Antibodies against 70-kD heat shock cognate protein inhibit mediated nuclear import of karyophilic proteins.

Previously, we found that anti-DDDED antibodies strongly inhibited in vivo nuclear transport of nuclear proteins and that these antibodies recognized a protein of 69 kD (p69) from rat liver nuclear envelopes that showed specific binding activities to the nuclear location sequences (NLSs) of nucleoplasmin and SV-40 large T-antigen. Here we identified this protein as the 70-kD heat shock cognate protein (hsc70) based on its mass, isoelectric point, cellular localization, and partial amino acid sequences. Competition studies indicated that the recombinant hsc70 expressed in Escherichia coli binds to transport competent SV-40 T-antigen NLS more strongly than to the point mutated transport incompetent mutant NLS. To investigate the possible involvement of hsc70 in nuclear transport, we examined the effect of anti-hsc70 rabbit antibodies on the nuclear accumulation of karyophilic proteins. When injected into the cytoplasm of tissue culture cells, anti-hsc70 strongly inhibited the nuclear import of nucleoplasmin, SV-40 T-antigen NLS bearing BSA and histone H1. In contrast, anti-hsc70 IgG did not prevent the diffusion of lysozyme or 17.4-kD FITC-dextran into the nuclei. After injection of these antibodies, cells continued RNA synthesis and were viable. These results indicate that hsc70 interacts with NLS-containing proteins in the cytoplasm before their nuclear import.

The amino acid sequence of S-antigen: N-terminus and uveitogenic peptides.

Bovine S-antigen purified in the presence of proteinase inhibitors contained a protein (30%) having an acetylated N-terminus (Ac-Met-Lys-Ala-Asn-Lys-Pro-Ala...) and a protein (70%) having an N-terminus unblocked but four residues less (Lys-Pro-Ala-Pro-Asn-His-Val-Ile-Phe...). Sequencing studies showed that uveitogenic peptides produced by chymotryptic digestion of S-antigen derived from the C-terminal half of the protein.

The N-terminal residue of bovine rhodopsin is acetylmethionine.

By affinity chromatography on a concanavalin A-Sepharose column and gel filtration on a Sephadex G-25 column, a glycopeptide of 16 amino acid residues has been separated from a tryptic digest of reduced and carboxymethylated bovine rhodopsin. The glycopeptide was treated with cyanogen bromide and products were subjected to high-voltage paper electrophoresis. N-Blocked homoserine separated was reacted first with anhydrous hydrazine and then with dansyl chloride. The product was identified by thin-layer chromatography to be 1-acetyl-2-dansyl hydrazine, thus showing that the N-terminal blocking group was an acetyl group. The remaining peptide after cyanogen bromide treatment was partially sequenced by the Edman dansylation method. The present results and previously reported findings on the binding site of the sugar moiety, taken together, indicate that the N-terminal heptapeptide has the following structure: acetylMet-Asn(carbohydrate)-Gly-Thr-Glx-Gly-Pro.

The nucleotide sequence of human aminoacylase-1.

The nucleotide sequence of a cDNA coding for human aminoacylase-1 (N-acylamino acid aminohydrolase, ACY-1, EC 3.5.1.14) subunit has been determined. The amino acid sequence of human ACY-1 subunit deduced from its cDNA nucleotide sequence showed a high degree of identity (87.7%) with the corresponding protein from porcine [1], although the former is one amino acid residue longer than the latter. Of 12 histidine and 3 cysteine residues, conserved between the proteins from two species, some are anticipated to form the active site of ACY-1 as either catalytic residues or ligands for an essential Zn2+ atom.

Studies of disulfide bond location in ovine lutropin beta subunit.

