The female urethral closure mechanism during physical stress.

The closure of the urethra under the condition of stress is the result of a reflex contraction of the urethral rhabdosphincter and pelvic floor muscles. This is likely induced by activity of the abdominal muscles due to a sudden increase in abdominal pressure. This reflex contraction with an increase of urethral pressure occurs a few milliseconds before an increase in intraabdominal pressure. The urethral pressure increase during stress is only possible with fixation of the urethra by the pubourethral ligaments (PUL), facilitating urethral kinking. The highest and most important increase in pressure and resistance occurs in the distal urethra due to this kinking of the urethra.

The association of fecal incontinence, constipation, and pelvic pain with the course of lower urinary tract symptoms in community-dwelling men and women.

BACKGROUND: Fecal incontinence, constipation, and pelvic pain are common pelvic floor symptoms (PFS), and frequently coexist with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). However, their association with the longitudinal trajectory of LUTS have not been well described. Our objective was to investigate the association between PFS and the course of LUTS in community-dwelling men and women. METHODS: Men and women aged ≥16 years were invited to participate in a prospective observational cohort study. At baseline, and after 12 and 24 months, participants filled in the International Consultation on Incontinence Modular Questionnaire (ICIQ-MLUTS and ICIQ-FLUTS) for men and women respectively, the Wexner incontinence and constipation scale, and a questionnaire on pelvic pain. Generalized estimating equations were used to examine the association between change scores in defecation problems and pelvic pain, and LUTS change scores. RESULTS: A total of 694 men and 997 women gave informed consent, with 417 men and 566 women included in the analysis. The mean age was 63.2 ± 12.7 years for men and 58.6 ± 14.8 years for women. The study showed minor changes in LUTS scores over the 0-12 and 12-24-month periods. Generalized estimating equations revealed positive associations between changes in constipation and fecal incontinence and LUTS changes in both sexes. For instance, a one-point increase in Wexner constipation score was associated with 0.376 (0.165, 0.587) points higher LUTS change in men and 0.223 (0.109, 0.336) points in women during the 0-12-month follow-up. However, associations between changes in pain and LUTS scores varied across sexes and time periods. CONCLUSIONS: We observed minor changes in LUTS over time and weak associations between PFS and LUTS that sometimes differed between males and females, emphasizing the need for sex-specific considerations. These insights can provide valuable guidance for the development of targeted prevention trials, ultimately aiming to enhance overall pelvic health and patient well-being.

Depressive feelings as mediator in the relation between adverse childhood events and lower urinary tract symptoms in males and females.

BACKGROUND: Adverse childhood events (ACEs) are prevalent and lead to well-established adverse health sequelae in adulthood. Recent literature has claimed that exposure to trauma in early life may worsen lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) because emotion can alter the perception of bodily distress in the brain. Specifically, depressive symptoms might influence the association between ACEs and LUTS. We aimed to describe the associations between ACEs and LUTS among males and females and to determine whether depressive symptoms mediated these associations. METHODS: This study was a secondary analysis of the Coevorden observational cohort study (n = 1691, age ≥16 years). For this observational study participants filled in the male or female modules of the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire for LUTS (ICIQ-MLUTS and ICIQ-FLUTS, respectively), the NEMESIS Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (emotional neglect, psychological abuse, physical abuse, and sexual abuse within the family), and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) for depression. RESULTS: Overall, 564 males and 811 females answered all required items related to LUTS and ACEs. A series of regression models were then estimated to test for mediation: LUTS on ACEs, depression on ACEs, and LUTS on both ACEs and depression. The models were also adjusted for the following covariates: age, body mass index, diabetes mellitus, current smokers, educational level, and vaginal delivery (if female). Depressive symptoms were shown to mediate the association between ACEs and LUTS in both males and females. CONCLUSION: Childhood adversity and depression are areas of interest during the clinical assessment of patients with LUTS. Early detection of these conditions might help to manage risk, aid in the prevention of LUTS, and facilitate trauma-informed care.

