Risk Factors for Hospitalization Duration Longer Than 24 Hours Following Percutaneous Radiofrequency Ablation of Liver Tumours.

PURPOSE: Prior studies have described complications of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of liver tumours. The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for hospitalization duration longer than 24 hours following RFA of liver tumours. METHODS: This retrospective, single-centre study included patients with liver tumours undergoing RFA between October 2017 and July 2020. Medical records were reviewed to collect patient, tumours, and procedure characteristics for each RFA session. The association between potential risk factors and duration of hospitalization (less than or more than 24 hours) was analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regressions. RESULTS: Our study included 291 patients (mean age: 65.2 ± 11.2 [standard deviation]; 201 men) undergoing 324 RFA sessions. Sixty-eight sessions (21.0%) resulted in hospitalization of more than 24 hours. Multivariate analysis identified each additional needle insertion per session (OR 1.4; 95% CI [1.1-1.9]; P = .02), RFA performed in segment V (OR 2.8; 95% CI [1.4-5.7]; P = .004), and use of artificial pneumothorax (OR 14.5; 95% CI [1.4-146.0]; P = .02) as potential risk factors. A history of hepatic encephalopathy (OR 2.6; 95% CI [1.1-6.0]; P = .03) was only significant in univariate analysis. Post-hoc, subgroup analysis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (69.8%) did not identify other risk factors. CONCLUSION: Risk factors for a hospitalization duration longer than 24 hours include a higher number of needle insertions per session, radiofrequency ablation in segment V, and use of an artificial pneumothorax.

Prognostic implications of adaptive immune features in MMR-proficient colorectal liver metastases classified by histopathological growth patterns.

BACKGROUND: After resection, colorectal cancer liver metastases (CRLM) surrounded by a desmoplastic rim carry a better prognosis than the metastases replacing the adjacent liver. However, these histopathological growth patterns (HGPs) are insufficient to guide clinical decision-making. We explored whether the adaptive immune features of HGPs could refine prognostication. METHODS: From 276 metastases resected in 176 patients classified by HGPs, tissue microarrays were used to assess intratumoral T cells (CD3), antigen presentation capacity (MHC class I) and CD73 expression producing immunosuppressive adenosine. We tested correlations between these variables and patient outcomes. RESULTS: The 101 (57.4%) patients with dominant desmoplastic HGP had a median recurrence-free survival (RFS) of 17.1 months compared to 13.3 months in the 75 patients (42.6%) with dominant replacement HGP (p = 0.037). In desmoplastic CRLM, high vs. low CD73 was the only prognostically informative immune parameter and was associated with a median RFS of 12.3 months compared to 26.3, respectively (p = 0.010). Only in dominant replacement CRLM, we found a subgroup (n = 23) with high intratumoral MHC-I expression but poor CD3+ T cell infiltration, a phenotype associated with a short median RFS of 7.9 months. CONCLUSIONS: Combining the assessments of HGP and adaptive immune features in resected CRLM could help identify patients at risk of early recurrence.

Effect of intraoperative hypovolemic phlebotomy on transfusion and clinical outcomes in patients undergoing hepatectomy: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: There is no consensus on how to best achieve a low central venous pressure during hepatectomy for the purpose of reducing blood loss and red blood cell (RBC) transfusions. We analyzed the associations between intraoperative hypovolemic phlebotomy (IOHP), transfusions, and postoperative outcomes in cancer patients undergoing hepatectomy. METHODS: Using surgical and transfusion databases of patients who underwent hepatectomy for cancer at one institution (11 January 2011 to 22 June 2017), we retrospectively analyzed associations between IOHP and RBC transfusion on the day of surgery (primary outcome), and with total perioperative transfusions, intraoperative blood loss, and postoperative complications (secondary outcomes). We fitted logistic regression models by inverse probability of treatment weighting to adjust for confounders and reported adjusted odds ratio (aOR). RESULTS: There were 522 instances of IOHP performed during 683 hepatectomies, with a mean (standard deviation) volume of 396 (119) mL. The IOHP patients had a 6.9% transfusion risk on the day of surgery compared with 12.4% in non-IOHP patients (aOR, 0.53; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.29 to 0.98; P = 0.04). Total perioperative RBC transfusion tended to be lower in IOHP patients compared with non-IOHP patients (14.9% vs 22.4%, respectively; aOR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.44 to 1.16; P = 0.18). In patients with a predicted risk of ≥ 47.5% perioperative RBC transfusion, 24.6% were transfused when IOHP was used compared with 56.5% without IOHP. The incidence of severe postoperative complications (Clavien-Dindo scores ≥ 3) was similar in patients whether or not IOHP was performed (15% vs 16% respectively; aOR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.53 to 1.54; P = 0.71). CONCLUSIONS: The use of IOHP during hepatectomy was associated with less RBCs transfused on the same day of surgery. Trials comparing IOHP with other techniques to reduce blood loss and transfusion are needed in liver surgery.