By combinations of selective chemical cleavage (cyanogen bromide), selective enzymatic cleavage (trypsin, thermolysin), and random cleavage (partial acid hydrolysis) a series of disulfide-containing peptides have been isolated from ovine lutropin beta subunit. These peptides suggest six disulfide linkages between half-cystine residues in positions 23-72, 26-110, 93-100, 34-88, 9-90, and 38-57. The latter pair was placed by elimination of other possibilities. The first three pairs are in agreement with a report by Chung, D., Sairam, M. R. and Li, C. H. (1975) Int. J. Peptide Protein Res. 7, 487-493; the pair 93-100 has also been detected by Reeve, J. R., Cheng, K. W. and Pierce, J. G. (1975) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 67, 149-155, using partial reduction and alkylation. In an attempt to improve the efficiency of enzymatic attack, a preliminary partial reduction as per Reeve et al. [16] was done. In this instance a peptide suggesting an additional disulfide linkage between half-cystines 23-26 was obtained as well as peptides consistent with the 23-72 and 26-110 placements. This was interpreted as an artifactual opening and recombining during partial reduction-reoxidation to produce the 23-26 linkage. The placement of three disulfide bonds (34-88, 9-90, and 38-57) is in disagreement with the pairings Chung et al. [15] suggest for these six half-cystine residues. Six reasons for uncertainty in the placement of disulfide bonds are discussed. It is concluded the definitive placement of the disputed three disulfide bonds in ovine lutropin beta subunit remains an open question.

Two hevein homologs isolated from the seed of Pharbitis nil L. exhibit potent antifungal activity.

Two antifungal peptides (Pn-AMP1 and Pn-AMP2) have been purified to homogeneity from seeds of Pharbitis nil. The amino acid sequences of Pn-AMP1 (41 amino acid0 residues) and Pn-AMP2 (40 amino acid residues) were identical except that Pn-AMP1 has an additional serine residue at the carboxyl-terminus. The molecular masses of Pn-AMP1 and Pn-AMP2 were confirmed as 4299.7 and 4213.2 Da, respectively. Both the Pn-AMPs were highly basic (pI 12.02) and had characteristics of cysteine/glycine rich chitin-binding domain. Pn-AMPs exhibited potent antifungal activity against both chitin-containing and non-chitin-containing fungi in the cell wall. Concentrations required for 50% inhibition of fungal growth were ranged from 3 to 26 micrograms/ml for Pn-AMP1 and from 0.6 to 75 micrograms/ml for Pn-AMP2. The Pn-AMPs penetrated very rapidly into fungal hyphae and localized at septum and hyphal tips of fungi, which caused burst of hyphal tips. Burst of hyphae resulted in disruption of the fungal membrane and leakage of the cytoplasmic materials. To our knowledge, Pn-AMPs are the first hevein-like proteins that show similar fungicidal effects as thionins do.

Crystal structure of methionine aminopeptidase from hyperthermophile, Pyrococcus furiosus.

The structure of methionine aminopeptidase from hyperthermophile Pyrococcus furiosus (PfMAP) with an optimal growth temperature of 100 degreesC was determined by the multiple isomorphous replacement method and refined in three different crystal forms, one monoclinic and two hexagonal, at resolutions of 2.8, 2.9, and 3.5 A. The resolution of the monoclinic crystal form was extended to 1.75 A by water-mediated transformation to a low-humidity form, and the obtained diffraction data used for high-resolution structure refinement. This is the first description of a eukaryotic type methionine aminopeptidase structure. The PfMAP molecule is composed of two domains, a catalytic domain and an insertion domain, connected via two antiparallel beta-strands. The catalytic domain, which possesses an internal 2-fold symmetry and contains two cobalt ions in the active site, resembles the structure of a prokaryotic type MAP from Escherichia coli (EcMAP), while the structure of the insertion domain containing three helices has a novel fold and accounts for a major difference between the eukaryotic and prokaryotic types of methionine aminopeptidase. Analysis of the PfMAP structure in comparison with EcMAP and other mesophile proteins reveals several factors which may contribute to the hyperthermostability of PfMAP: (1) a significantly high number of hydrogen bonds and ion-pairs between side-chains of oppositely charged residues involved in the stabilization of helices; (2) an increased number of hydrogen bonds between the positively charged side-chain and neutral oxygen; (3) a larger number of buried water molecules involved in crosslinking the backbone atoms of sequentially separate segments; (4) stabilization of two antiparallel beta-strands connecting the two domains of the molecule by proline residues; (5) shortening of N and C-terminal tails and stabilization of the loop c3E by deletion of three residues.