Burst Stimulation Evokes Increased Bladder and Urethral Pressure in Patients With Sacral Neuromodulation, Indicating Potential Activation of the Autonomic Nervous System: A Pilot Study.

OBJECTIVES: Currently, sacral neuromodulation (SNM) outcomes are often suboptimal, and changing stimulation parameters might improve SNM efficacy. Burst stimulation mimics physiological burst firing of the nervous system and might therefore benefit patients treated with SNM. The purpose of the present pilot study was to evaluate the effect of various Burst SNM paradigms on bladder and urethral pressure in patients with overactive bladder (OAB) or nonobstructive urinary retention (NOUR). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The bladder was filled to 50% of its capacity under general anesthesia in six patients with an implanted sacral lead for SNM purposes. Bladder pressure, and mid- and proximal urethral pressure were measured using conventional (Con-) SNM and various Burst SNM paradigms (10-20-40 Hz interburst frequency) with increasing amplitudes up to 5 mA for Con-SNM and 4 mA for Burst SNM. RESULTS: Burst SNM caused a substantial increase in both bladder and urethral pressure. In contrast, Con-SNM caused a milder increase in urethral pressure, and only one patient showed a modest increase in bladder pressure. Furthermore, the pressure increase was higher in the proximal urethra than in the midurethra using Burst-SNM, whereas Con-SNM caused comparable increases in proximal and midurethra pressure. CONCLUSIONS: Burst SNM induces bladder contraction compared with Con-SNM and induces higher pressure increases in bladder and proximal urethra than does Con-SNM in patients with OAB or NOUR, indicating a higher degree of autonomic nervous system stimulation. The observed responses could not be fully explained by the total charge of the Burst SNM paradigms, which suggests the importance of individual Burst SNM parameters, such as frequency and amplitude. Future studies should assess the feasibility and efficacy of Burst SNM in awake patients.

The test-retest reproducibility of the multiple array probe Leiden in men with lower urinary tract symptoms.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to study the test-retest reliability of the Multiple Array Probe Leiden (MAPLe), a multiple electrode probe designed to acquire and discriminate electromyography signals in the pelvic floor muscles, in men with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). METHODS: Adult male patients with LUTS with sufficient knowledge of Dutch language, but without complications (e.g., urinary tract infection), or previous urologic cancer and/or urologic surgery were enrolled. In the initial study, next to physical examination and uroflowmetry, all men underwent MAPLe assessment at baseline and after 6 weeks. Second, participants were reinvited for a new assessment using a stricter protocol. A time interval of 2 h (M2) and 1 week (M3) after baseline (M1) allowed the calculation of the intraday agreement (M1 vs. M2), and the interday agreement (M1 vs. M3) for all 13 MAPLe variables. RESULTS: The outcomes of the initial study in 21 men suggested a poor test-retest reliability. The second study in 23 men showed a good test-retest reliability with intraclass correlations ranging from 0.61 (0.12-0.86) to 0.91 (0.81-0.96). The agreement was generally higher for the intraday determinations than for the interday determinations. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed a good test-retest reliability of the MAPLe device in men with LUTS, when using a strict protocol. With a less strict protocol, the test-retest reliability of MAPLe was poor in this sample. To make valid interpretations of this device in a clinical or research setting, a strict protocol is needed.