RéSUMé: CONTEXTE: Il n'existe pas de consensus quant à la meilleure façon d'obtenir une pression veineuse centrale basse pendant une hépatectomie dans le but de réduire les pertes et les transfusions sanguines. Nous avons analysé les associations entre la phlébotomie hypovolémique peropératoire, les transfusions, et les résultats cliniques postopératoires chez les patients qui subissent une hépatectomie pour cancer. MéTHODE: À l'aide de bases de données chirurgicales et transfusionnelles de patients ayant subi une hépatectomie pour cancer dans un seul établissement (du 11 janvier 2011 au 22 juin 2017), nous avons rétrospectivement analysé les associations entre la phlébotomie hypovolémique peropératoire et les transfusions érythrocytaires le jour de la chirurgie (critère d'évaluation principal) et avec les transfusions périopératoires totales, les pertes sanguines peropératoires, et les complications postopératoires (critères d'évaluation secondaires). Nous avons utilisé des modèles de régression logistique avec pondération de probabilité inverse de traitement afin de tenir compte des facteurs de confusion et rapporté les rapports de cotes ajustés (RCa). RéSULTATS: Il y a eu 522 phlébotomies hypovolémiques peropératoires exécutées au cours de 683 hépatectomies, avec un volume moyen (écart type) de 396 (119) mL. Les patients ayant eu une phlébotomie hypovolémique peropératoire avaient un risque transfusionnel de 6,9 % le jour de la chirurgie, comparativement à 12,4 % pour les patients sans phlébotomie (RCa, 0,53; intervalle de confiance [IC] de 95 %, 0,29 à 0,98; P = 0,04). Les transfusions périopératoires totales d'érythrocytes tendaient à être moins fréquentes chez les patients ayant subi une phlébotomie hypovolémique peropératoire par rapport aux patients sans phlébotomie (14,9 % vs 22,4 %, respectivement; RCa, 0,72; IC 95 %, 0,44 à 1,16; P = 0,18). Pour les patients présentant un risque prédit de transfusion périopératoire d'érythrocytes ≥ à 47,5 %, 24,6 % de ceux qui ont eu une phlébotomie hypovolémique peropératoire ont été transfusés, comparativement à 56,5 % sans phlébotomie. L'incidence des complications postopératoires graves (scores de Clavien-Dindo ≥ 3) était semblable chez tous les patients, avec ou sans phlébotomie hypovolémique peropératoire (15 % vs 16 % respectivement; RCa, 0,97; IC 95 %, 0,53 à 1,54; P = 0,71). CONCLUSIONS: L'utilisation de la phlébotomie hypovolémique peropératoire pendant une hépatectomie était associée à un moins grand nombre de transfusions érythrocytaires le jour de la chirurgie. Des études qui compareront la phlébotomie hypovolémique peropératoire à d'autres techniques visant à réduire les pertes et les transfusions sanguines sont nécessaires en chirurgie hépatique.

Laparoscopic versus open parenchymal preserving liver resections in the posterosuperior segments: a case-matched study.

