Impact of keratoprosthesis implantation on retinal and visual pathway function assessed by electrophysiological testing.

PURPOSE: To investigate the impact of Boston Type I Keratoprosthesis (BI-Kpro) implantation on retinal and visual pathway function, respectively, assessed by full-field electroretinography (ERG) and visually evoked potentials (VEPs). METHODS: This is a prospective interventional longitudinal study, and patients with BI-Kpro implantation were assessed preoperatively and at 3 and 12 months after surgery. ERG, flash, and pattern-reversal VEPs (15' and 60' checks) along with visual acuity (VA) were performed. RESULTS: A total of 13 patients (24 to 88 years of age) were included. Mean baseline VA (logMAR) improved from 2.30 to 1.04 at 3 months and to 1.00 at 12 months. Flash VEPs were normal in 6 (46%) patients and in 10 (77%) patients at the 12-month follow-up. PVEP was non-detectable in all patients preoperatively for both check sizes. For 15' check size, 6 (46%) patients showed responses after 3 and 12 months except for 1 patient with normal responses at 12 months with the remaining non-detectable. For 60' checks, 11 (85%) patients had responses 3 months after surgery with only 9 (70%) showing responses at 12 months. Abnormal full-field ERGs were found in all patients preoperatively. Amplitude improvement was found in 10 (77%) patients from baseline to 3 months and in 8 (62%) patients from the 3- to the 12-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: In this small cohort of patients with BI-Kpro implantation, a remarkable improvement on visual function quantitatively assessed by electrophysiological testing was found in the majority of cases. Visual electrophysiological testing can contribute to objectively assess functional outcomes in this population.

Contribution of objectively measured grating acuity by sweep visually evoked potentials to the diagnosis of unexplained visual loss.

PURPOSE: To investigate the diagnostic contribution of grating visual acuity (GVA) measured by sweep pattern-reversal visually evoked potentials (SPRVEP) in unexplained visual loss (UVL). METHODS: This case-control study included adult patients under suspicion of UVL referred to SPRVEP and transient pattern-reversal visually evoked potentials (TPRVEP) testing. Optotype visual acuity (OVA) was measured by ETDRS 4-meter chart and GVA by SPRVEP. UVL patients were assigned into three distinctive categories, according to the presence of ocular disease, motivation, and electrophysiological evaluation, as follows: exaggerators, malingerers, and psychogenic. Healthy controls and patients with organic visual loss were also tested. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of GVA and TPRVEP parameters. RESULTS: A total of 76 patients with UVL were analyzed: 60 (79.0%) exaggerators, 11 (14.4%) malingerers, and 5 (6.6%) psychogenic. Controls were 49 subjects evaluated for TPRVEP and 28 subjects for SPRVEP. There were 13 patients with organic visual loss enrolled. Mean difference between OVA and GVA was 1.19±0.67 (median=0.84; 95% CI: 1.04 to 1.34) in UVL and 0.14 ±0.09 (median= 0.14; 95% CI: 0.08 to 0.20) in organic visual loss. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) of GVA to distinguish UVL from healthy controls was 0.998 with a cutoff of 0.09 logMAR showing specificity of 100% and sensitivity of 96.0%. CONCLUSIONS: GVA measured by SPRVEP had good diagnostic validity to discriminate patients with unexplained visual loss from healthy controls and patients with organic visual loss, demonstrating its contribution to the diagnosis of this condition.

Concentration of glycosaminoglycan in ovariectomized mice uterus after treatment with ovarian steroids.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the amount of non- and sulfated glycosaminoglycans in the ovariectomized mice uterus, after treatment with ovarian steroids. For this purpose, 50 adult female mice were divided into five groups with 10 animals/each: control group: CG (ovary intact), and ovariectomized groups: OG (vehicle), EG (estradiol), PG (progesterone) and EPG (estradiol combined to progesterone). The treatments started 30 days after ovariectomy. All the animals were treated for 50 consecutive days. These hormones were administered in a sterile oily solution via gavage. Twenty-four hours after the last treatment, all animals were euthanized, removing the uterine horn for biochemical analyses. To quantify, the hyaluronic acid (HA) used ELISA-like fluorometric assay, and the sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) used agarose gel electrophoresis. The amount of HA was significantly higher in the group treated with progesterone (PG) compared to the others groups (p < 0.05), and in the group treated with estradiol (EG), the amount of chondroitin/dermatan sulfate was significantly higher compared to the others groups (p < 0.05), and in the group treated with progesterone (PG), the amount of heparan sulfate was significantly lower compared to the others groups, except to control group (p < 0.05). Our results showed that the estroprogestative therapy after long time (50 days) profoundly affected the amount of glycosaminoglycans in uterine. These changes may be indicative of uterine pathology such as the development of tumor.

