COVID-19 diagnostic testing and vaccinations among First Nations in Manitoba: A nations-based retrospective cohort study using linked administrative data, 2020-2021.

BACKGROUND: Differential access to healthcare has contributed to a higher burden of illness and mortality among First Nations compared to other people in Canada. Throughout the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, First Nations organizations in Manitoba partnered with public health and Manitoba government officials to ensure First Nations had early, equitable and culturally safe access to COVID-19 diagnostic testing and vaccination. In this study, we examined whether prioritizing First Nations for vaccination was associated with faster uptake of COVID-19 vaccines among First Nations versus All Other Manitobans (AOM). METHODS AND FINDINGS: In this retrospective cohort study, we used linked, whole-population administrative data from the Manitoba healthcare system (February 2020 to December 2021) to determine rates of COVID-19 diagnostic testing, infection, and vaccination, and used adjusted restricted mean survival time (RMST) models to test whether First Nations received their first and second vaccine doses more quickly than other Manitobans. The cohort comprised 114,816 First Nations (50.6% female) and 1,262,760 AOM (50.1% female). First Nations were younger (72.3% were age 0 to 39 years) compared to AOM (51% were age 0 to 39 years) and were overrepresented in the lowest 2 income quintiles (81.6% versus 35.6% for AOM). The 2 groups had a similar burden of comorbidities (65.8% of First Nations had none and 6.3% had 3 or more; 65.9% of AOM had none and 6.0% had 3 or more) and existing mental disorders (36.9% of First Nations were diagnosed with a mood/anxiety disorder, psychosis, personality disorder, or substance use disorder versus 35.2% of AOM). First Nations had crude infection rates of up to 17.20 (95% CI 17.15 to 17.24) COVID-19 infections/1,000 person-months compared with up to 6.24 (95% CI 6.16 to 6.32) infections/1,000 person-months among AOM. First Nations had crude diagnostic testing rates of up to 103.19 (95% CI 103.06 to 103.32) diagnostic COVID-19 tests/1,000 person-months compared with up to 61.52 (95% CI 61.47 to 61.57) tests/1,000 person-months among AOM. Prioritizing First Nations to receive vaccines was associated with faster vaccine uptake among First Nations versus other Manitobans. After adjusting for age, sex, income, region of residence, mental health conditions, and comorbidities, we found that First Nations residents received their first vaccine dose an average of 15.5 (95% CI 14.9 to 16.0) days sooner and their second dose 13.9 (95% CI 13.3 to 14.5) days sooner than other Manitobans in the same age group. The study was limited by the discontinuation of population-based COVID-19 testing and data collection in December 2021. As well, it would have been valuable to have contextual data on potential barriers to COVID-19 testing or vaccination, including, for example, information on social and structural barriers faced by Indigenous and other racialized people, or the distrust Indigenous people may have in governments due to historical harms. CONCLUSION: In this study, we observed that the partnered COVID-19 response between First Nations and the Manitoba government, which oversaw creation and enactment of policies prioritizing First Nations for vaccines, was associated with vaccine acceptance and quick uptake among First Nations. This approach may serve as a useful framework for future public health efforts in Manitoba and other jurisdictions across Canada.

Birth Outcomes Among First Nations Birthing Parents Incarcerated While Pregnant: A Linked Administrative Data Study From Manitoba, Canada.

BACKGROUND: In Canada, colonial policies have resulted in health inequities between First Nations and other Canadians. These policies contribute to overrepresentation of First Nations in the criminal legal system, where incarcerated people and their infants face elevated health risks. We investigated the association between prenatal incarceration and adverse birth outcomes among First Nations and other birthing parents in Manitoba, Canada. METHODS: Using linked whole-population administrative data, we identified all live births (2004-2017) in which the birthing parent (First Nations n = 1,449; other Manitoban n = 278) was prenatally incarcerated and compared them to birthing parents who were postnatally incarcerated (First Nations n = 5,290; other Manitoban n = 790) or not incarcerated (First Nations n = 19,950; other Manitoban n = 3,203). We used generalized linear models adjusted for measured confounders with propensity score weighting to calculate risk differences and 95% confidence intervals for adverse birth outcomes among those prenatally versus postnatally incarcerated in each group. RESULTS: Low birthweight births were more likely among First Nations birthing parents who were prenatally (vs. postnatally) incarcerated (risk difference 1.59, 95% CI [.79, 2.38]) but less likely among other Manitoban birthing parents (risk difference -2.33, 95% CI [-4.50, -.16]) who were prenatally (vs. postnatally) incarcerated. Among First Nations, prenatal incarceration was also associated with large-for-gestational-age births, low Apgar scores, and no breastfeeding (vs. postnatal incarceration), as well as preterm births (vs. no incarceration). Among other Manitobans, prenatal incarceration was also associated with small-for-gestational-age births, low Apgar scores, and no breastfeeding (vs. postnatal incarceration), as well as preterm births (vs. no incarceration). CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that incarceration may contribute to intergenerational systems of oppression by compromising birth outcomes among First Nations and other birthing parents in Canada and underscore the need to both improve care for pregnant people who are incarcerated and invest in alternatives to incarceration.

Diagnostic testing and vaccination for COVID-19 among First Nations, Metis and Inuit in Manitoba, Canada: protocol for a nations-based cohort study using linked administrative data.

INTRODUCTION: Decades of research demonstrate that First Nations, Metis and Inuit (FN/M/I) populations have differential access to diagnostic and therapeutic healthcare. Emerging evidence shows that this continues to be the case during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. In an effort to rectify these differences in access to care, our team, which is co-led by FN/M/I partners, will generate and distribute evidence on COVID-19 diagnostic testing and vaccination in high-priority FN/M/I populations in Manitoba, with the goal of identifying system-level and individual-level factors that act as barriers to equitable care and thereby informing Indigenous-led public health responses. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: Our nations-based approach focuses on FN/M/I populations with separate study arms for each group. Linked administrative health data on COVID-19 diagnostic testing and vaccinations are available on a weekly basis. We will conduct surveillance to monitor trends in testing and vaccination among each FN/M/I population and all other Manitobans, map the geographic distribution of these outcomes by health region and tribal council, and identify barriers to testing and vaccination to inform public health strategies. We will follow the course of the pandemic starting from January 2020 and report findings quarterly. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethics approvals have been granted by the University of Manitoba Research Ethics Board and from each of our FN/M/I partners' organisations. Our team is committed to engaging in authentic relationship-based research that follows First Nations, Metis and Inuit research ethics principles. Our FN/M/I partners will direct the dissemination of new information to leadership in their communities (health directors, community health organisations) and to decision-makers in the provincial Ministry of Health. We will also publish in open-access journals. The study will create ongoing capacity to monitor Manitoba's pandemic response and ensure potential health inequities are minimised, with learnings applicable to other jurisdictions where detailed administrative data may not be available.