Renotropic activity in ovine luteinizing hormone isoform(s).

Renotropic activity was previously demonstrated in an ovine LH preparation. This preparation was further purified with a series of chromatographic steps, and the fractions were assayed for renotropic activity in vivo by their ability to stimulate [3H]thymidine incorporation into renal DNA of castrated hypophysectomized male rats. A purified preparation could be dissociated by acid treatment into two major constituent subunits, designated alpha and beta, each of which was composed of three microheterogeneous components (subunits alpha 1-3 and beta 1-3) by reverse phase HPLC. Peptide mapping, including amino acid analyses and partial sequencing of the purified peptides, showed that 1) subunits alpha 3 and beta 3 possess the full length of the polypeptide chains, with the same amino acid sequences as those of the corresponding LH subunits alpha and beta, respectively; and 2) subunits alpha 1 and alpha 2 are complexes of three polypeptides which are missing several N-terminal residues from subunit alpha 3. Conversely, subunits beta 1 and beta 2 lack the C-terminal two residues and one residue, respectively, of subunit beta 3. Renotropic activity was not detected in any of the dissociated subunits alone, but association of alpha 1-3 with beta 1-3 reconstituted the hormonal activity with different potencies. In particular, combination of subunits alpha 3 and beta 3 (alpha 3.beta 3) yielded a potent renotropic activity with weak gonadotropic activity. The carbohydrate composition of the purified preparation exhibiting renotropic activity differed from that of a reference oLH preparation, which possessed greater gonadotropic activity but was devoid of renotropic activity. Furthermore, renotropic activity was decreased after removal of sialic acid by treatment with neuraminidase. Thus, the oligosaccharide moieties as well as the amino acid sequences of the subunits may play an important role in the expression of renotropic activity in vivo, these effects over and above those arising from differential metabolic clearance. We conclude that pituitary renotropin represents a novel activity of a LH- isoform(s) and that the posttranslational (or the artificial, i.e. during preparation) modification of the constituent LH subunits may be responsible for modulation of renotropic activity as well as the intrinsic gonadotropic activity.

The nucleotide sequence of human acylamino acid-releasing enzyme.

The nucleotide sequence of a cDNA coding for the human acylamino acid-releasing enzyme (AARE, also known as acylpeptide hydrolase) [EC 3.4.19.1] subunit has been determined. The amino acid sequence of human AARE subunit deduced from its cDNA nucleotide sequence showed a high degree of identity (91.5%) with both the corresponding proteins from the pig and the rat. The AARE cDNA shows 99.2% identity with a 3.3 kb cDNA transcribed from a locus (DNF15S2) on the short arm of human chromosome 3, whose deletion is associated with small cell lung cancer, taking into consideration that the sequence of the 3.3-kb cDNA previously reported was caused by misreading.

Expression and activity of a gene encoding rat cytochrome c in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

A rat-processed pseudogene, which encodes normal rat cytochrome c, has been expressed in the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The translated region of the chromosomal CYC1+ locus, which encodes yeast iso-1-cytochrome c, was replaced by the translated region of the gene encoding rat cytochrome c (CYC1-RAT), thus preserving the proper CYC1 transcription initiation and termination signals. Although the levels of transcription of the normal CYC1+ gene and the CYC1-RAT gene in yeast were equivalent, rat cytochrome c was produced at approx. 40% of the level of iso-1-cytochrome c. In addition, the specific activity in vivo was estimated to be approx. 60% that of the yeast iso-1-cytochrome c. N-terminal processing of indigenous rat cytochrome c, in which the N-terminal methionine residue is cleaved and the penultimate glycine residue is acetylated, also occurred in yeast. Methionine cleavage was complete, while acetylation proceeded to only 70% completion. Lys-72 was trimethylated to 66% completion in the rat cytochrome c produced in yeast. The near normal expression (40%) and specific activity (60%) in vivo indicates that the 40% difference in amino acid sequence is not critical for mitochondrial import, heme attachment and interactions with redox partners.

Expression of the human salivary alpha-amylase gene in yeast and characterization of the secreted protein.