Effect of bladder outlet procedures on urodynamic assessments in men with an acontractile or underactive detrusor: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To review the effect of bladder outlet procedures on urodynamic outcomes and symptom scores in males with detrusor underactivity (DU) or acontractile detrusors (AD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of research publications derived from PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Ovid Medline to identify clinical studies of adult men with non-neurogenic DU or AD who underwent any bladder outlet procedure. Outcomes comprised the detrusor pressure at maximum flow (Pdet Qmax ), maximum flow rate (Qmax ), international prostate symptom score (IPSS), and quality of life (QoL). This study is registered under PROSPERO CRD42020215832. RESULTS: We included 13 studies of bladder outlet procedures, of which 6 reported decreased and 7 reported improved Pdet Qmax after the procedure. Meta-analysis revealed an increase in the pooled mean Pdet Qmax of 5.99 cmH2 0 after surgery (95% CI: 0.59-11.40; p = 0.03; I2 95%). Notably, the Pdet Qmax improved in all subgroups with a preoperative bladder contractility index (BCI) <50 and decreased in all subgroups with a BCI ≥50. All studies reported an improved Qmax after surgery, with a pooled mean difference of 5.87 mL/s (95% CI: 4.25-7.49; I2 93%). Only three studies reported QoL, but pooling suggested significant improvements after surgery (mean, -2.41 points; 95% CI: -2.81 to -2.01; p = 0.007). All seven studies reporting IPSS demonstrated improvement (mean, -12.82; 95% CI: -14.76 to -10.88; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This review shows that Pdet Qmax and Qmax increases after surgical bladder outlet procedures in men with DU and AD. Bladder outlet procedures should be discussed as part of the shared decision-making process for this group. The evidence was of low to very low certainty.

Which parameters, related to the female urethra and pelvic floor, determine therapy selection for recurrent female stress urinary incontinence: ICI-RS 2023?

INTRODUCTION: The evidence basis for therapy selection in women who have failed primary stress urinary incontinence (SUI) surgery is limited. The ICI-RS group discussed the available data at its meeting in June 2023, particularly the anatomical characteristics as assessed using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound (US) modalities, functional characteristics associated with storage and voiding urodynamic assessment, as well as the patient characteristics that might influence outcomes. This paper summarizes the evidence base that supported these discussions and offers the basis for research proposals for future groups. METHODS: A literature search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials was performed, and the data is presented. Research questions are based on the knowledge gaps highlighted. RESULTS: Possible MRI parameters that may influence outcomes were striated urethral sphincter volume, bladder and proximal urethral funneling, pubo-urethral ligament integrity, distance of the bladder neck below the pubococcygeal line, posterior urethra-vesical angle, and bladder neck to levator ani distance. US parameters included sling distance to the urethral lumen and pubis, sling position, bladder neck mobility, and lateral arm asymmetry, twisting, or curling. Urodynamic parameters included detrusor overactivity, Valsalva leak point pressure, maximum urethral closure pressure, and bladder outlet obstruction. Important patient parameters included body mass index, age, and previous interventions. CONCLUSIONS: Identifying and quantifying causative factors in patients with recurrent SUI, that allow clinicians to modify subsequent treatment choices and techniques may help reduce treatment failure and complications. Formulating algorithms is the next step in optimizing patient counseling, surgical selection, and healthcare allocation.

Functional neuroimaging related to lower urinary tract sensations: Future directions for study designs and selection of patient groups: ICI-RS 2023.

OBJECTIVES: Neuroimaging studies have advanced our understanding of the intricate central nervous system control network governing lower urinary tract (LUT) function, shedding light on mechanisms for urine storage and voiding. However, a lack of consensus in methodological approaches hinders the comparability of results among research groups and limits the translation of this knowledge to clinical applications, emphasizing the need for standardized methodologies and clinical utilization guidelines. METHODS: This paper reports the discussions of a workshop at the 2023 meeting of the International Consultation on Incontinence Research Society, which reviewed uncertainties and research priorities to progress the field of neuroimaging in LUT control and dysfunction. RESULTS: Neuroimaging holds great potential for improving our understanding of LUT control and pathophysiological conditions. To date, functional neuroimaging techniques have not yet achieved sufficient strength to make a direct clinical impact. Potential approaches that can improve the clinical utilization of neuroimaging were discussed and research questions proposed. CONCLUSIONS: Neuroimaging offers a valuable tool for investigating LUT control, but it's essential to acknowledge the potential for oversimplification when interpreting brain activity due to the complex neural processing and filtering of sensory information. Moreover, technical limitations pose challenges in assessing key brain stem and spinal cord centers, particularly in cases of neurological dysfunction, highlighting the need for more reliable imaging of these centers to advance our understanding of LUT function and dysfunction.