BACKGROUND: Patients with lesions in the posterosuperior (PS) segments of the liver have been considered poor candidates for laparoscopic liver resection (LLR). This study aims to compare short-term outcomes of LLR and open liver resections (OLR) in the PS segments. METHODS: This multicenter study consisted of all patients who underwent LLR in the PS segments and all patients who underwent OLR in the PS segments between October 2011 and July 2016. Laparoscopic cases were case-matched with those who had an identical open procedure during the same period based on tumor location (same segment) and the Brisbane classification of the resection. Demographics, comorbid factors, perioperative outcomes, short-term outcomes, necessity of adjuvant chemotherapy, and the interval between surgery and initiation of adjuvant chemotherapy were compared between the two groups. Data were retrieved from a prospectively maintained electronic database. RESULTS: Both groups were comparable for age, sex, ASA score, maximum tumor diameter, and number of patients with additional liver resections outside the posterior segments. Operative time was similar in both groups (median 140 min; p = 0.92). Blood loss was less in the LLR-group (median: 150 vs. 300 ml in OLR-group). Median hospital stay was 6 days in both groups. There was no significant difference in postoperative complications (OLR-group: 31.4% vs. LLR-group: 25.7%; p = 0.60). There was no significant difference in R0 resections (LLR: 97.2 vs. 100% in OLR; p = 1.00). Tumor-free margins were less in the LLR group (LLR: 5 vs. 9.5 mm in OLR; p = 0.012). Patients undergoing LLR were treated with chemotherapy sooner compared to those undergoing OLR (41 vs. 56 days, p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that laparoscopic parenchymal preserving liver resections in the PS segments can be performed with comparable short-term outcomes as similar OLR. The shorter interval to chemotherapy might provide long-term oncologic benefits in patients who underwent LLR.

Preliminary Experience in Combined Somatic and Cerebral Oximetry Monitoring in Liver Transplantation.

OBJECTIVE: The use of cerebral near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has become widespread in cardiac surgery after research demonstrated an association between perioperative cerebral desaturations and postoperative complications. Somatic NIRS desaturation also is associated with an increased risk of postoperative complications and mortality. The objective of this study was to explore the trends of both somatic and cerebral NIRS during liver transplantation. DESIGN: A prospective, single-site, observational case series. SETTING: Tertiary care center. PARTICIPANTS: The study comprised 10 patients undergoing liver transplantation. INTERVENTIONS: NIRS sensors were placed on the forehead (cerebral regional oxygen saturation [rSO2]) and on the right arm and right leg (somatic rSO2) to measure tissue perfusion. Desaturation was defined as a 20% decrease of baseline values for 15 seconds. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: In all patients, parallel changes in both cerebral and somatic rSO2 values were observed during phlebotomy, bleeding, transfusion, portal vein clamping, and the use of vasoactive agents. Induction of anesthesia increased cerebral rSO2 more than it did somatic values. However, ascites removal, abdominal manipulation, and clamping of the inferior vena cava (IVC) were associated with nonparallel changes in cerebral and somatic rSO2. Ascites removal was associated with increased somatic leg rSO2, and IVC clamping and abdominal hypertension were associated with a significant reduction in somatic leg rSO2. Somatic leg desaturation instead of arm or cerebral desaturation was associated with more postoperative complications. CONCLUSIONS: The use of combined NIRS monitoring allows for the identification of the source of somatic or cerebral desaturation. Compromised venous flow from the IVC from clamping or abdominal compartment syndrome typically is associated with the appearance of more pronounced leg than arm desaturation.

