The Relationship Between Lymph Node Ratio and Survival Benefit With Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Node-positive Esophageal Adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: We hypothesized that the ratio of positive lymph nodes to total assessed lymph nodes (LNR) is an indicator of cancer burden in esophageal adenocarcinoma and may identify patients who may most benefit from AC. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to discern whether there is a threshold LNR above which AC is associated with a survival benefit in this population. METHODS: The 2004-2015 National Cancer Database was queried for patients who underwent upfront, complete resection of pT1-4N1-3M0 esophageal adenocarcinoma. The primary outcome, overall survival, was examined using multivariable Cox proportional hazards models employing an interaction term between LNR and AC. RESULTS: A total of 1733 patients were included: 811 (47%) did not receive AC whereas 922 (53%) did. The median LNR was 20% (interquartile range 9-40). In a multivariable Cox model, the interaction term between LNR and receipt of AC was significant (P = 0.01). A plot of the interaction demonstrated that AC was associated with improved survival beyond a LNR of about 10%-12%. In a sensitivity analysis, the receipt of AC was not associated with improved survival in patients with LNR <12% (hazard ratio 1.02; 95% confidence interval 0.72-1.44) but was associated with improved survival in those with LNR ≥12% (hazard ratio 0.65; 95% confidence interval 0.50-0.79). CONCLUSIONS: In this study of patients with upfront, complete resection of node-positive esophageal adenocarcinoma, AC was associated with improved survival for LNR ≥12%. LNR may be used as an adjunct in multidisciplinary decision-making about adjuvant therapies in this patient population.

Evolution of minimally invasive surgery for rectal cancer: update from the national cancer database.

BACKGROUND: As the use of minimally invasive techniques in colorectal surgery has become increasingly prevalent, concerns remain about the oncologic effectiveness and long-term outcomes of minimally invasive low anterior resection (MI-LAR) for the treatment of rectal cancer. STUDY DESIGN: The 2010-2015 National Cancer Database (NCDB) Participant Data Use File was queried for patients undergoing elective open LAR (OLAR) or MI-LAR for rectal adenocarcinoma. A 1:1 propensity match was performed on the basis of demographics, comorbidity, and tumor characteristics. Outcomes were compared between groups and Cox proportional hazard modeling was performed to identify independent predictors of mortality. A subset analysis was performed on high-volume academic centers. RESULTS: 35,809 patients undergoing LAR were identified of whom 18,265 (51.0%) underwent MI-LAR. After propensity matching, patients receiving MI-LAR were less likely to have a positive circumferential radial margin (CRM) (5.5% vs. 6.6%, p = 0.0094) or a positive distal margin (3.6% vs. 4.6%, p = 0.0022) and had decreased 90-day all-cause mortality (2.0% vs. 2.6%, p = 0.0238). MI-LAR resulted in decreased hospital length of stay (5 vs. 6 days, p < 0.0001) but a greater rate of 30-day readmission (7.6% vs. 6.5%, p = 0.0054). Long-term overall survival was improved with MI-LAR (79% vs. 76%, p < 0.0001). Cox proportional hazard modeling demonstrated a decreased risk of mortality with MI-LAR (HR 0.859, 95% CI 0.788-0.937). CONCLUSION: MI-LAR is associated with improvement in CRM clearance and long-term survival. In the hands of experienced surgeons with advanced laparoscopy skills, MI-LAR appears safe and effective technique for the management of rectal cancer.

Improved overall survival is still observed in patients receiving delayed adjuvant chemotherapy after pancreaticoduodenectomy for pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) is associated with improved survival following resection of pancreatic adenocarcinoma but is frequently delayed or deferred due to perioperative complications or patient deconditioning. The aim of this study was to assess impact of delayed AC on overall survival after pancreaticoduodenectomy for pancreatic head adenocarcinoma. METHODS: Patients with stage I-III pancreatic head adenocarcinoma in the 2006-2015 National Cancer Database were grouped by timing of AC (<6-weeks, 6-12-weeks, and 12-24-weeks). Overall survival was compared using Cox proportional hazard models adjusting for patient, tumor, and hospital factors. Subgroup analyses were conducted to assess the impact of comorbidities, readmission or extended hospital stay, and receipt of single- versus multi-agent chemotherapy. RESULTS: Of 13438 patients, 4552 (33.9%) received no AC, 2112 (15.7%) received AC <6-weeks following resection, 5580 (41.5%) within 6-12 weeks, and 1194 (8.9%) within 12-24 weeks. AC was associated with improved overall survival (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] <6-weeks: 0.765, 6-12-weeks: 0.744, and 12-24-weeks: 0.736 (p < 0.001)). This survival advantage persisted for patients with comorbidities, those with postoperative complications, and in those receiving single- or multi-agent regimens. CONCLUSIONS: For patients with stage I-III pancreatic adenocarcinoma, receipt of AC is associated with improved overall survival, even if delayed up to 24-weeks.