Developing new ways to assess neural control of pelvic organ function in spinal conditions: ICI-RS 2023.

OBJECTIVES: Several central nervous system (CNS) centers affect muscle groups of the lower urinary tract (LUT) and anorectal tract (ART) via autonomic and somatic pathways, working in different modes (storage or expulsion). Hence spinal cord dysfunction can affect the LUT and ART by several possible mechanisms. METHODS: This review reports the discussions of a workshop at the 2023 meeting of the International Consultation on Incontinence Research Society, which reviewed uncertainties and research priorities of spinal dysfunction. RESULTS: Discussion focussed on the levator ani nerve, mechanisms underpinning sensory function and sensation, functional imaging, dyssynergia, and experimental models. The following key research questions were identified. (1) Clinically, how can we evaluate the levator ani muscle to support assessment and identify prognosis for effective treatment selection? (2) How can we reliably measure levator ani tone? (3) How can we evaluate sensory information and sensation for the LUT and the ART? (4) What is the role of functional CNS imaging in development of scientific insights and clinical evaluation? (5) What is the relationship of detrusor sphincter dyssynergia to renal failure? CONCLUSIONS: Spinal cord dysfunction can fundamentally disrupt LUT and ART function, with considerable clinical impact. The evaluation needs to reflect the full scope of potential problems, and new clinical and diagnostic approaches are needed, for prognosis and treatment. The preclinical science evaluating spinal cord function in both LUT and ART storage and elimination remains a major priority, even though it is a challenging experimental context. Without this underpinning evidence, development of new clinical evidence may be held back.

Comparing male and female pelvic floor muscle function by the number and type of pelvic floor symptoms.

AIMS: Pelvic floor symptoms (PFS), including lower urinary tract symptoms, defecation problems, sexual dysfunction, and pelvic pain, are common in males and females. Comparing pelvic floor musculature (PFM) function between sexes may reveal important differences relevant to clinical care. This study aimed to compare male and female PFM function and to assess the function of both sexes with the number and type of PFS. METHODS: We purposively enrolled males and females aged ≥ 21 years with 0-4 PFS based on questionnaire responses in an observational cohort study. Participants then underwent PFM assessment, and muscle function in the external anal sphincter (EAS) and puborectal muscle (PRM) were compared between sexes. The relationships between muscle function and the number and type of PFS were explored. RESULTS: Of the invited 400 males and 608 females, 199 and 187 underwent PFM assessment, respectively. Compared with females, males more often showed increased EAS and PRM tone during assessments. Compared with males, females more often showed weaker maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) of the EAS and dysfunctional endurance of both muscles; additionally, those with zero or one PFS, sexual dysfunction, and pelvic pain more often showed a weak MVC of the PRM. CONCLUSIONS: Despite a few similarities between males and, females we found differences in muscle tone, MVC, and endurance between male and female PFM function. These findings provide useful insights into the differences in PFM function between males and females.

Replacement Adaptor 09106 for patients with a dynamic graciloplasty or patients with sacral neuromodulation and abdominal implantable pulse generators: a retrospective, single centre, Stage 2a/2b development IDEAL case series.

