling covariates by the end of 2010 were calculated. Risks between patients with AIHA and non-AIHA were compared. Sensitivity analysis was carried out to measure the risk of cancer between patients with and without AHA by follow-up years. RESULTS: Patients with AHA had a 90% greater incidence of cancer than controls, with an aHR of 1.78 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.50-2.12)]. The overall aHRs of cancer for patients with AIHA and non-AIHA were 2.01 (95% CI, 1.56-2.59) and 1.87 (95% CI, 1.53-2.29), respectively, compared with the comparison cohort. The aHRs for lymphatic-haematopoietic malignancy were 19.5 and 9.59 in the AIHA and non-AIHA cohorts, respectively. No hazard of colorectal, lung, liver or breast cancer was significant. CONCLUSIONS: There is a near 2-fold elevated risk for subsequent cancer in patients with AHA, particularly for lymphatic-haematopoietic malignancy, which is much greater for patients with AIHA than non-AIHA. These findings can help clinicians decide patient-centred personalized long-term management.

Risk relation between rhinitis and acute ischemic stroke.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Chronic inflammation that triggers endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis may promote the evolution of cardiovascular diseases, including acute ischemic stroke (AIS). In this study, we assessed the association between rhinitis (RN), an immunoglobulin E-related atopic disease, and the risk of AIS. METHODS: We used a Taiwan national insurance claims data set of 1 million enrollees to distinguish 61,899 patients with RN and 123,798 randomly selected age- and sex-matched controls from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2010. Both cohorts were followed up until the occurrence of stroke or the end of follow-up. The risk of AIS was evaluated by using the Cox proportional hazards regression model. RESULTS: After adjustment of the relevant covariates, the RN group showed a lower risk of AIS (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 0.74 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 0.70-0.79]) compared with the control cohort at the end of follow-up. Among the participants without comorbidities, the RN cohort still had a lower risk of AIS compared with the control cohort (aHR 0.69 [95% CI, 0.59-0.81]). Moreover, in the three stratified age groups, RN was associated with a significantly decreased risk of AIS (ages ≤49 years: aHR 0.77 [95% CI, 0.63-0.95]; ages 50-64 years: aHR 0.72 [95% CI, 0.64-0.81]; ages ≥65 years: aHR 0.78 [95% CI, 0.71-0.85]). CONCLUSIONS: RN was associated with a decreased risk of developing AIS. Although a reduction in risk of AIS was observed, it warrants further consideration to prevent AIS in patients with RN.

Which Vestibulopathy is Vertebral Artery Hypoplasia Related with in Vestibular Migraine?

PURPOSE: A possible relationship between vertebral artery hypoplasia (VAH) and vestibular migraine (VM) has been suggested at some medical conferences, few studies of this condition have elucidated which vestibulopathy is VAH associated with during the vestibular episodes of VM. METHODS: We performed a retrospective case-series control study to elucidate the above issue. From 2008 January to May 2010, 18 VM patients received magnetic resonance imaging. Of them, 44.4% (n=8) were the VAH subgroup and 55.6% (n=10) were the non-VAH subgroup. We reviewed the ictal electronystagmogram battery of the two subgroups. A Fisher's exact test was used with alpha of 0.01. RESULTS: VAH was not more significantly prevalent in the VM patients than the non-VM ones. In the VM group, there was a significant difference in the 4 sub-divisions of vestibulopathy between the VAH and non-VAH subgroups (p=0.0096). CONCLUSION: In this small neurotological study, VAH was closely related with central vestibulopathy rather than peripheral or mixed vestibulopathy so the topographic factor of VAH little influenced the ipsilateral peripheral vestibular labyrinth in the vestibular episodes of VM.

Risk of subsequent dementia in patients with hypertensive encephalopathy: a nationwide population-based study in Taiwan.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: We investigated the association of hypertensive encephalopathy (HE) with subsequent dementia. METHODS: Using universal insurance claims data, we identified a study cohort of 5,504 participants with HE newly diagnosed between 1997 and 2010 and a comparison cohort of 22,016 healthy participants. Incidence and risks of dementia were estimated for both cohorts until the end of 2010. RESULTS: The dementia incidence was 1.45-fold [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.27-1.66] higher in the study cohort than in the comparison cohort, with an adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 1.38 (95% CI = 1.19-1.59) for the study cohort. The risk was higher for males than for females and elderly patients. With an incidence of 13.4 per 1,000 person-years, the HR of dementia increased to 2.09 (95% CI = 1.18-3.71) for the HE patients with the comorbidities of head injury and diabetes compared to those without HE and comorbidities. The risk of developing dementia declined with the follow-up time. CONCLUSION: Hypertensive patients with HE displayed a significantly higher risk for dementia than those without HE. The risk increased further in those with the comorbidities of head injury and diabetes. Physicians should be aware of the link between HE and dementia when assessing patients with HE.

