Return to sport activities after medial displacement calcaneal osteotomy and flexor digitorum longus transfer.

PURPOSE: Medial displacement calcaneal osteotomy with flexor digitorum longus transfer is a common treatment for the management of the adult flatfoot associated with posterior tibial tendon dysfunction. In the literature, there is a paucity of information regarding the ability of patients to return to sport and recreational activities after this surgical procedure. The purpose of this retrospective clinical study was to assess the rate and type of athletic activities that patients participated in before and after medial displacement calcaneal osteotomy with flexor digitorum longus transfer. METHODS: A consecutive series of 42 patients with a mean age at surgery of 41 years (range 19-74 years) was evaluated with a minimum follow-up of 24 months (range 18-31 months). Pre- and post-operative sporting activities were assessed. At final follow-up, patients were asked to complete a Sports Athlete Foot and Ankle Score (SAFAS). Each patient was also evaluated with weight-bearing radiographs of the foot before surgery and at final follow-up. RESULTS: Preoperatively, 27 of 42 (64.3 %) patients were engaged in athletic activities, participating in an average of 1.4 h/week (range 0-6 h/week); post-operatively, 36/42 (85.7 %) participated in sport and recreational activities for an average of 3.5 h/week (range 0-15 h/week). Meary's angle improved significantly from 11.5 ± 6.2 degrees preoperatively to 7.0 ± 5.7 degrees at final follow-up (p < 0.01); calcaneal pitch improved significantly from 16.5 ± 4.6 degrees to 19.0 ± 5.0 degrees (p < 0.01). At final follow-up, patients demonstrated good SAFASs in symptom tolerance (86.4 %), pain tolerance (89.0 %), daily living performance (96.1 %), and sports performance (86.7 %). CONCLUSION: The majority of patients returned to sports and recreational activity after medial displacement calcaneal osteotomy and flexor digitorum longus for the treatment of adult flatfoot associated with posterior tibial tendon dysfunction. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.

Lateral ankle and hindfoot instability: a new clinical based classification.

Ankle sprains are one of the most common soft tissue injuries accounting for nearly 40% of sports injuries. There are large number of procedures for its treatment reported in the literature with largely good results. The ankle forms a functional unit with the subtalar joint. We present a new classification for peritalar lateral instability. There are two intents of this classification. Firstly, the classification demonstrates an assessment and treatment guideline for the many causes of peritalar lateral instability. The second use of the classification is for research purposes so that cohorts of patients can be accurately described and the efficacy of different operations in different groups can be properly assessed.

Anatomy, pathophysiology and classification of posterior tibial tendon dysfunction.

OBJECTIVE: Adult acquired flatfoot deformity is generally associated with a collapsing medial longitudinal arch and a progressive loss of strength of the posterior tibial tendon (PTT). This condition is commonly associated with PTT dysfunction or rupture, which can have an arthritic or a traumatic etiology. Several causes have been proposed to explain the clinical evidence of tendon degeneration observed at the time of surgery including trauma, anatomical, mechanical, inflammatory and ischemic factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this review, we analyzed anatomy, pathophysiology and existing classifications of posterior tibial tendon dysfunction. RESULTS: Anatomical features, and in particular vascularization, expose PTT to major degenerative disorders until rupture. A literature overview showed that a low blood supply of the gliding part of the tendon is linked to a dysfunction and/or a rupture of the PTT in the region located behind the medial malleolus. CONCLUSIONS: PTT low blood supply causes a dysfunction resulting in an abnormal loading of the foot's medial structures. This may be the reason why PTT dysfunction leads to an acquired flatfoot deformity. Conversely, flatfoot deformity may be a predisposing factor for the onset of PTT dysfunction.

Amniotic fluid stem cells: an ideal resource for therapeutic application in bone tissue engineering.

OBJECTIVE: Skeletal diseases, both degenerative and secondary to trauma, infections or tumors, represent an ideal target for regenerative medicine and in the last years, stem cells have been considered as good candidates for in vitro and in vivo bone regeneration. To date, several stem cell sources, such as adult mesenchymal stem cells, embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), have shown significant osteogenic potential. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this narrative review, we analyze the possible advantages of the use of AFSCs in the treatment of skeletal diseases, especially through the application of tissue engineering and biomaterials. RESULTS: Among the different sources of stem cells, great attention has been recently devoted to amniotic fluid-derived stem cells (AFSC) characterized by high renewal capacity and ability to differentiate along several different lineages. CONCLUSIONS: Due to these features, AFSCs represent an interesting model for regenerative medicine, also considering their low immunogenicity and the absence of tumor formation after transplantation in nude mice.

The calcaneo-stop procedure.

Flexible flatfoot is one of the most common deformities. Arthroereisis procedures are designed to correct this deformity. Among them, the calcaneo-stop is a procedure with both biomechanical and proprioceptive properties. It is designed for pediatric treatment. Results similar to endorthesis procedure are reported. Theoretically the procedure can be applied to adults if combined with other procedures to obtain a stable plantigrade foot, but medium-term follow up studies are missing.