AIM: Due to the introduction of a new implantable pulse generator (IPG), the Interstim II, patients with either a dynamic graciloplasty or an abdominally placed IPG for sacral neuromodulation could not undergo surgery to replace their IPG in the case of end of battery life. For these patients, the Medtronic Replacement Adaptor 09106 was created. This retrospective case series aims to study safety and feasibility of the Medtronic Replacement Adaptor 09106 in patients with abdominally placed IPGs. METHODS: Seventeen patients (11 women, six men) received a replacement adaptor with a follow-up of 6 months. Outcome measures consisted of a bowel habit diary. Adverse events were classified using the Clavien-Dindo classification. RESULTS: Outcome measures in the bowel habit diaries after replacement (feasibility) did not differ significantly from outcome measures before replacement. Adverse events occurred in four out of 17 patients (24%): two patients initially showed pocket site pain (Clavien-Dindo Grade I), which resolved without intervention. One patient suffered from poor wound closure (Clavien-Dindo Grade II) and one patient had persisting pocket pain (Clavien-Dindo Grade IIIa) for which a pocket revision was performed. Statistical analyses were performed making paired comparisons using a Wilcoxon signed rank test. CONCLUSION: The Medtronic Replacement Adaptor 09106 is a valuable option for patients with dynamic graciloplasty or sacral neuromodulation and abdominal IPG and has complication rates similar to replacement of the Interstim without Replacement Adaptor 09106.

Multidisciplinary treatment for functional urological disorders with psychosomatic comorbidity in a tertiary pelvic care center-A retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Functional urological disorders are highly prevalent, frequently interrelated, and characterized by a chronic course and considerable treatment resistance. From our point of view, poor treatment outcomes are often attributable to underlying but undetected mental disorders. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of integrated outpatient care by a urologist and a psychiatrist on the symptomatology of patients with functional urological disorders in a tertiary referral Pelvic Care Centre. SETTING: Retrospective observational cohort study in functional urological disorders in combination with psychosomatic co-morbidity. When treatment by a urologist alone was not sufficient, the suitability for a multidisciplinary approach was considered i) if there was a susceptibility for psychiatric comorbidity, ii) if diagnostic procedures did not reveal a treatable somatic cause, or iii) if multiple failed somatic treatments did not relieve complaints. Patients underwent urological treatments before, without reduction of complaints, no treatable somatic cause could be found after diagnostic procedures; or patients suffered from psychiatric comorbidity. METHOD: Outcome was measured using patient global impression of improvement, hospitality anxiety and depression scale (HADS), global assessment of functioning (GAF), and a health consumption questionnaire. RESULTS: A significant reduction in HADS-depression score was found (p = 0.001) after multidisciplinary treatment. The GAF score increased from 61 to 80, leading to no more than slight impairment in social, occupational, or school functioning. Patients reported their situation as better in comparison with before multidisciplinary treatment. An association was found between pelvic pain and anxiety (p = 0.032) and panic disorder (p = 0.040). Psychological trauma was found to be associated with depression (p = 0.044), with an odds ratio of 2.93 (1.01-8.50). Psychological trauma coincided in 62.3% of patients with urological pain syndromes and in 83.3% with pelvic pain. CONCLUSION: Overall results indicate that functional urological patients, previously refractory to urological treatment, benefit from an integrated care approach by urologists and psychiatrists. Explanation about the bladder-brain axis and the alarm falsification model enlightens understanding of urological and psychological contributions to functional syndromes and creates an opportunity for integrated care.

Incontinence and sleep disturbances in young children: A population-based study.

AIMS: Nocturnal enuresis (NE), daytime urinary incontinence (DUI), fecal incontinence (FI), as well as sleep and behavioral problems are common in young children. The aim of this study was to analyze the association of sleep and psychological parameters for all types of incontinence in a representative sample of young children. METHODS: Six hundred thirty eight (of 1161) children with a mean age of 5.9 years (50.9% boys) were assessed during their mandatory school entry examination. The participation rate was 55%. Instruments included the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire and other clinical questions. Incontinence was diagnosed according to ICCS standards. Constipation was assessed by two questions. RESULTS: 17.1% of children had at least one type of incontinence, 14.8% had NE, 5.0% DUI, 2.1% FI, and 4.8% were constipated. 6.7% of children had clinically relevant psychological problems. 22.7% of children had sleep problems regularly (5-7 times/week). A wide variety of sleep problems were reported. Children with incontinence were not affected by a higher rate of sleep problems. Children with NE had fewer night wakings and those with constipation fewer parasomnias. Sleep and psychological problems were significantly associated, especially in children with DUI and FI. CONCLUSIONS: Sleep and behavioral problems are common in young children. Psychological problems have a clear impact on sleep. Young children with incontinence do not have more sleep problems than continent children. Therefore, both sleep and psychological problems should be addressed in young children with incontinence.