Surgical Site Infection: The Clinical and Economic Impact.

Surgical site infection (SSI) following colorectal surgery is associated with worse postoperative outcomes, longer length of stay, and higher rates of readmission. SSI rates have been established as a surrogate metric for the overall quality of surgical care and are intricately tied to financial incentives and the public reputation of an institution. While risk factors and prevention mechanisms for SSI are well established, the rates of SSI remain high. This article discusses the clinical and economic impact of SSI and strategies for mitigating the risk of SSI through bundled prevention practices.

Jejunal arterial access for retrograde mesenteric stenting.

Endovascular approaches have replaced open surgical revascularization in most patients with mesenteric ischemia; however, flush ostial occlusions may not be amenable to traditional antegrade access. Retrograde mesenteric stenting has been previously described, but this technique requires a formal laparotomy and dissection of the proximal superior mesenteric artery. We present here a modification of this technique that requires only a "mini-laparotomy" and no open vascular repair of the superior mesenteric artery as well as a review of our initial institutional experience with this procedure. Our approach differs from previously described work by minimizing mesenteric dissection, avoiding the need for repair of an arteriotomy, and limiting the size of the laparotomy incision in this population of profoundly comorbid patients.

Low mortality rates after endovascular aortic repair expand use to high-risk patients.

OBJECTIVE: The 2010 endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) trial 2 (EVAR 2) reported that patients with comorbidity profiles rendering them unfit for open aneurysm repair who underwent EVAR did not experience a survival advantage compared with those who did not undergo intervention. These patients experienced a 30-day mortality of 7.3%, whereas reports from similar cohorts reported far lower mortality rates. The primary objective of our study was to compare the incidence of 30-day mortality in low- and high-risk patients undergoing EVAR in a contemporary data set, using patient risk stratification criteria from EVAR 2. Secondarily, we sought to identify risk factors associated with a disproportionate contribution to 30-day mortality risk. METHODS: Data were obtained from the 2005 to 2013 American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP) Participant Use Data Files (N = 24,813). Patients were included in the high-risk cohort with the presence of renal, respiratory, or cardiac preoperative criteria alone or in combination. Renal impairment criteria were defined as dialysis and creatinine concentration >2.26 mg/dL. Respiratory impairment criteria included history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and preoperative ventilator support. Cardiac impairment criteria included history of myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, angina, and prior coronary intervention. Patient and procedural characteristics and 30-day postoperative outcomes were compared using Pearson χ2 tests for categorical variables and Wilcoxon rank sum tests for continuous variables. RESULTS: Among 24,813 patients undergoing EVAR, 12,043 (48%) patients were characterized as high risk (at least one impairment criterion); 12,770 (52%) patients were stratified as low risk. The 30-day mortality rate was 1.9% in the high-risk cohort compared with the 7.3% reported by EVAR 2, and it was higher in the high-risk cohort compared with the low-risk cohort (1.9% vs 0.9%; P < .001). Whereas the presence of each comorbidity increased the odds of 30-day mortality (respiratory odds ratio [OR], 1.62; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16-2.26; P = .005; cardiac OR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.14-2.10; P = .005), the presence of renal criteria disproportionately increased the odds of mortality threefold (OR, 3.42; 95% CI, 2.31-5.09; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Contemporary 30-day mortality after EVAR in high-risk patients is substantially lower than that reported in the EVAR 2 trial. Whereas low- and high-risk stratification by current comorbidity criteria is appropriate, attention needs to be paid to disproportionate risk contribution from renal disease to mortality compared with cardiac and pulmonary comorbidities. Given the lower mortality risk than previously described, patients stratified as high risk should be thoughtfully considered for definitive EVAR.

Impact of Disgust on Intentions to Undergo Colorectal Surgery.