Prediction of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Recurrence Beyond Milan Criteria After Resection: Validation of a Clinical Risk Score in an International Cohort.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to validate a previously reported recurrence clinical risk score (CRS). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Salvage transplantation after hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) resection is limited to patients who recur within Milan criteria (MC). Predicting recurrence patterns may guide treatment recommendations. METHODS: An international, multicenter cohort of R0 resected HCC patients were categorized by MC status at presentation. CRS was calculated by assigning 1 point each for initial disease beyond MC, multinodularity, and microvascular invasion. Recurrence incidences were estimated using competing risks methodology, and conditional recurrence probabilities were estimated using the Bayes theorem. RESULTS: From 1992 to 2015, 1023 patients were identified, of whom 613 (60%) recurred at a median follow-up of 50 months. CRS was well validated in that all 3 factors remained independent predictors of recurrence beyond MC (hazard ratio 1.5-2.1, all P < 0.001) and accurately stratified recurrence risk beyond MC, ranging from 19% (CRS 0) to 67% (CRS 3) at 5 years. Among patients with CRS 0, no other factors were significantly associated with recurrence beyond MC. The majority recurred within 2 years. After 2 years of recurrence-free survival, the cumulative risk of recurrence beyond MC within the next 5 years for all patients was 14%. This risk was 12% for patients with initial disease within MC and 17% for patients with initial disease beyond MC. CONCLUSIONS: CRS accurately predicted HCC recurrence beyond MC in this international validation. Although the risk of recurrence beyond MC decreased over time, it never reached zero.

Combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma in a patient with Abernethy malformation and tetralogy of Fallot: A case report.

Abernethy malformation is a rare congenital anomaly of the portal vein where the portal blood bypasses the liver. We report the first case of a patient with Abernethy malformation and tetralogy of Fallot associated with nodular regenerative hyperplasia and focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH), which finally evolved to a giant hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma (HCC-CC) of the liver, successfully resected. (Hepatology 2016;64:1800-1802).

Comparison of techniques for volumetric analysis of the future liver remnant: implications for major hepatic resections.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this work was to compare measured and estimated volumetry prior to liver resection. METHODS: Data for consecutive patients submitted to major liver resection for colorectal liver metastases at two centres during 2004-2012 were reviewed. All patients underwent volumetric analysis to define the measured total liver volume (mTLV) and measured future liver remnant ratio (mR(FLR)). The estimated total liver volume (eTLV) standardized to body surface area and estimated future liver remnant ratio (eR(FLR)) were calculated. Descriptive statistics were generated and compared. A difference between mR(FLR) and eR(FLR) of ±5% was considered clinically relevant. RESULTS: Data for a total of 116 patients were included. All patients underwent major resection and 51% underwent portal vein embolization. The mean difference between mTLV and eTLV was 157 ml (P < 0.0001), whereas the mean difference between mR(FLR) and eR(FLR) was -1.7% (P = 0.013). By linear regression, eTLV was only moderately predictive of mTLV (R(2) = 0.35). The distribution of differences between mR(FLR) and eR(FLR) demonstrated that the formula over- or underestimated mR(FLR) by ≥5% in 31.9% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Measured and estimated volumetry yielded differences in the FLR of ≥5% in almost one-third of patients, potentially affecting clinical decision making. Estimated volumetry should be used cautiously and cannot be recommended for general use.

Accuracy of preoperative automatic measurement of the liver volume by CT-scan combined to a 3D virtual surgical planning software (3DVSP).

BACKGROUND: Liver volumetry is a critical component of safe hepatic surgery, in order to minimize the risk of postoperative liver failure. Liver volumes can be calculated routinely using the time-consuming gold standard method of manual volumetry. The current work sought to evaluate an alternative automatic technique based on a novel 3D virtual planning software, and to compare it to the manual technique. METHODS: A prospective study of patients undergoing liver resection was conducted. Every patient had a pre and 2-day postoperative CT-scan. For each patient, total, remnant and resected volumes were calculated manually and automatically. Planes of resection were verified by a hepatobiliary surgeon and compared with postoperative volumes. Paired t-tests and correlation coefficients were calculated. RESULTS: A major hepatectomy was carried out in 36/43 patients. The automatic TLV (1,759 mL) and the manual TLV (1,832 mL) were significantly different (p < 0.001), but extremely highly correlated (r = 0.989). The percentages of preoperative RLV (manual 58.5%, automatic 58.9%) were similar, with an excellent correlation of 0.917. The preoperative RLV were matched with the 2-day postoperative RLV showing a significant difference (p = 0.0301). The resected volumes using both techniques (871 and 832 mL) were compared with the resected specimen volume (670 mL), showing a significant difference (p < 0.001) but a high degree of correlation (r = 0.874). CONCLUSION: The 3D virtual surgical planning software is accurate and reliable in determining the total liver and future remnant liver volumes. This technique demonstrates a good correlation with the manual technique. Future work will be required to confirm these findings and to evaluate the clinical value of the three-dimensional planning platform.