Imbalance between the cellular proliferation and death in harderian gland of female mice with hyperprolactinemia.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of the metoclopramide-induced hyperprolactinemia in cellular death and proliferation in the harderian gland of female mice. METHODS: Twenty female mice were divided into two groups of 10 animals each and treated: 0.2 mL of saline solution (controls, Ctr) and 200 µg of metoclopramide (experimental, hyperprolactinemia), both for 50 consecutive days and at 12:00 a.m. On the 50th day, the female were euthanized, and the harderian glands were removed and processed for immunohistochemistry for detected ki67 and TUNEL method. Data were statistically analyzed by unpaired Student's t test (p<0.05). RESULTS: The harderian gland of the hyperprolactinemia group showed increase in the immunoexpression of Ki67 and TUNEL compared to the Ctr group (p<0.05), and there was no significant difference in the amount of porphyrin in the HPrl group compared to the Ctr group. CONCLUSION: The hyperprolactinemia led to increased cell death in the acini the harderian gland and cell proliferation in the stroma glandular, fact that suggesting a reduction process of cellular activity and fibrosis, which suggests impairment in the functioning of the lacrimal harderian.

[Effects of metoclopramide-induced hyperprolactinemia on the murine corneal]. / Efeito da hiperprolactinemia induzida pela metoclopramida na córnea de camundongas.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the morphological changes in murine cornea upon metoclopramide-induced hyperprolactinemia during the proestrous phase or pregnancy. METHODS: Forty adult mice were divided into two groups: (control) CTR1 and (treated with metoclopramide (MET1). After fifty days, half of the mice were sacrificed. The remaining animals were mated, and then labeled as pregnant controls (CTR2). Part of these animals were treated with metoclopramide and constituted the metoclopramide-treated pregnant (MET2) group. The groups CTR2 and MET2 were sacrificed on the 6th day of pregnancy. The hormonal levels were assessed by chemioluminescence and radioimmunoassay methods and the cornea was removed for the histomorphometric study. RESULTS: The epithelial, stromal, endothelial and total thickness in the experimental group was: MET1 and MET2 were higher than one in the control group: CTR1 and CTR2. There was a significant reduction of the hormonal level in the animals that received metoclopramide as compared to controls (CTR1: estradiol = 156.6 +/- 42.2 pg/ml; progesterone = 39.4 +/- 5.1 ng/ml; prolactin = 130.4 +/- 26.2 ng/ml; MET1: estradiol = 108.0 +/- 33.1 pg/ml; progesterone = 28.0 +/- 6.4 ng/ml; prolactin = 551.5 +/- 23.3 ng/ml; CTR2: estradiol = 354.0 +/- 56.0 pg/ml; progesterone = 251.0 +/- 56.0 ng/ml; prolactin = 423.2 +/- 28.1 ng/ml; MET2: estradiol = 293.0 +/- 43.0 pg/ml; progesterone = 184.0 +/- 33.0 ng/ml; prolactin = 823.1 +/- 51.1 ng/ml). CONCLUSION: The metoclopramide-induced hyperprolactinemia may increase corneal layers, mainly in pregnant mice. Possibly, this effect is related to reduction in estrogen and progesterone production.

Influence of hyperprolactinemia on collagen fibers in the lacrimal gland of female mice.