BACKGROUND: Surgeons present patients with complex information at the perioperative appointment. Emotions likely play a role in surgical decision-making, and disgust is an emotion of revulsion at a stimulus that can lead to avoidance. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of disgust on intention to undergo surgical resection for colorectal cancer and recall of perioperative instructions. DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional observational study conducted online using hypothetical scenarios with nonpatient subjects. SETTINGS: The study was conducted using Amazon's Mechanical Turk. PATIENTS: Survey respondents were living in the United States. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Surgery intention and recall of perioperative instructions were measured. RESULTS: A total of 319 participants met the inclusion criteria. Participants in the experimental condition, who were provided with detailed information and pictures about stoma care, had significantly lower surgery intentions (mean ± SD, 4.60 ± 1.15) compared with the control condition with no stoma prompt (mean ± SD, 5.14 ± 0.91; p = 0.05) and significantly lower recall for preoperative instructions (mean ± SD, 13.75 ± 2.38) compared with the control condition (mean ± SD, 14.36 ± 2.19; p = 0.03). Those within the experimental conditions also reported significantly higher state levels of disgust (mean ± SD, 4.08 ± 1.74) compared with a control condition (mean ± SD, 2.35 ± 1.38; p < 0.001). State-level disgust was found to fully mediate the relationship between condition and recall (b = -0.31) and to partially mediate the effect of condition on surgery intentions (b = 0.17). LIMITATIONS: It is unknown whether these results will replicate with patients and the impact of competing emotions in clinical settings. CONCLUSIONS: Intentions to undergo colorectal surgery and recall of preoperative instructions are diminished in patients who experience disgust when presented with stoma information. Surgeons and care teams must account for this as they perform perioperative counseling to minimize interference with recall of important perioperative information. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A776.

Local excision results in comparable survival to radical resection for early-stage rectal carcinoid.

BACKGROUND: Controversy exists regarding current National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines, which recommend local excision for rectal carcinoids ≤2 cm and radical resection for tumors >2 cm. Given the limited data examining optimal surgical approach for these lesions, we queried a national database to determine the impact of extent of resection on survival. METHODS: Patients undergoing treatment for clinical stage I and II rectal carcinoid (RC) were identified from the National Cancer Data Base (1998-2012). The association between extent of surgery, tumor size, and the likelihood of pathologic lymph node positivity was examined. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to compare overall survival. RESULTS: In total, 1900 patients were identified, of whom 1644 (86.5%) were treated with local excision, and 256 (13.5%) were treated with radical resection. A significant majority of patients with tumors ≤2.0 cm (89.0%) and nearly half with tumors 2.1-4.0 cm (44.8%) or >4.0 cm (45.8%) underwent local excision. Nodal positivity was correlated with tumor size (7.1% positivity with ≤2.0 cm tumors, 31.3% with 2.1-4.0 cm tumors, and 50.0% with >4 cm tumors). However, 5-y survival was equivalent between surgical approaches for tumors ≤2 cm (93.0% versus 93.0%) and tumors 2.1-4.0 cm (76.0% versus 76.0%). CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate in early-stage RC that nearly half of intermediate and large tumors are being treated with local excision outside National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines. In addition, radical resection does not appear to be associated with improved overall survival for tumors of any size. These findings suggest that the preferred approach to early-stage RCs without aggressive biological characteristics is local excision due to the decreased morbidity and mortality versus radical resection.

Gastroesophageal Reflux Predicts Utilization of Dehydration Treatments After Bariatric Surgery.

BACKGROUND: Dehydration treatments (DT) provide intravenous fluids to patients in the outpatient setting; however, the utilization of DT is not well-described. We characterize the cohort receiving DT, the first year it was recorded in a bariatric-specific database. SETTING: A retrospective cohort analysis of patients undergoing bariatric surgery between January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2016, in 791 centers in the Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Accreditation and Quality Improvement Program data file. METHODS: Patients ≥ 18 years with a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 35 kg/m2 who underwent laparoscopic adjustable gastric band (LAGB), sleeve gastrectomy (LSG), Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB), and biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (LBPD/DS) were identified. Unadjusted and adjusted rates of DT were analyzed. In addition, adjusted rates and indication for readmission were reviewed. RESULTS: The overall rate of dehydration treatments was 3.5% for the 141,748 bariatric surgery cases identified. Patient comorbidities of gastroesophageal reflux (GERD) (odds ratio (OR) 1.49; 95% CI, 1.40-1.59), insulin-dependent diabetes (OR = 1.19; 95% CI, 1.07-1.33), and LRYGB (OR = 1.45; 95% CI, 1.36-1.54) were associated with higher odds of DT. DT only had the highest odds of readmission (OR = 6.22; 95% CI, 5.55-6.98) compared to other outpatient visits. Nausea and vomiting, or fluid, electrolyte, or nutritional depletion was the most common indication for readmission in all groups. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with GERD utilized dehydration treatments after bariatric surgery. DT was highly associated with readmissions, and a better understanding of the clinical application of DT will allow bariatric centers to develop programs to further optimize outpatient treatments.