Surgical management of symptomatic hydatid liver disease: experience from a Western centre.

BACKGROUND: Hydatid liver cysts are rare in North America. The objective of this study was to determine the optimal surgical management for hydatid liver cysts treated outside endemic areas. METHODS: We reviewed the cases of consecutive patients who underwent management of hydatid liver cysts. Radical liver resections were compared with other types of procedures. Clinical presentation, investigations, perioperative outcomes and longterm follow-up were evaluated. We evaluated disease recurrence using the Kaplan- Meier method. RESULTS: Forty patients underwent surgery for hydatid liver cysts. Most patients had single (68%) right-sided (46%) cysts with a median size of 10 cm. Most (83%) underwent liver resection with or without drainage/marsupialization. Radical liver resection was carried out in 60% (19 major, 5 minor). Additional procedures were required in 50% (biliary fistulization 30%, diaphragmatic fistulization 20% or paracaval location/ fusion 8%). Postoperative complications occurred in 48%. The median follow-up was 39 months. The 3-year recurrence-free survival was significantly different between patients who had radical resection and those who had other procedures (100% v. 71%, p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: The surgical management of hydatid liver cysts in North America remains rare and challenging and is frequently associated with fistulizing complications. Excellent long-term outcomes are best achieved using principles of radical liver resection that are familiar to North American surgeons.

CONTEXTE: L'hydatidose (kyste hydatique du foie) est une affection rare en Amérique du Nord. Cette étude visait à déterminer quelle était la meilleure façon de prendre en charge cette maladie à l'extérieur de zones où elle est endémique. MÉTHODES: On a revu les cas de patients consécutifs traités pour des kystes hydatiques du foie. L'ablation radicale du foie a été comparée à d'autres types d'intervention. Le tableau clinique, les examens exploratoires, les résultats périopératoires et le suivi de longue durée ont été évalués. On a aussi évalué la récurrence de la maladie en utilisant la méthode Kaplan­Meier. RÉSULTATS: Quarante patients avaient été opérés pour des kystes hydatiques du foie. La plupart présentaient des kystes simples (68 %) dans le foie droit (46 %), qui mesuraient en moyenne 10 cm de diamètre. La plupart (83 %) avaient subi une résection hépatique avec ou sans drainage ou marsupialisation. Une résection radicale a été pratiquée chez 60 % des patients (19 cas majeurs, 5 cas mineurs). D'autres interventions se sont avérées nécessaires dans 50 % des cas (fistulisation dans les voies biliaires 30 %, fistulisation dans le diaphragme 20 %, localisation paracave ou fusion 8 %). Des complications postopératoires sont survenues dans 48 % des cas. La durée moyenne du suivi a été de 39 mois. On a observé une différence significative entre le taux de survie sans récidive sur 3 ans entre les patients ayant subi une résection radicale et ceux ayant subi une autre intervention (100 % c. 71 %, p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: En Amérique du Nord, le traitement chirurgical de l'hydatidose reste rare, difficile et souvent compliqué par une fistulisation. La résection hépatique radicale, que les chirurgiens nord-américains maîtrisent bien, est l'intervention permettant d'obtenir les meilleurs résultats à long terme.

Impact of peri-operative bevacizumab on survival in patients with resected colorectal liver metastases: an analysis of the LiverMetSurvey.