OBJECTIVE: To quantify the collagen fibers in the lacrimal gland of female mice with hyperprolactinemia. METHODS: Forty adult female mice were randomly divided into two groups with 20 animals each: nonpregnant control (CTR1, control group, 0.2 mL of saline solution) and nonpregnant experimental (HPRL1, experimental group, 200 µg/day metoclopramide). Treatments lasted for 50 consecutive days. On day 50, 10 females from each group (control and experimental) were euthanized in the proestrus phase; then, the blood was collected and the lacrimal glands were removed. Thereafter, the remaining females were placed with the mates and continued to receive treatment with saline solution or metoclopramide. On the 6th post-coital day, 10 pregnant females from the control group (CTR2) and 10 pregnant females from the experimental group (HPRL2) were euthanized, after which blood was collected and the lacrimal glands removed. The lacrimal glands were processed for morphological analyses and collagen quantification, and prolactin and sex steroid levels were measured in the blood samples. Data were statistically analyzed using an unpaired Student t test (p<0.05). RESULTS: Morphological analysis revealed greater structural tissue disorganization of the lacrimal glands in the metoclopramide-treated groups. The total collagen content was significantly higher in the HPRL1 group than in the CTR1 group (p<0.05), whereas the difference between the CTR2 and HPRL2 groups was not significant. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest an impairment in the functioning of the lacrimal gland as a consequence of increased prolactin levels and decreased serum levels of estrogen and progesterone.

Preclinical investigations of intravitreal ziv-aflibercept.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To investigate the retinal safety of intravitreal (IVT) ziv-aflibercept in rabbits. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighteen rabbits were given an IVT injection of ziv-aflibercept (25 mg/mL) or aflibercept (40 mg/mL) and examined by funduscopy, electroretinography (ERG), optical coherence tomography (OCT), light microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Serum, aqueous, and vitreous were obtained afterward for osmolarity analysis. The effect of ziv-aflibercept on human retinal cultured cells (ARPE-19) was assessed by the MTT cell viability assay. RESULTS: All eyes showed normal funduscopy, OCT, and ERG findings at baseline and 24 hours or 7 days after the procedure. Median baseline serum, vitreous, and aqueous osmolarity remained unchanged. Histology and TEM showed no major anatomic signs of toxicity. No cytotoxic effect was observed in ARPE-19 cells exposed to ziv-aflibercept. CONCLUSION: IVT injection ziv-aflibercept at a concentration of 25 mg/mL proved to be safe for the rabbit retina.

Hyperprolactinemia changes the sulfated glycosaminoglycan amount on the murine uterus during the estrous cycle.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of hyperprolactinemia on the sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) of the murine uterus. DESIGN: Experimental research. SETTING: University biochemistry laboratory. ANIMAL(S): Eighty female mice were divided into two groups of 40 animals each and treated with 0.2 mL of saline solution (controls, Ctr) and 200 µg of metoclopramide (experimental, HPrl). Treatments lasted for 50 consecutive days. The animals were divided into four subgroups of 10 animals each per treatment (Ctr and HPrl) and sacrificed according to the phase of the estrous cycle. The uterine horns were removed for biochemical analyses, and blood samples were collected for hormone measurements. INTERVENTION(S): Induced hyperprolactinemia. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): To quantify the sulfated GAGs, and PRL and sex steroid levels. RESULT(S): The endometrium during the estrus phase was significantly thicker in the HPrl animals than in the Ctr mice. The levels of chondroitin and dermatan sulfate were significantly increased in the HPrl group than in the Ctr group during all phases except metestrus. The amounts of heparan sulfate were lower during estrus and diestrus and higher in the metestrus phase in HPrl than in Ctr animals. Serum PRL levels were increased whereas the levels of E2 and P were decreased in all phases in the HPrl group than in the Ctr group. CONCLUSION(S): The hyperprolactinemia changed the amounts of uterine sulfated GAGs. Our data suggest that these changes may not be correlated with ovarian steroid levels.

Molecular features of sexual steroids on cartilage and bone.

In Brazil, the increase in the reported cases of degenerative diseases of articular cartilage is 20% per year, meaning that 200,000 Brazilians develop degenerative joint diseases every year, which have a negative impact on bone mass. This study shows evidence that hormone production of sexual steroids (estrogens, progestogens, and androgens) have an influence on cartilage quality, as well as on bone mass. Therefore, this review aimed to analyze literature data on the molecular and genic action of sexual steroids on hyaline cartilage and bone physiology, as well as osteoarthritis interference on the quality of these structures.