Late-onset epilepsy and subsequent increased risk of dementia.

Inflammation is considered as a key pathogenesis factor of dementia and epilepsy. However, epilepsy's association with dementia, particularly its role in the development of dementia, remains unclear. To evaluate the association between epilepsy and the risk of dementia, in Taiwan, we have now conducted a retrospective cohort study comprising 675 individuals (age, ≥50 years) with epilepsy and 2,025 matched control subjects without epilepsy. In order to match individuals diagnosed with epilepsy with those with no diagnosis of epilepsy (comparison cohort), we utilized exact matching at a ratio of 1:3. Compared with those in the comparison cohort, individuals in the epilepsy cohort had a significantly increased risk of developing dementia (adjusted hazard ratio = 2.87, p < 0.001). A similar result has been observed after stratifying for sex (adjusted hazard ratio in males = 2.95, p < 0.001; adjusted hazard ratio in females = 2.66, p < 0.001). To conclude, based on these data, epileptic individuals ≥50 years were at a greater risk of developing dementia than people who do not have epilepsy, which indicates that a diagnosis of epilepsy presents a greater risk for the development of dementia.

Acupuncture reduced the medical expenditure in migraine patients: Real-world data of a 10-year national cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: According to the data of Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, almost all the countries got increased medical expenditures in these years. Among the diseases, migraine is a condition that affects predominantly young and middle-aged people. It results in great economic losses. So we perform this research to investigate the acupuncture effect of reducing medical expenditure and medical resources use. PERSPECTIVE: Acupuncture is a non-pharmacologic treatment and it became popular in recent years. In Taiwan, about 13% migraine patients visited acupuncture doctor. We hypothesized that the acupuncture had the additional effect than the medical treatment. SETTING: We analysed the economic cost and medical visits in the real word. METHODS: We used national cohort data from Taiwan, retrospectively gathered between 2000 and 2010. We selected newly diagnosed migraine patients who were diagnosed by registered neurologists formally licensed by the Taiwan Neurological Society. We divided these patients into two groups: with and without acupuncture treatment. The main outcome was medical expenditures and visits within 1 year after acupuncture. RESULTS: In migraine patients who received acupuncture treatment, medical expenditures on emergency care and hospitalization were significantly lower than the group without acupuncture treatment. CONCLUSION: According to our real-world data, acupuncture can reduce the medical expenditure in migraine patients within 1 year after diagnosis. For the health policy maker, it is cost effective to encourage combining acupuncture and western medicine to treat migraine patients. For the doctors in routine clinical practice, who may consider to consult acupuncture doctors to deal with the migraine patients together.

An outbreak of foodborne botulism in Taiwan.

Botulism is a rare but serious paralytic disease caused by botulinum toxin. We report an outbreak of type B botulism in Taiwan in 2006. There were five cases involved in this outbreak. They present ileus and acute cranial nerve dysfunction including dysphagia and blurred vision. One of them had severe neurologic impairment and required mechanical ventilatory support. No patient received antitoxin administration because of delayed diagnosis. The food specimen revealed positive botulism toxin B. There were no fatalities. Consumption of fermented food was significantly associated with this outbreak. We also reviewed the characteristics of cases with botulism in Taiwan since 1985.

Efficacy of laser acupuncture for patients with chronic Bell's palsy: A study protocol for a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled pilot trial.