BACKGROUND: Peri-operative chemotherapy is recommended for the management of colorectal liver metastases (CRLM). The aim of this study was to examine the impact of peri-operative bevacizumab on survival in patients with resected CRLM. METHODS: A multicentre retrospective cohort of patients with resected CRLM was analysed from the LiverMetSurvey Registry. Patients who received peri-operative FOLFOX (group A) were compared with those who received peri-operative FOLFOX and bevacizumab (group B). RESULTS: In total, 501 patients were compared (A, n = 384; B, n = 117). Group A was older (68.3 versus 62.5 years, P < 0.01), had more rectal cancers (30.7 versus 18.8%, P < 0.01) and higher carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels at diagnosis (17.0 versus 9.7 ng/ml, P = 0.043). No difference was observed regarding primary tumour stage, synchronicity and the number or size of metastases. Post-operative infections were more frequent in group B (4.7% versus 12.8%, P < 0.01). Peri-operative bevacizumab had no effect on 3-year overall survival (OS) (76.4% versus 79.8%, P = 0.334), or disease-free survival (DFS) (7.4% versus 7.9%, P = 0.082). DFS was negatively associated with primary tumour node positivity (P = 0.011) and synchronicity (P = 0.041). CONCLUSIONS: The addition of bevacizumab to standard peri-operative chemotherapy does not appear to be associated with improved OS or DFS in patients with resected CRLM.

Homogeneity in immune features between colorectal liver metastases better identifies patients with good prognosis compared to pathological response to preoperative chemotherapy.

In colorectal cancer liver metastases (CRLM), the density of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, the expression of class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC-I), and the pathological response to preoperative chemotherapy have been associated with oncological outcomes after complete resection. However, the prognostic significance of the heterogeneity of these features in patients with multiple CRLMs remains under investigation. We used a tissue microarray of 220 mismatch repair-gene proficient CRLMs resected in 97 patients followed prospectively to quantify CD3+ T cells and MHC-I by immunohistochemistry. Histopathological response to preoperative chemotherapy was assessed using standard scoring systems. We tested associations between clinical, immunological, and pathological features with oncologic outcomes. Overall, 29 patients (30.2%) had CRLMs homogeneous for CD3+ T cell infiltration and MHC-I. Patients with immune homogeneous compared to heterogeneous CRLMs had longer median time to recurrence (TTR) (30 vs. 12 months, p = .0018) and disease-specific survival (DSS) (not reached vs. 48 months, p = .0009). At 6 years, 80% of the patients with immune homogeneous CRLMs were still alive. Homogeneity of response to preoperative chemotherapy was seen in 60 (61.9%) and 69 (80.2%) patients according to different grading systems and was not associated with TTR or DSS. CD3 and MHC-I heterogeneity was independent of response to pre-operative chemotherapy and of other clinicopathological variables for their association with oncological outcomes. In patients with multiple CRLMs resected with curative intent, similar adaptive immune features seen across metastases could be more informative than pathological response to pre-operative chemotherapy in predicting oncological outcomes.

Phlebotomy resulting in controlled hypovolemia to prevent blood loss in major hepatic resections (PRICE-2): study protocol for a phase 3 randomized controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION: Blood loss and red blood cell (RBC) transfusion in liver surgery are areas of concern for surgeons, anesthesiologists, and patients alike. While various methods are employed to reduce surgical blood loss, the evidence base surrounding each intervention is limited. Hypovolemic phlebotomy, the removal of whole blood from the patient without volume replacement during liver transection, has been strongly associated with decreased bleeding and RBC transfusion in observational studies. This trial aims to investigate whether hypovolemic phlebotomy is superior to usual care in reducing RBC transfusions in liver resection. METHODS: This study is a double-blind multicenter randomized controlled trial. Adult patients undergoing major hepatic resections for any indication will be randomly allocated in a 1:1 ratio to either hypovolemic phlebotomy and usual care or usual care alone. Exclusion criteria will be minor resections, preoperative hemoglobin <100g/L, renal insufficiency, and other contraindication to hypovolemic phlebotomy. The primary outcome will be the proportion of patients receiving at least one allogeneic RBC transfusion unit within 30 days of the onset of surgery. Secondary outcomes will include transfusion of other allogeneic blood products, blood loss, morbidity, mortality, and intraoperative physiologic parameters. The surgical team will be blinded to the intervention. Randomization will occur on the morning of surgery. The sample size will comprise 440 patients. Enrolment will occur at four Canadian academic liver surgery centers over a 4-year period. Ethics approval will be obtained at participating sites before enrolment. DISCUSSION: The results of this randomized control trial will provide high-quality evidence regarding the use of hypovolemic phlebotomy in major liver resection and its effects on RBC transfusion. If proven to be effective, this intervention could become standard of care in liver operations internationally and become incorporated within perioperative patient blood management programs. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03651154 . Registered on August 29 2018.