Microscopic alterations in silicone tubes surface after application of ophthalmological lubricants

Objective: To identify microscopic morphological alterations in the surface of silicone tubes used for intubation of the lachrymal system after exposure to ophthalmological lubricants. Methods: Experimental, descriptive and longitudinal study consisted of the application of ophthalmological lubricants in silicone tubes. The tubes were divided in: Group 1 (Cylocort®), 2 (Epitezan®), 3 (Labcaína®), 4 (Liposic®), 5 (Maxinom®) and 6 (Vista Gel®). One tube was not exposed to any lubricant, used as control. The tubes were observed and photographed after 2 hours, 30 days, 45 days before and after cleaning the surface and lumen. The following aspects were observed: surface (regularity, transparency, quantity, size and shape of the substances) and lumen (obstruction). Results: Control: irregular surface with pores after 2 hours: Group 1 – irregular surface with presence of film; Groups 2, 3 and 5 – abundant and irregular quantity of ointment at the surface; Group 4 – discrete modification at the surface; Group 6 – growth of pigmented (brownish) structures with filaments in the lumen, with discrete film in the surface. 30 Days: Groups 1, 4 and 5 – increase of the irregular superficial film; Group 2 – crust with notorious horizontal lines; Group 3 – diminution of the superficial film; Group 4 – crust less evident. Group 6 – increase of the structure seen with 2 hours of exposition, arboriform aspect. Forty-five days pre cleaning: Group 4 – diminution of the surface crust; Group 6 – expansion of the arboriform structure; unaltered findings in other groups. 45 days after cleaning: Groups 1 and 5 – light diminution of the surface crust; Groups 2, 3 and 4 – kept the modifications; Group 6 – the structure inside the lumen was not identified, clear surface, without evidence of film. Conclusions: Microscopic morphological alterations in the surface and lumen of silicone...

Objetivo: Identificar alterações morfológicas na superfície de tubos de silicone usados para intubação do sistema lacrimal após exposição a lubrificantes oftalmológicos. Métodos: Estudo experimental, descritivo e longitudinal que consistiu na aplicação de lubrificantes oftalmológicos em tubos de silicone. Os tubos foram divididos em: Grupo 1 (Cylocort®), 2 (Epitezan®), 3 (Labcaína®), 4 (Liposic®), 5 (Maxinom®) e 6 (Vista Gel®). Um tubo não foi exposto a nenhum lubrificante, sendo usado como controle. Os tubos foram observados e fotografados após 2 horas, 30 dias, 45 dias antes e após limpeza da sua superfície e lúmen. Os seguintes aspectos foram observados: superfície (regularidade, transparência, quantidade, tamanho e formato das substâncias) e lúmen (obstrução). Resultados: Controle – superfície irregular com poros. Após 2 horas: Grupo 1 – superfície irregular com presença de filme; Grupos 2,3 e 5 – quantidade abundante e irregular de pomada na superfície; Grupo 4 – discreta modificação da superfície; Grupo 6 – crescimento de estrutura pigmentada (marrom) com filamentos no lúmen, com discreto filme na superfície. Trinta dias: Grupos 1, 4 e 5 – aumento do filme irregular na superfície; Grupo 2 – crosta com linhas horizontais; Grupo 3 – diminuição do filme superficial; Grupo 4 – crosta menos evidente; Grupo 6 – aumento da estrutura vista com 2 horas de exposição, aspect arboriforme. Quarenta e cinco pré-limpeza: Grupo 4 – diminuição da crosta superficial; Grupo 6 – aumento da estrutura arboriforme; os demais grupos sem alterações. Quarenta e cinco dias pós-limpeza: Grupo 1 e 5 – discreta diminuição da crosta superficial; Grupos 2, 3 e 4 – modificações mantidas; Grupo 6 – a estrutura dentro do lúmen não foi visualizada, superfície limpa sem evidência de filme. Conclusão: As modificações na morfologia microscópica na superfície e lúmen de tubos de...