BACKGROUND: Bell's palsy is the most frequent cause of unilateral peripheral facial palsy, a common condition that third of patients can have inadequate recovery and subsequent physical and social impairments. The largely ineffective and even controversial nature of the various medical and surgical treatment options means that novel, alternative approaches are needed. In preclinical and clinical evidence, low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has demonstrated the ability to regenerate peripheral nerves. Laser acupuncture treatment (LAT), the stimulation of traditional acupoints with low-intensity, non-thermal laser irradiation, is a common treatment modality, but its efficacy in chronic Bell's palsy is undetermined. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of LAT in patients experiencing inadequate recovery from Bell's palsy. METHODS: This 2-armed, parallel, randomized, subject-assessor-blinded, single-center, sham-controlled pilot trial will randomly assign 32 eligible patients into either a real LAT group (n = 16) or a sham LAT group (n = 16). The real LAT group will receive 3 LAT sessions each week for 6 weeks (a total of 18 sessions), delivered to acupoints corresponding with the affected side of the face. The sham LAT group will receive the same treatment as the real LAT group, but with a sham laser device. The primary outcome measure will be the change from baseline at week 6 in the Facial Disability Index score. Secondary outcomes will monitor changes during treatment in the House-Brackmann and Sunnybrook facial nerve grading systems and stiffness scale, at weeks 1, 3, and 6. DISCUSSION: To the best of our knowledge, this double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled trial is the first such investigation into the efficacy of LAT in chronic Bell's palsy. Clinical trials using LLLT have shown positive therapeutic effects in acute Bell's palsy, although as yet, the feasibility and efficacy of LAT remain unclear in patients experiencing inadequate recovery from Bell's palsy. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This trial protocol has been approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (Protocol ID: CMUH107-REC1-030) also registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (identifier no. NCT03592797).

Long-term ambient hydrocarbons exposure and incidence of ischemic stroke.

Exposure to air pollutants is known to have adverse effects on human health; however, little is known about the association between hydrocarbons in air and an ischemic stroke (IS) event. We investigated whether long-term exposure to airborne hydrocarbons, including volatile organic compounds, increased IS risk. This retrospective cohort study included 283,666 people aged 40 years or older in Taiwan. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to fit single- and multiple-pollutant models for two targeted pollutants, total hydrocarbons (THC) and nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHC), and estimated the risk of IS. Before controlling for multiple pollutants, hazard ratios (HRs) of IS with 95% confidence intervals for the overall population were 2.69 (2.64-2.74) at 0.16-ppm increase in THC and 1.62 (1.59-1.66) at 0.11-ppm increase in NMHC. For the multiple-pollutant models controlling for PM2.5, the adjusted HR was 3.64 (3.56-3.72) for THC and 2.21 (2.16-2.26) for NMHC. Our findings suggest that long-term exposure to THC and NMHC may be a risk factor for IS development.

Long-Term Exposure to Ambient Hydrocarbons Increases Dementia Risk in People Aged 50 Years and above in Taiwan.

BACKGROUND: Alzheimer's disease, the most common cause of dementia among the elderly, is a progressive and irreversible neurodegenerative disease. Exposure to air pollutants is known to have adverse effects on human health, however, little is known about hydrocarbons in the air that can trigger a dementia event. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate whether long-term exposure to airborne hydrocarbons increases the risk of developing dementia. METHOD: The present cohort study included 178,085 people aged 50 years and older in Taiwan. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to fit the multiple pollutant models for two targeted pollutants, including total hydrocarbons and non-methane hydrocarbons, and estimated the risk of dementia. RESULTS: Before controlling for multiple pollutants, hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals for the overall population were 7.63 (7.28-7.99, p <0.001) at a 0.51-ppm increases in total hydrocarbons, and 2.94 (2.82-3.05, p <0.001) at a 0.32-ppm increases in non-methane hydrocarbons. The highest adjusted hazard ratios for different multiple-pollutant models of each targeted pollutant were statistically significant (p <0.001) for all patients: 11.52 (10.86-12.24) for total hydrocarbons and 9.73 (9.18-10.32) for non-methane hydrocarbons. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that total hydrocarbons and non-methane hydrocarbons may be contributing to dementia development.

Incidence of retinal vein occlusion with long-term exposure to ambient air pollution.

This study aimed to investigate whether long-term exposure to airborne hydrocarbons, including volatile organic compounds, increases the risk of developing retinal vein occlusion (RVO) among the population of Taiwan. A retrospective cohort study involving 855,297 people was conducted. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis fitted the multiple pollutant models for two targeted pollutants, including total hydrocarbons (THC), nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHC) were used, and the risk of RVO was estimated. The chi-squared test and one-way analysis of variance were used to test differences in demographics and comorbidity distribution among tertiles of the targeted pollutants. Before controlling for multiple pollutants, hazard ratios for the overall population were 19.88 (95% CI: 17.56-22.50) at 0.51-ppm increases in THC and 4.33 (95% CI: 3.97-4.73) at 0.27-ppm increases in NMHC. The highest adjusted hazard ratios for different multiple pollutant models of each targeted pollutant were statistically significant (all p values were ≤0.05) for all patients at 29.67 (95% CI: 25.57-34.42) for THC and 16.24 (95% CI: 14.14-18.65) for NMHC. Our findings suggest that long-term exposure to THC and NMHC contribute to RVO development.