Overall Survival Improved for Contemporary Patients with Melanoma: A 2004-2015 National Cancer Database Analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Since 2011, encouraging clinical trial results have led to approval of multiple new therapies for advanced melanoma, but the impact of these therapies outside of trial populations is largely unknown. This study examines use of novel therapies and survival in contemporary patients with melanoma. METHODS: Stage I-IV melanoma patients were identified in the 2004-2015 National Cancer Database and grouped into historic (2004-2010) and contemporary (2011-2015) cohorts. Overall survival (OS) was compared using Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazard modeling adjusting for patient, tumor, and facility characteristics. RESULTS: Of 268,668 patients, 136,828 were classified as historic and 131,840 as contemporary. Among all stages, immunotherapy utilization was significantly higher among contemporary patients (5.3% vs. 5.1%, p = 0.006). Adjusted OS was improved in the contemporary cohort (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.90 p < 0.001). There was no difference in OS among stage I/II patients between groups (HR: 0.99, p = 0.63), while OS was significantly improved for contemporary stage III/IV patients (HR: 0.85, p < 0.001). Among stage III/IV patients who received immunotherapy, OS was improved for the contemporary cohort (HR: 0.87, p = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS: Adjusted overall survival for contemporary melanoma patients is improved. This effect is driven by improvements for those with advanced stage disease, particularly those that received immunotherapy and BRAF/MEK targeted therapies.

Palliative Care Consultation Is Underutilized in Critically Ill General Surgery Patients.

BACKGROUND: American College of Surgeons recommends palliative care and surgeons collaborate on the care of patients with poor prognoses. These collaborations are done to discuss symptom management and goals of care. However, contemporary practice patterns of palliative care consultation for surgical patients are poorly defined. We aim to describe the use of palliative care consultation for patients admitted to our institution's surgical services who died during their index hospital admission. METHODS: The Duke Enterprise Data Unified Content Explorer 2014 to 2016 was queried for patients admitted to general surgery services who died during their admission. Secondary measures included length of stay, time spent in consultation, days from consultation to death, and execution of a care plan. RESULTS: Of the 105 patients identified, 6 died on the day of admission, and 39 (37%) received palliative care consultation. Our data showed that patients who received consultation were generally older, white, and insured. Median number of days between palliative consult and death was 3 days (interquartile range: 1-8). Goals-of-care conversations were the indication for consultation in 62.5% of patients. The proposed plan by the consultants was congruent with the primary team in 66.7% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: Palliative care consultations were underutilized in surgical patients who died while admitted to the general surgical service at our institution. When palliative care is consulted, the plan of the primary surgical team and the palliative team align. Identification of barriers to consultation and promotion of the benefits of palliative care among surgical teams is warranted.

Neoadjuvant chemoradiation followed by transanal local excision for T2 rectal cancer confers equivalent survival benefit as traditional transabdominal resection.