Exploring pelvic floor muscle function in men with and without pelvic floor symptoms: A population-based study.

BACKGROUND: Pelvic floor symptoms (PFS), such as lower urinary tract symptoms, defecation disorders, sexual problems, and genital-pelvic pain, are prevalent in men. Thorough physical assessments of the external anal sphincter (EAS) and the puborectal muscle (PRM) are the keys to unraveling the role of muscle dysfunction. OBJECTIVES: To explore associations within and between the EAS and PRM and between muscle (dys-) function and the number of male PFS. METHODS: This cross-sectional study purposively enrolled men aged ≥21 years with 0-4 symptoms from a larger study. After extensive external and internal digital pelvic floor assessment, we explored (1) agreement between muscle function of the EAS versus PRM (using cross tabulation), (2) associations within and between the EAS and PRM (using heatmaps), and (3) associations between muscle function and number of PFS (using a visual presentation [heatmaps] and χ2  tests). RESULTS: Overall, 42 out of 199 men (21%) had completely normal muscle function. Sixty-six (33.2%) had no symptoms, of which 53 (80%) had some degree of muscle dysfunction. No clear dose-response relationship existed between muscle (dys-) function and the number of symptoms. The PRM showed both more dysfunction and severer dysfunction than the EAS. CONCLUSIONS: No clear association exists between muscle dysfunction and the number of symptoms, and the absence of PFS does not indicate normal muscle function for all men. Dysfunction levels are highest for the PRM. Further pelvic floor muscle research is warranted in men with PFS.

Muscarinic-3-receptor positive allosteric modulator ASP8302 in patients with underactive bladder. A randomized controlled trial.

AIM: The aim of this study is to evaluate safety and efficacy of ASP8302, a novel positive allosteric modulator for the muscarinic M3 receptor (M3-PAM), in patients with underactive bladder (UAB). METHODS: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter study was performed in adult male/female subjects with UAB, defined as incomplete bladder emptying (postvoid residual volume [PVR] > 100 ml) without significant bladder outlet obstruction and/or overactive bladder. Subjects were randomized (1:1) to receive 4-week oral once-daily administration of 100 mg ASP8302 or matching placebo. Primary endpoint was a change from baseline in PVR measured by catheterization after standardized bladder filling (PVRC2 ). Other endpoints included PVR and bladder voiding efficiency (BVE) measured in various ways, uroflowmetry, bladder diary, and questionnaires. Pressure-flow studies were performed in a subgroup. RESULTS: One hundred and thirty-five patients were randomized (ASP8302 group: 65 patients, placebo group: 70 patients). The median change in PVRC2 was -40.0 ml (ASP8302) versus -35.0 ml (placebo) and the difference between groups was -5.0 ml (p = 0.960). In males, functional and symptomatic outcomes improved, for example, maximum urine flow rate (Qmax ) and detrusor pressure at Qmax (Pdet.Qmax ) increased (mean difference in change ASP8302 vs. placebo: 3.8 ml/s, p = 0.031 and 12.7 cm H2 O, p = 0.034, respectively). Urinary incontinence episodes/24 h decreased in males with preexisting incontinence (mean difference: -0.35; p = 0.028). The incidence of adverse events was similar between study groups (ASP8302: 33.3%, placebo: 31.4%). In the included subjects, both baseline urine flow and bladder voiding pressure was low. Compared with PVR, simultaneous BVE measurements were more consistent between various methods (spontaneous vs. standardized bladder filling, catheterization vs. ultrasound [US]). CONCLUSIONS: ASP8302 was safe and well tolerated in patients with UAB identified by nonurodynamic clinical criteria, but it did not show efficacy in the primary endpoint. However, in males it showed improvement of symptoms and functional parameters. BVE (using US) is a more optimal outcome measure than PVR in UAB.