Association of Higher Migraine Risk Among Female and Younger Chronic Osteomyelitis Patients: Evidence from a Taiwan Cohort of One Million.

BACKGROUND: Inflammation may trigger migraine development through neurovascular reactions in the brain. Most of the migraine patients, particularly the younger ones, do not have any risk factors for this disease. Hence, we assessed whether chronic osteomyelitis (COM), a chronic inflammatory disease, increases the risk of migraine. OBJECTIVE: We aim to evaluate the risk of migraine among female and middle-age COM patients with a large patient sample. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study was conducted in this study. SETTING: The data used in this study were extracted from the Taiwan National Health Insurance (NHI) Research Database. METHODS: A study group with 2,012 COM patients and 8,048 randomly chosen gender- and age-matched controls were chosen from the Taiwan NHI Research Database (NHIRD) from the start of 2000 to the end of 2009. The risk of migraine was estimated with Cox proportional regression model. Both COM and control groups were followed-up until the occurrence of migraine during the study period (2000-2011). Prevalent covariates, such as age, gender, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, stroke, coronary artery disease, depression, anxiety, sleep disorder, bipolar disorder, and epilepsy, were included for further evaluation. The hazard ratio (HR) of migraine was measured with Cox proportional hazard regression model. The primary outcome was the overall migraine risk among COM patients, and the secondary outcome was the migraine risk among COM patients lacking the comorbidities. Additional outcomes included migraine risk among COM patients in different age and gender subgroups. RESULTS: The overall migraine risk was increased in COM patients (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.74, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.14-2.65). Even without any prevalent comorbidities, COM patients still exhibited an increased risk of migraine (aHR 2.05, 95% CI 1.06-3.97) than the controls did. Moreover, this risk was relatively higher in COM patients aged < 40 and 45-54 years (aHR 2.07, 95% CI 0.97-4.46 and aHR 2.11, 95% CI 0.97-4.57, respectively) than in their counterparts. Female COM patients had a relatively higher migraine risk (aHR 1.85, 95% CI 1.05-3.24) than male patients did (aHR 1.68, 95% CI 0.89-3.16). LIMITATIONS: The messages about personal behaviors were unavailable in the Taiwan NHIRD. Other neurovascular risk factors that might increase migraine cannot be excluded completely in this research. CONCLUSION: An association between COM and increased risk of migraine was shown in this study. The results suggest that COM is a significant migraine predictor, and thus imply the necessity for rigorous migraine prevention in COM patients, especially female and younger ones. KEY WORDS: Inflammation, migraine, chronic osteomyelitis, Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database.

Is Fibromyalgia Risk Higher Among Male and Young Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients? Evidence from a Taiwan Cohort of One Million.

BACKGROUND: Prior literatures have shown inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) could increase fibromyalgia (FM) risk. However, studies about gender and age distributions of FM risk among patients with IBD are rare. With large study samples, this study aimed to evaluate the FM risk among IBD patients with different gender and different age. OBJECTIVE: We aim to estimate the FM risk among male and younger IBD patients with a large patient sample. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study was arranged in this research. SETTING: The data used in this research were selected from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD). METHODS: From the Taiwan NHIRD, we selected 4,510 patients with IBD and 18,040 randomly gender- and age-matched patients without a history of IBD from the beginning of 2000 to the end of 2005 to analyze the development of FM over a 12-year follow-up period (2000-2011). The Cox regression model was used to assess the effects of IBD on the risk of FM by adjusting for gender, age, and comorbidities, including hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, depression, anxiety, and sleep disorder. RESULTS: After adjusting suitable covariates, the IBD patients had a greater FM risk (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.70, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.59-1.83) than the controls. Male IBD patients had a higher FM risk than female IBD patients did (aHR 2.00, 95% CI 1.79-2.23 and aHR 1.52, 95% CI 1.38-1.67, respectively). The greatest age-specific FM risk occurred in the youngest IBD subgroup (= 39 years old) (aHR 1.92, 95% CI 1.68-2.19). LIMITATIONS: The information about personal behaviors was unobtainable in the Taiwan NHIRD. Other risk factors for cardiovascular disease that might augment FM cannot be excluded entirely in this study. CONCLUSION: IBD is disclosed to be correlated with an enhanced risk to develop FM, particularly in male and younger IBD patients. For preventing FM, it is necessary to pay more attention to the management of the IBD patients. Future researches are needed to further confirm the findings in this study. KEY WORDS: Inflammation, inflammatory bowel disease, fibromyalgia, Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database.

Reduced Risks of Both Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Strokes in Nurses: A Population-Based Cohort Study in Taiwan.