Heterotopic pancreas presenting as suspicious mass in the gallbladder.

CONTEXT: Heterotopic pancreas is a rare entity. Thirty-three cases in the gallbladder have been reported. We describe the first case of heterotopic pancreas mimicking a gallbladder cancer, identified within a calcified lesion in the thickened posterior wall of the gallbladder. CASE REPORT: A 72-year-old woman with right upper quadrant pain was referred with a suspicion of gallbladder neoplasia. A CT scan demonstrated a 1 cm thickened posterior wall of the gallbladder with a 2 mm punctate calcification. An open cholecystectomy was carried out without complication. The frozen section demonstrated pancreatic tissue. CONCLUSION: Heterotopic pancreas of the gallbladder is highly uncommon. It can mimic a neoplastic process in the gallbladder, particularly in the context of calcification. Its malignant potential in the gallbladder is unknown, in contrast to previously described neoplastic transformation with gastric heterotopic pancreas.

Combined cerebral and somatic near-infrared spectroscopy oximetry monitoring during liver surgery: an observational and non-interventional study.

BACKGROUND: Cerebral oximetry using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is used for monitoring cerebral oxygen saturation during cardiac surgery and is correlated with clinical outcomes. Our goal was to explore cerebral and somatic NIRS in liver resections as a predictor of post-operative complications. METHODS: Prospective observational and non-interventional study from a tertiary care university hospital including adult patients undergoing liver resection monitored using NIRS at four sites before and during surgery. Those sites were: frontotemporal left and right zones, right thigh, and right arm. Anesthesiologists and surgeons were blinded to oximetry values. Correlations were assessed between baseline oximetry values and cerebro-somatic desaturation load (threshold of 80% from baseline) values with peri-operative events and complications. RESULTS: Ninety patients were distributed equally among gender with a mean age of 59.7 ± 13.1 years. Lower baseline cerebral and/or somatic values were associated with increased risk of delirium, respiratory failure, surgical and renal complications, blood transfusions, and length of stay in the intensive care unit and in the hospital (P < 0.05). The severity of somatic desaturation below 80% was the only parameter associated with blood losses (P = 0.030) and length of hospital stay (P = 0.047). CONCLUSIONS: Cerebral and somatic desaturation does occur in liver resection and can be used simultaneously during liver surgery. Both baseline cerebral and somatic NIRS values are correlated with complications and outcomes. However, thigh desaturation appears more sensitive than cerebral NIRS values in predicting some of these complications.

Guidelines for Perioperative Care for Liver Transplantation: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) Recommendations.

BACKGROUND: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) is a multimodal, evidence-based, program of care developed to minimize the response to surgical stress, associated with reduced perioperative morbidity and hospital stay. This study presents the specific ERAS Society recommendations for liver transplantation (LT) based on the best available evidence and on expert consensus. METHODS: PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched in April 2019 for published and ongoing randomized clinical trials on LT in the last 15 y. Studies were selected by 5 independent reviewers and were eligible if focusing on each validated ERAS item in the area of adult LT. An e-Delphi method was used with an extended interdisciplinary panel of experts to validate the final recommendations. RESULTS: Forty-three articles were included in the systematic review. A consensus was reached among experts after the second round. Patients should be screened for malnutrition and treated whenever possible. Prophylactic nasogastric intubation and prophylactic abdominal drainage may be omitted, and early extubation should be considered. Early oral intake, mobilization, and multimodal-balanced analgesia are recommended. CONCLUSIONS: The current ERAS recommendations were elaborated based on the best available evidence and endorsed by the e-Delphi method. Nevertheless, prospective studies need to confirm the clinical use of the suggested protocol.