Recombinant plasmids were constructed in which the human salivary alpha-amylase gene, with or without the N-terminal signal sequence for secretion, was placed under control of the APase (PHO5) promoter of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In yeast cells transformed with the alpha-amylase gene having the human signal sequence for secretion, the gene was expressed and the enzyme was secreted into the medium in three different glycosylated forms. The amylase gene without the signal sequence was also expressed in yeast, but the products were neither secreted nor glycosylated. Determination of the N-terminal amino acid (aa) sequence revealed that the 15-aa signal sequence had been cleaved from the secreted enzyme, and that the N-terminal residue, glutamine, had been modified into pyroglutamate, as is commonly observed with the mammalian salivary alpha-amylase. Thus, the human salivary alpha-amylase signal sequence for secretion was correctly recognized and processed by the yeast secretory pathway. The C-terminal residue was identified as leucine, which is predicted from the nucleotide sequence data to be located at position 511 in front of the termination codon. Therefore, there is no post-translational processing in formation of the C terminus.

Synthesis and expression of genes encoding tuna, pigeon, and horse cytochromes c in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Genes encoding tuna, pigeon, and horse cytochromes c were constructed with synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotides having preferred codons and portions of the iso-1-cytochrome c-encoding gene from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The genes were ligated into an expression vector, which contains the normal 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions of the yeast iso-1-cytochrome c gene, and were integrated in single copy into the chromosome. Yeast strains were also constructed with multiple integrated copies of the pigeon gene. The heterologous and normal mRNA levels of the single-copy strains were equivalent. Although the N-terminal methionines were completely cleaved in the heterospecific proteins, the levels of trimethylation of Lys72 and acetylation of N-terminal glycines ranged from 39-78% and 10-70%, respectively. Horse cytochrome c was produced at a nearly normal level, whereas the pigeon and tuna cytochromes c were produced at approx. 40% of the normal levels. The levels of the cytochromes c and growth of the mutant yeast strains indicated that the heterospecific cytochromes c had approx. 50% specific activity in vivo.

The primary structure of superoxide dismutase purified from anaerobically maintained Bacteroides gingivalis.

The superoxide dismutase (SOD) of Bacteroides gingivalis can use either iron or manganese as a cofactor in its catalytic activity. In this study, the complete amino acid sequence of this SOD purified from anaerobically maintained B. gingivalis cells was determined. The proteins consisted of 191 amino acid residues and had a molecular mass of 21,500. The sequence of B. gingivalis SOD showed 44-51% homology with those for iron-specific SODs (Fe-SODs) and 40-45% homology with manganese-specific SODs (Mn-SODs) from several bacteria. However, this sequence homology was considerably less than that seen among the Fe-SOD (65-74%) or Mn-SOD family (42-60%). This indicates that B. gingivalis SOD, which accepts either iron or manganese as metal cofactor, is a structural intermediate between the Fe-SOD and Mn-SOD families.

The single proline-glutamine substitution at position 5 enhances the potency of amyloid fibril formation of murine apo A-II.

The primary structure of murine apolipoprotein A-II (apo A-II) has been determined. Apo A-II consists of a single polypeptide chain of 78 amino acid residues, of which the amino-terminus is pyrrolidone carboxylic acid. Except for residues 5 and 38, the amino acid sequence is identical to that of murine senile amyloid protein (ASSAM), which has a common antigenicity with apo A-II. Substitution of glutamine (ASSAM) for proline (apo A-II) at position 5 is distinct and may possibly be related to murine senile amyloid-ogenesis.

Complete amino acid sequence of bovine colostrum low-Mr cysteine proteinase inhibitor.

The complete amino acid sequence of bovine colostrum cysteine proteinase inhibitor was determined by sequencing native inhibitor and peptides obtained by cyanogen bromide degradation, Achromobacter lysylendopeptidase digestion and partial acid hydrolysis of reduced and S-carboxymethylated protein. Achromobacter peptidase digestion was successfully used to isolate two disulfide-containing peptides. The inhibitor consists of 112 amino acids with an Mr of 12787. Two disulfide bonds were established between Cys 66 and Cys 77 and between Cys 90 and Cys 110. A high degree of homology in the sequence was found between the colostrum inhibitor and human gamma-trace, human salivary acidic protein and chicken egg-white cystatin.