Influence of hyperprolactinemia on collagen fibers in the lacrimal gland of female mice

OBJECTIVE:To quantify the collagen fibers in the lacrimal gland of female mice with hyperprolactinemia.METHODS:Forty adult female mice were randomly divided into two groups with 20 animals each: nonpregnant control (CTR1, control group, 0.2 mL of saline solution) and nonpregnant experimental (HPRL1, experimental group, 200 µg/day metoclopramide). Treatments lasted for 50 consecutive days. On day 50, 10 females from each group (control and experimental) were euthanized in the proestrus phase; then, the blood was collected and the lacrimal glands were removed. Thereafter, the remaining females were placed with the mates and continued to receive treatment with saline solution or metoclopramide. On the 6th post-coital day, 10 pregnant females from the control group (CTR2) and 10 pregnant females from the experimental group (HPRL2) were euthanized, after which blood was collected and the lacrimal glands removed. The lacrimal glands were processed for morphological analyses and collagen quantification, and prolactin and sex steroid levels were measured in the blood samples. Data were statistically analyzed using an unpaired Student t test (p<0.05).RESULTS:Morphological analysis revealed greater structural tissue disorganization of the lacrimal glands in the metoclopramide-treated groups. The total collagen content was significantly higher in the HPRL1 group than in the CTR1 group (p<0.05), whereas the difference between the CTR2 and HPRL2 groups was not significant.CONCLUSION:Our data suggest an impairment in the functioning of the lacrimal gland as a consequence of increased prolactin levels and decreased serum levels of estrogen and progesterone.

Concentration and distribution of hyaluronic acid in mouse uterus throughout the estrous cycle.

OBJECTIVE: To quantify and study the immunoexpression of hyaluronic acid (HA) in the uterine horns of the mouse throughout the estrous cycle phases. DESIGN: Experimental study using an ELISA-like fluorometric assay to quantify HA and an avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase method using biotinylated hyaluronan-binding protein for histochemical studies. SETTING: University-based laboratory. ANIMAL(S): Forty regularly cycling adult female mice were divided into four groups according to the diagnosed phase of the cycle: proestrus, estrus, metaestrus, and diestrus. INTERVENTION(S): None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Histologic samples of the uterine horns. Immunohistochemical reaction was evaluated by detection of HA and CD44 distribution within the uterine horn. Tissue HA content was determined through an ELISA-like fluorometric assay with the same hyaluronan-binding protein and with europium-labeled streptavidin. RESULT(S): The immunohistochemical HA and CD44 reactions were most intense during diestrus, mainly below the luminal epithelium. HA was strongly stained in the connective tissue near the myometrium layer during metaestrus. The biochemical data showed that the highest concentration of HA in uterine horns occurred during diestrus (4053.0 +/- 651.4 ng/g dry tissue) compared with other phases. CONCLUSION(S): Our data show that the expression of HA in mouse uterine horns is highest during the diestrous phase. The fluctuations of HA in the mouse uterus during the estrous phase may be related to the varying estrogen and P levels during the cycle and may be important as far as embryo implantation is concerned.

Aspectos moleculares dos esteroides sexuais sobre a cartilagem e os ossos / Molecular features of sexual steroids on cartilage and bone

No Brasil, o crescimento dos casos registrados de doenças degenerativas das cartilagens articulares por ano é de 20%, o que representa, anualmente, que mais de 200 mil brasileiros desenvolvem doenças degenerativas das articulações e, com repercussões negativas sobre a massa óssea. Este trabalho mostra evidências que a produção hormonal de esteroides sexuais (estrogênios, progestagênios e androgênios) têm influência na qualidade da cartilagem, bem como na massa óssea. Portanto, o objetivo dessa revisão foi o de analisar os dados da literatura sobre a ação molecular e gênica dos esteroides sexuais na fisiologia da cartilagem hialina e do osso, bem como a interferência da osteoartrite na qualidade dessas estruturas.

In Brazil, the increase in the reported cases of degenerative diseases of articular cartilage is 20% per year, meaning that 200,000 Brazilians develop degenerative joint diseases every year, which have a negative impact on bone mass. This study shows evidence that hormone production of sexual steroids (estrogens, progestogens, and androgens) have an influence on cartilage quality, as well as on bone mass. Therefore, this review aimed to analyze literature data on the molecular and genic action of sexual steroids on hyaline cartilage and bone physiology, as well as osteoarthritis interference on the quality of these structures.