Exploring concomitant pelvic floor symptoms in community-dwelling females and males.

OBJECTIVES: Researchers and clinicians tend to focus on one pelvic floor symptom (PFS) at the time. However, the pelvic floor acts as one functional unit, increasing the likelihood of concurrent PFS in patients with pelvic floor dysfunction. There is also a paucity of literature on the prevalence of concomitant PFS, especially in males. Therefore, we explored the occurrence of concomitant PFS in community-dwelling males and females. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective observational population-based cohort study included males and females aged ≥16 years from a single Dutch municipality. Participants completed validated questionnaires on lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), defecation problems, sexual dysfunction, pelvic pain, and pelvic organ prolapse. Medical general practitioner records were examined. Furthermore, a randomly selected group of non-responders aged <80 years received a short questionnaire, to study response bias. RESULTS: We invited 11 724 people, among which 839 females and 566 males completed the questionnaires. Of the female participants, 286 (34.1%) reported no PFS, and 251 (29.9%) reported two or more PFS. The most prevalent PFS clusters in females were sexual dysfunction and pelvic pain, sexual dysfunction and defecation problems, LUTS and defecation problems, and LUTS, defecation problems, and pelvic pain. Of the male participants, 212 (37.5%) reported no PFS, and 191 (33.7%) reported two or more PFS. The most prevalent clusters in males were sexual dysfunction and LUTS, defecation problems and LUTS, and sexual dysfunction, LUTS, and defecation problems. CONCLUSION: A considerable overlap existed between PFS, with differences in PFS clusters between females and males. Of note, females reported pelvic pain more than males. We conclude that healthcare providers should address all PFS in males and females.

Predictive Factors in Sacral Neuromodulation: A Systematic Review.

INTRODUCTION: Sacral neuromodulation (SNM) is an effective treatment in patients with overactive bladder syndrome or nonobstructive urinary retention when conservative treatment fails. Several factors that could impact outcome with SNM have been studied. This systematic review investigated these predictive factors and their relevance for clinical practice. METHODS: Systematic review according to the PRISMA guidelines was conducted. This review is registered in the PROSPERO register (CRD42015016256). RESULTS: Seventy-eight studies (of which 11 abstracts) were included. Females, younger patients, and a tined lead procedure tend to be predictive in successful SNM outcome. Factors that did not influence SNM outcome were prior back surgery, surgery for stress urinary incontinence, affective symptoms, and duration of complaints. Reduced detrusor contractility is associated with a lower success rate. The level of evidence of most studies (graded according to the Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine) was 3b. CONCLUSION: Even though this systematic review investigated predictive factors (gender, age, type of procedure, type of lead, and detrusor contractility), no general consensus on predictive factors could be made. Most studies are small, retrospective, and involve a heterogeneous population. Therefore, prospective research in larger specific patient groups remains necessary to find predictors of SNM outcome.

Parcellation of human periaqueductal gray at 7-T fMRI in full and empty bladder state: The foundation to study dynamic connectivity changes related to lower urinary tract functioning.