Is intra-operative ultrasound still useful for the detection of a hepatic tumour in the era of modern pre-operative imaging?

BACKGROUND: The current role of intra-operative ultrasound (IOUS) is questioned because of recent progress in medical imaging. The aim of the present study was to determine the accuracy of IOUS in the detection of a hepatic tumour (HT) compared with a pre-operative multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS: This retrospective study included 418 patients evaluated using an 8-slice MDCT scan (SCAN8), 64-slice MDCT scan (SCAN64) and MRI alone or combined with a computed tomography (CT) scan. The pathological result was used as a gold standard. RESULTS: Correlation rates for the number of detected lesions compared with pathology results were 0.627 for SCAN8, 0.785 for SCAN64, 0.657 for MRI and 0.913 for IOUS. Compared with pathology, the rate of concordance was significantly higher with IOUS (0.871) than with SCAN8 (0.736; P=0.011), SCAN64 (0.792; P<0.001) and MRI (0.742; P<0.001). IOUS was responsible for a change in operative strategy in 16.5% of patients. Surgery was extended in 12.4%, limited in 1.7% and abandoned in 2.4%. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with cross-sectional pre-operative imaging, IOUS is still superior for the detection of HT and the planning of surgery. IOUS remains recommended as a routine procedure in patients having a hepatic resection in the era of modern pre-operative imaging.

Surgical management of intravascular leiomyomatosis.

Intravascular leiomyomatosis is a rare entity defined by benign smooth uterine muscle cells that typically originate from the uterus with the potential to spread into veins possibly up to the heart. The diagnosis for patients presenting with cardiac symptoms may be difficult and imaging often interpreted as thrombus or atrial myxoma.

Outcomes of Older Patients with Resectable Colorectal Liver Metastases Cancer (CRLM): Single Center Experience.

Surgery is the only potential curative option of CRLM if resectable. The curative approach in patients over 70 years old is challenging mainly because of comorbidities and other geriatric syndromes. Herein, we report outcomes of older patients with resectable CRLM in our center. We retrospectively analyzed characteristics and outcomes of older patients with CRLM operated at "Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal" (CHUM) between 2010 and 2019. We identified 210 patients aged ≥70 years with a median age of 76 (range: 70-85). CRLM were synchronous in 56% of patients. Median disease-free survival (DFS) was 41.3 months. Median overall survival (OS) was 62.2 months and estimated 5-year survival rate was 51.5% similar to those of younger counterparts. Patients with metachronous CRLM had a trend to a higher OS compared to those with synchronous disease (67.2 vs. 58.7 months; p = 0.42). Factors associated with lower survival in the multivariate analysis were right-sided tumors and increased Charlson Comorbidity index (CCI). Survival outcomes of patients aged ≥70 years were comparable to those of younger patients and those reported in the literature. Age should not be a limiting factor in the curative management of older patients with resectable CRLM.

Deep learning workflow in radiology: a primer.

Interest for deep learning in radiology has increased tremendously in the past decade due to the high achievable performance for various computer vision tasks such as detection, segmentation, classification, monitoring, and prediction. This article provides step-by-step practical guidance for conducting a project that involves deep learning in radiology, from defining specifications, to deployment and scaling. Specifically, the objectives of this article are to provide an overview of clinical use cases of deep learning, describe the composition of multi-disciplinary team, and summarize current approaches to patient, data, model, and hardware selection. Key ideas will be illustrated by examples from a prototypical project on imaging of colorectal liver metastasis. This article illustrates the workflow for liver lesion detection, segmentation, classification, monitoring, and prediction of tumor recurrence and patient survival. Challenges are discussed, including ethical considerations, cohorting, data collection, anonymization, and availability of expert annotations. The practical guidance may be adapted to any project that requires automated medical image analysis.