RESUMEN
Factors for mortality in systemic sclerosis (SSc) vary in different cohorts around the world. Case-control study nested in a cohort. We included patients ≥16 years of age with SSc (ACR/EULAR 2013), from 2005 to 2015. Demographic and clinical variables and causes of mortality were recorded. We calculated Crude Mortality Rate (CMR), Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR), and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed. A Cox proportional hazard (HR) regression analysis of the potential risk factors associated with mortality was also performed. A total of 220 patients with SSc were included. During follow-up, 28 deaths occurred. The sum of total time contributed by all subjects was 1074 years-person, the CMR was 12.72%, the overall SMR was 4.5, in women 3.7, and in men 4.7. The survival rate at 5 and 10 years was 83 and 70%, respectively. The causes of death were definitively attributed to SSc in 21.4% of the cases, probably in 28.7%, unrelated in 35.6%, and unknown in 14.3%. The direct cause of death of the patients was infection in 25% of cases, cardiovascular disease in 14%, lung involvement in 14%, pulmonary embolism in 11%, and neoplasia in 11%. The Cox regression analysis showed that the factors associated with mortality were: male gender (HR 5.84, CI 95% 1.31-26, p = 0.013), severe Medsger's score for general symptoms (HR 5.12, CI 95% 1.74-14.97, p = 0.021) and severe malnutrition (HR 3.77, CI 95% 1.23-11.06, p = 0.008). Infections, cardiovascular disease, and lung involvement were the leading cause of death. Male gender and severe general affection and malnutrition were associated with a poorer prognosis of SSc.
Asunto(s)
Desnutrición/mortalidad , Estado Nutricional , Esclerodermia Sistémica/mortalidad , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Causas de Muerte , Distribución de Chi-Cuadrado , Femenino , Humanos , Estimación de Kaplan-Meier , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Desnutrición/diagnóstico , Desnutrición/fisiopatología , México/epidemiología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Análisis Multivariante , Evaluación Nutricional , Oportunidad Relativa , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Pronóstico , Modelos de Riesgos Proporcionales , Medición de Riesgo , Factores de Riesgo , Esclerodermia Sistémica/diagnóstico , Esclerodermia Sistémica/fisiopatología , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Factores Sexuales , Factores de Tiempo , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: There is limited knowledge about endothelial dysfunction in patients with primary antiphospholipid syndrome (PAPS). The purpose of this study was to evaluate endothelial function in patients with PAPS assessed by positron emission tomography. METHODS AND RESULTS: A 3-phase protocol--rest, cold pressor test (CPT), and adenosine positron emission tomography with nitrogen 13 ammonia--was used in 18 patients with PAPS and 18 healthy volunteers (HVs). Myocardial blood flow (MBF) was measured in each phase, with calculation of the endothelial-dependent vasodilation index, the increase in the MBF in response to CPT, and the myocardial flow reserve. An important trend was found in the myocardial flow reserve (2.76 +/- 1.04 in PAPS group vs 3.27 +/- 0.72 in HV group, P > .05), in the endothelial-dependent vasodilation index (1.19 +/- 0.31 in PAPS group vs 1.55 +/- 0.37 in HV group, P < .05), and in the percent change in the MBF in response to CPT (from rest) (19% +/- 31% in PAPS group vs 55% +/- 37% in HV group, P < .05). CONCLUSION: The CPT results obtained in this study showed that the PAPS patients studied have endothelial dysfunction.