BACKGROUND: Despite clinical guidelines classifying T2 rectal cancer as a contraindication for transanal local excision attributable to unacceptably high rates of local recurrence, it is a practice that persists clinically. Recent clinical trials have suggested that transanal local excision in addition to neoadjuvant chemoradiation is an acceptable alternative in select patients. METHODS: The 2004-2015 National Cancer Database was queried for patients with clinical stage T2N0M0 rectal adenocarcinoma who underwent surgical intervention. Patients were stratified by treatment with transabdominal resection or transanal local excision, both with and without neoadjuvant chemoradiation. Propensity matching was performed, and, using the Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazard models, survival was compared between the groups. RESULTS: A total of 12,021 patients met inclusion criteria, including 1,761 and 6,629 patients who underwent transabdominal resection with and without neoadjuvant chemoradiation, respectively, and 695 and 2,936 patients who underwent local transanal excision with and without neoadjuvant chemoradiation, respectively. In unadjusted analysis, patients undergoing induction therapy followed by transabdominal resection or local excision had equivalent survival. Similarly, on multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression after propensity matching, local excision was not an independent predictor of patient mortality compared with transabdominal resection (hazard ratio 0.93, 95% confidence interval 0.75-1.16). CONCLUSION: Local transanal excision in addition to neoadjuvant chemoradiation may provide comparable survival benefit to transabdominal resection for patients with clinical stage T2N0M0 rectal cancer. Therefore, patients who refuse or are poor candidates for transabdominal resection should be considered for neoadjuvant therapy followed by transanal local excision.

Disparity of Colon Cancer Outcomes in Rural America: Making the Case to Travel the Extra Mile.

OBJECTIVES: Rural patients experience disparities in cancer care compared to urban patients. We hypothesized that rural patients with colon cancer who traveled to high-volume centers for treatment have similar survival compared to urban patients who also traveled to high-volume centers to seek treatment for colon cancer. METHODS: The National Cancer Database was interrogated for patients treated for stage I-III colon cancer (2004-2015). Travel distance to treatment centers and annual hospital volume were divided into quartiles. Two groups of patients were identified and compared: (1) rural patients who traveled to high-volume hospitals and (2) urban patients who also traveled to high-volume centers. The primary outcome was overall survival (OS). RESULTS: Of 647,949 patients, 634, 447 were urban and 13,502 were rural. Rural patients were more likely to be Caucasian, with lower income, more comorbidities, and be treated at non-academic centers. In multivariable analysis, rural patients had worse OS compared to urban patients (hazard ratio [HR] 1.08; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04-1.12; p = < 0.001). There were 46,781 (7%) urban patients and 1276 (9%) rural patients who traveled a long distance (median 40 and 108 miles, respectively) to high-volume centers. There was no difference in adjusted OS between urban and rural patients who traveled to high-volume centers for treatment (HR 1.06; 95%CI 0.94-1.20; p = 0.36). CONCLUSIONS: This nationwide analysis suggests that rural patients with colon cancer experience worse survival than urban patients, but that this disparity might be mitigated by rural patients traveling to high-volume centers for treatment.

Multidisciplinary Approach to Clostridium difficile Infection in Adult Surgical Patients.

BACKGROUND: In 2017, our hospital was identified as a high outlier for postoperative Clostridium difficile infections (CDIs) in the American College of Surgeons NSQIP semi-annual report. The Department of Surgery initiated a CDI task force with representation from Surgery, Infectious Disease, Pharmacy, and Performance Services to analyze available data, identify opportunities for improvement, and implement strategies to reduce CDIs. STUDY DESIGN: Strategies to reduce CDIs were reviewed from the literature and the following multidisciplinary strategies were initiated: antimicrobial stewardship optimization of perioperative order sets to avoid cefoxitin and fluoroquinolone use was completed; penicillin allergy assessment and skin testing were implemented concomitantly; increased use of ultraviolet disinfectant strategies for terminal cleaning of CDI patient rooms; increased hand hygiene and personal protection equipment signage, as well as monitoring in high-risk CDI areas; improved diagnostic stewardship by an electronic best practice advisory to reduce inappropriate CDI testing; education through surgical grand rounds; and routine data feedback via NSQIP and National Healthcare Safety Network CDI reports. RESULTS: The observed rate of CDIs decreased from 1.27% in 2016 to 0.91% in 2017. Cefoxitin and fluoroquinolone use decreased. Clostridium difficile infection testing for patients on laxatives decreased. Terminal cleaning with ultraviolet light increased. Handwashing compliance increased. Data feedback to stakeholders was established. CONCLUSIONS: Our multidisciplinary CDI reduction program has demonstrated significant reductions in CDIs. It is effective, straightforward to implement and monitor, and can be generalized to high-outlier institutions.

Adjuvant Chemotherapy Improves Survival Following Resection of Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer with Pathologic Complete Response.