AIMS: The periaqueductal gray (PAG) is a brain stem area involved in processing signals related to urine storage and voiding. The PAG is proposed to be responsible for projecting afferent information from the bladder to cortical and subcortical brain areas and acts as a relay station projecting efferent information from cortical and subcortical areas to the pons and spinal cord. Here, we use 7-Tesla functional magnetic resonance imaging to parcellate the PAG into functionally distinct clusters during a bladder filling protocol. METHODS: We assess the similarity between parcellation results in empty and full bladder states and show how these parcellations can be used to create dynamic response profiles of connectivity changes between clusters as a function of bladder sensations. RESULTS: For each of our six healthy female participants, we found that the agreement between at least one of the clusters in both states resulting from the parcellation procedure was higher than could be expected based on chance (p ≤ .05), and observed that these clusters are significantly organized in a symmetrical lateralized fashion (p ≤ .05). Correlations between clusters change significantly as a function of experienced sensations during bladder filling (p ≤ .05). CONCLUSIONS: This opens new possibilities to investigate the effects of treatments of lower urinary tract symptoms on signal processing in the PAG, as well as the investigation of disease-specific bladder filling related dynamic signal processing in this small brain structure.

Sacral neuromodulation in patients with refractory overactive bladder symptoms after failed Botulinum toxin therapy: Results in a large cohort of patients.

AIMS: Sacral neuromodulation (SNM) and Botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) injections are well-known third-line treatment options in patients with refractory overactive bladder (OAB). Our aim is to evaluate the success rate of SNM in patients who received prior therapy with BoNT-A injections. METHODS: All patients with OAB symptoms referred for SNM between 2006 and 2019 were included. History taking and 3-day voiding diaries assessed the complaints and suitability for SNM. The success rate of SNM in patients who received prior BoNT-A was compared with BoNT-A naive patients. Success was defined as an improvement of 50% or greater in voiding diary parameters. Satisfaction was registered at their most recent visit. RESULTS: A total of 263 patients underwent SNM test stimulation, of which 75 (16 male/57 female) received prior BoNT-A and 188 (46 male/142 female) were BoNT-A naive. Success rate for SNM in BoNT-A naive patients was 72.9% and in BoNT-A patients 66.7% (p = 0.316). Success rate after ≤2 BoNT-A injections was 68.5%, compared to 61.1% after ≥3 injections (p > 0.05). Success rate in patients perceiving lack of efficacy of BoNT-A was 67.4% (p > 0.05), subjected to temporary CISC was 73.7% (p > 0.05) and with temporary effect of BoNT-A was 50% (p > 0.05). In 86% of BoNT-A patients the system was still activated and used to their satisfaction at their last follow-up visit (mean FU, 40.70 months). CONCLUSION: SNM in patients with refractory OAB who failed prior BoNT-A is an excellent approach. The number of injections nor reason of BoNT-A discontinuation have predictive value for success with SNM.

Exploratory analysis of the effect of mirabegron on urodynamic sensation parameters and urethral pressure variations.

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: Urethral instability (URI) has in the past been defined by the International Continence Society (ICS), but was excluded from ICS terminology and definitions shortly after because of a lack of consensus about the clinical importance of this phenomenon. Recently, interest in URI and its possible role in overactive bladder (OAB) increased again. In the last decade, a beta 3 adrenoreceptor agonist (mirabegron) was approved for the treatment of OAB. The effect of mirabegron on urethral pressure during filling cystometry is unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of mirabegron on urethral pressure variations during urodynamic investigation and the association of symptoms and voiding diary data before and during treatment. METHODS: This prospective study included 51 consecutive adult female patients, referred with OAB. Patients were evaluated using a voiding diary, two validated questionnaires and two urodynamic investigations, one before and one after 6 weeks of treatment with mirabegron. URI was defined as an urethral pressure drop exceeding 30 cmH2O during filling cystometry. RESULTS: The prevalence of URI was 31% at initial urodynamic investigation, and 19% at second investigation. URI is more common than DO with 18% prevalence at initial evaluation. Treatment with mirabegron resulted in significant changes in symptoms and urodynamic sensory markers in patients with URI. CONCLUSION: Urethral pressure variations are significantly reduced by treatment with mirabegron in patients with URI. URI seems to have a predictive value in treatment choices for OAB. Future research should elucidate this.