BACKGROUND: Nurses are typically required to address patient emergencies, and they experience high stress levels in their work, which may expose them to a higher risk of stroke. This cohort study compared the risk of stroke between nurses and the general population. METHODS: We used the Taiwan National Health Insurance database to conduct our retrospective cohort study, and we identified 83,641 individuals in the nurse group and 334,564 individuals in the control group. For the nurse group and the control group, we used the chi-square test in addition to applying Student's t-test, in order to compare the distribution differences for the continuous variables. We estimated the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke through univariate and multivariate Cox proportional-hazards regression models, with stratification according to age, sex, and comorbidity. RESULTS: The nurse group had a lower risk of ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke in the crude model (HR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.58⁻0.75; HR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.47⁻0.72). After adjusting the prevalent variables, the nurse group still had a lower risk of stroke (HR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.60⁻0.77; HR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.48⁻0.73). CONCLUSION: The risks of both stroke types were lower in the nurse group than in the control. For stroke prevention, more frequent physical examinations are needed in order to enhance the health and well-being of people, including the nurses.

Confusion or delirium in patients with posterior cerebral arterial infarction.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the possible anatomic sites and risk factors for the development of confusion or delirium in patients with posterior cerebral arterial (PCA) infarction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-nine patients aged 34-86 years with PCA infarction were divided into two groups: one with and the other without perturbed mentation. The clinical and laboratory data, including neuroimages, were retrospectively reviewed. Student-t, chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were performed for data analysis. RESULTS: Confusion or delirium tended to develop in the left (10/13) or bilateral (5/5) PCA infarction as compared to the right PCA infarction (3/15) (P< 0.05) and medial occipital-temporal gyri involvement was crucial for its development (P< 0.05). The results were also noted in the patients with first-ever stroke. Diabetes mellitus was the sole biochemical factor to be associated with confusion or delirium (P< 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The involvement of the medial occipito-temporal gyri, especially on the left side was the pivotal factor for the development of confusion or delirium in patients with PCA infarction. Higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus was also observed in the group with mental perturbation.

Association between use of short-acting benzodiazepines and migraine occurrence: a nationwide population-based case-control study.

AIM: To evaluate the association between using benzodiazepines (BZDs) with short- or long-acting durations and migraine occurrence. METHODS: The migraine group comprised 9616 subjects older than 20 years and newly diagnosed with migraine between 2005 and 2011, and the comparison group comprised 38,464 subjects without migraine. The BZDs used in the subjects were dichotomously defined as short-acting (half-life ≤24 h) and long-acting substances. A logistic regression model was used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) of migraine associated with BZD exposure and other diseases. RESULTS: The adjusted OR of migraine associated with BZD exposure was 1.73 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.63-1.84). Either exposure to a short-acting BZD alone or using it combining with a long-acting BZD had significant higher risks of migraine (adjusted OR = 1.69, 95% CI = 1.59-1.80; adjusted OR = 2.06, 95% CI = 1.91-2.24, respectively), whereas only long-acting BZD use was not associated with an increase of migraine. Meanwhile, sleep disorders, anxiety, and stroke were strongly associated with migraine (adjusted OR = 2.00, 1.91, and 1.57, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: We observed a significant increase of migraine occurrence in subjects using short-acting BZDs, either alone or in combination with long-acting ones.

Association between fibromyalgia syndrome and peptic ulcer disease development.

PURPOSE: The correlation of fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) with peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is unclear. We therefore conducted a cohort study to investigate whether FMS is correlated with an increased risk of PUD. METHODS: In this study, we established an FMS cohort comprising 26068 patients aged more than 20 years who were diagnosed with FMS from 2000 to 2011. Furthermore, we established a control cohort by randomly choosing 104269 people without FMS who were matched to the FMS patients by gender, age, and index year. All patients were free of PUD at the baseline. Cox proportional hazard regressions were performed to compute the hazard ratio of PUD after adjustment for demographic characteristics and comorbidities. RESULTS: The prevalence of comorbidities was significantly higher in the FMS patients than in the controls. The incidence of PUD was 29.8 and 19.4 per 1000 person-years in the FMS and control cohorts, respectively. In addition, the FMS cohort exhibited a 1.40-fold higher risk of PUD (95% confidence interval = 1.35-1.45) compared with the control cohort. After control for confounding factors, the medications (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, and antidepressants) taken by the FMS patients did not increase the risk of PUD. CONCLUSION: FMS patients exhibit a higher risk of PUD than that of patients without FMS.