BACKGROUND: Controversy exists over the use of adjuvant chemotherapy for locally advanced (stages II-III) rectal cancer (LARC) patients who demonstrate pathologic complete response (pCR) following neoadjuvant chemoradiation. We conducted a retrospective analysis to determine whether adjuvant chemotherapy imparts survival benefit among this population. METHODS: The National Cancer Database (NCDB) was queried to identify LARC patients with pCR following neoadjuvant chemoradiation. The cohort was stratified by receipt of adjuvant chemotherapy. Multiple imputation and a Cox proportional hazards model were employed to estimate the effect of adjuvant chemotherapy on overall survival. RESULTS: There were 24,418 patients identified in the NCDB with clinically staged II or III rectal cancer who received neoadjuvant chemoradiation. Of these, 5606 (23.0%) had pCR. Among patients with pCR, 1401 (25%) received adjuvant chemotherapy and 4205 (75%) did not. Patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy were slightly younger, more likely to have private insurance, and more likely to have clinically staged III disease, but did not differ significantly in comparison to patients who did not receive adjuvant chemotherapy with respect to race, sex, facility type, Charlson comorbidity score, histologic tumor grade, procedure type, length of stay, or rate of 30-day readmission following surgery. On adjusted analysis, receipt of adjuvant chemotherapy was associated with a lower risk of death at a given time compared to patients who did not receive adjuvant chemotherapy (HR 0.808; 95% CI 0.679-0.961; p = 0.016). CONCLUSION: Supporting existing NCCN guidelines, the findings from this study suggest that adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival for LARC with pCR following neoadjuvant chemoradiation.

The appropriateness of 30-day mortality as a quality metric in colorectal cancer surgery.

BACKGROUND: Our study compares 30-day vs. 90-day mortality following colorectal cancer surgery (CRS), and examines hospital performance ranking based on this assessment. METHODS: Mortality rates were compared between 30 vs. 90 days following CRS for patients with stage I-III colorectal cancers from the National Cancer Database (2004-2012). Risk-adjusted hierarchical regression models evaluated hospital performance based on mortality. Hospitals were ranked into top (10%), middle (80%), and lowest (10%) performance groups. RESULTS: Among 185,464 patients, 90-day mortality was nearly double the 30-day mortality (4.4% vs. 2.5%). Following risk adjustment 176 hospitals changed performance ranking: 39% in the top 30-day mortality group changed ranking to the middle group; 37% of hospitals in the lowest 30-day group changed ranking to the middle 90-day group. CONCLUSIONS: Evaluation of hospital performance based on 30-day mortality is associated with misclassification for 15% of hospitals. Ninety-day mortality may be a better quality metric in oncologic CRS.

Delay in Adjuvant Chemotherapy and Survival Advantage in Stage III Colon Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Adjuvant chemotherapy after resection is the standard of care for stage III colon cancer, yet many patients omit chemotherapy. We aimed to describe the impact of delayed chemotherapy on overall survival across multiple time points. STUDY DESIGN: The 2006 to 2014 National Cancer Data Base (NCDB) was queried for patients with single primary stage III adenocarcinoma of the colon. Patients were grouped by receipt and timing of chemotherapy from resection date: chemotherapy omitted, <6 weeks, 6 to 8 weeks, 8 to 12 weeks, 12 to 24 weeks, and >24 weeks. Subgroup analyses were performed for those with comorbidities and those who had postoperative complications. Overall survival was compared using Cox proportional hazard modeling, adjusting for patient, tumor, and facility characteristics. RESULTS: In total, 72,057 patients were included; 20,807 omitted chemotherapy, 22,705 received it at <6 weeks, 15,412 between 6 and 8 weeks, 9,049 between 8 and 12 weeks, 3,595 between 12 and 24 weeks, and 489 at >24 weeks after resection. Compared with patients who omitted chemotherapy, patients who received chemotherapy at <6 weeks (hazard ratio [HR] 0.44), 6 to 8 weeks (HR 0.45), 8 to 12 weeks (HR 0.52), 12 to 24 weeks (HR 0.61), and >24 weeks (HR 0.68) had superior overall survival (p < 0.001). This survival benefit was preserved across subgroups (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: After resection of stage III colon cancer, patients should receive adjuvant chemotherapy within 6 to 8 weeks for maximal benefit. However, chemotherapy should be offered to patients who are outside the optimal window, who have significant comorbidities, or who have had a complication more than 24 weeks from resection to improve the overall survival compared with omitting chemotherapy.