High homology is present in the primary structures between murine senile amyloid protein (ASSAM) and human apolipoprotein A-II.

The primary structure of a murine senile amyloid protein (ASSAM) was determined. The protein consists of a single polypeptide chain of 78 amino acid residues. The amino-terminus is blocked with pyrrolidone-carboxylic acid. The sequence differs from that of the known murine amyloid A protein and is highly homologous to human apolipoprotein (apo) A-II. The result indicates that the putative precursor of the senile amyloid protein is apo A-II in mice.

Micro-identification of amino-terminal acetylamino acids in proteins.

By using a reversed phase HPLC system, we have developed a rapid and quantitative micro-identification method for amino-terminal acetylamino acids in proteins at the sample range of 10--100 nmol. The process of the identification method consists of the following steps: (1) digestion of a protein by an appropriate protease; (2) separation of an acidic peptide(s) from the digest on a Dowex 50 x 2 column; (3) further purification of the acidic peptide(s) by reversed phase HPLC using a C18 column; (4) subsequent exhaustive digestion of each acidic peptide to amino acids and an acylamino acid, by pronase and carboxypeptidase Y; (5) isolation of the acylamino acid on a Dowex 50 x 2 column; (6) identification of the acylamino acid on a C18 column; (7) confirmation of the acyl group by HPLC as an 1-acyl-2-dansylhydrazine derivative and of the amino acid on amino acid analyzer. By applying this new method to such proteins as ovalbumin and cytochrome c, their amino-terminal acetylamino acids can be determined in the range of less than 10 nmol.

Overproduction and purification of the Tn3 transposase.

The Tn3 transposase accumulated to about 4% of total cell protein in a minicell-producing Escherichia coli strain harboring a transposase overproducer plasmid. This accumulation of the transposase seems to be due to four factors: derepression of transcription resulting from inactivation of the repressor gene (tnpR); efficient translation caused by a mutation within the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence, the dosage effect of the increased plasmid copy number resulting from deletion of the rom gene of the plasmid; and use of a minicell-producing strain as the host. The Tn3 transposase was purified by a procedure involving five steps; sonication, precipitation of protein by adding polyethyleneimine to the sonic supernatant, followed by extraction of transposase fraction with a buffer containing ammonium sulfate, ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration through Sephacryl S-300, and phosphocellulose and DNA-cellulose chromatography. Milligram quantities of pure transposase can be obtained from one gram of wet cells. A small fraction of the accumulated transposase had a blocked amino-terminus and was eluted separately from the normal protein in the chromatography.

Isocratic separation of PTH-amino acids at picomole level by reverse-phase HPLC in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate.

The phenylthiohydantoin (PTH) derivatives of protein amino acids have been separated by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on a fully end-capped C18 column using an isocratic solvent system. The developing solvent was 0.01 M sodium acetate buffer (pH 4.5) containing 39.5% acetonitrile and 0.02% sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS). With an automated liquid chromatography equipped with a dual-channel detector, operating at 254 and 313 nm, the present isocratic separation system was quite useful for routine microanalysis of PTH-amino acids released with a "gas-phase" sequencer. The time for one run was approximately 23 min and the limit of analysis approximately 2.5 pmol of a PTH-amino acid.

Partial purification and properties of the amino-terminal amino acid-acetylating enzyme from hen's oviduct.

By using the synthetic peptide ACTH1-24 as a model substrate, an enzyme that may be involved in the amino-terminal acetylation of certain proteins and growing nascent polypeptide chains has been found in hen's oviduct. It was partially purified by a four-step procedure comprising extraction from the homogenates, ammonium sulfate fractionation, chromatography on a column of QAE-Sephadex A-50, and gel filtration on a Sepharose 6B column. An enzyme preparation purified about 40-fold from the homogenates transferred the acetyl group from acetyl coenzyme A preferentially to the amino-terminal amino acids of several ACTH-related peptides at an optimum pH of around 7.2. This occurred to different extents depending on the peptide length and on the nature of the amino-terminal residue. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be approximately 250,000 by gel filtration.