Síndrome do olho seco em Ginecologia / Dry eye syndrome in Gynecology

Objetivo: Este trabalho teve por objetivo reunir informações relevantes para melhor compreensão das alterações oculares decorrentes da deficiência lacrimal, bem como suas possíveis causas. Metodologia: Fez-se levantamento bibliográfico para compilar informações acerca das deficiências de produção da lágrima que possam estar de alguma forma relacionadas às afecções ginecológicas ou que afetam a produção dos hormônios esteroides. Conclusão: Os mecanismos que influenciam a produção da lágrima ainda não são totalmente conhecidos, porém é notório que alterações hormonais, proteicas ou mesmo anatômicas ou de transmissão do impulso neural afetam significativamente a produção e/ou qualidade do filme lacrimal.

Efeito da hiperprolactinemia induzida pela metoclopramida na córnea de camundongas / Effects of metoclopramide-induced hyperprolactinemia on the murine corneal

OBJETIVO: Avaliar as alterações morfológicas promovidas pela hiperprolactinemia induzida pela metoclopramida na córnea de camundongas durante a fase de proestro e na gestação. MÉTODOS: Quarenta camundongas adultas foram divididas, aleatoriamente, em dois grupos, a saber: controle (CTR1) e metoclopramida (MET1). Após 50 dias metade dos animais de cada grupo foram sacrificados. O restante dos animais foi acasalado, constituindo dois grupos: controle prenhe (CTR2) e o metoclopramida prenhe (MET2), que foi sacrificado no 6° dia de gestação. Após decapitação dos animais coletou-se sangue para dosagens de estradiol, progesterona e prolactina, em seguida removidos os globos oculares para estudo histomorfométrico da córnea. RESULTADOS: As espessuras do epitélio, estroma, endotélio e a espessura total das córneas dos grupos experimentais: MET1 e MET2 mostraram-se mais espessados quando comparados com os grupos controles: CTR1 e CTR2, respectivamente. Houve redução dos níveis hormonais do estrogênio e da progesterona nos animais que receberam metoclopramida em comparação com os respectivos controles (CTR1: estradiol = 156,6±42,2 pg/ml; progesterona = 39,4±5,1 ng/ml; prolactina = 130,4±26,2 ng/ml; MET1: estradiol = 108,0±33,1 pg/ml; progesterona = 28,0±6,4 ng/ml; prolactina = 551,5± 23,3 ng/ml; CTR2: estradiol = 354,0±56,0 pg/ml; progesterona = 251,0± 56,0 ng/ml; prolactina = 423,2±28,1 ng/ml; MET2: estradiol = 293,0± 43,0 pg/ml; progesterona = 184,0±33,0 ng/ml; prolactina = 823,1±51,1 ng/ml). CONCLUSÃO: A hiperprolactinemia induzida pela metoclopramida produziu espessamento da córnea, sobretudo, em camundongas prenhes. Possivelmente este efeito está relacionado com a redução da produção hormonal de estrogênio e de progesterona.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the morphological changes in murine cornea upon metoclopramide-induced hyperprolactinemia during the proestrous phase or pregnancy. METHODS: Forty adult mice were divided into two groups: (control) CTR1 and (treated with metoclopramide (MET1). After fifty days, half of the mice were sacrificed. The remaining animals were mated, and then labeled as pregnant controls (CTR2). Part of these animals were treated with metoclopramide and constituted the metoclopramide-treated pregnant (MET2) group. The groups CTR2 and MET2 were sacrificed on the 6th day of pregnancy. The hormonal levels were assessed by chemioluminescence and radioimmunoassay methods and the cornea was removed for the histomorphometric study. RESULTS: The epithelial, stromal, endothelial and total thickness in the experimental group was: MET1 and MET2 were higher than one in the control group: CTR1 and CTR2. There was a significant reduction of the hormonal level in the animals that received metoclopramide as compared to controls (CTR1: estradiol = 156.6±42.2 pg/ml; progesterone = 39.4±5.1 ng/ml; prolactin = 130.4±26.2 ng/ml; MET1: estradiol = 108.0±33.1 pg/ml; progesterone = 28.0±6.4 ng/ml; prolactin = 551.5±23.3 ng/ml; CTR2: estradiol = 354.0±56.0 pg/ml; progesterone = 251.0±56.0 ng/ml; prolactin = 423.2±28.1 ng/ml; MET2: estradiol = 293.0±43.0 pg/ml; progesterone = 184.0±33.0 ng/ml; prolactin = 823.1±51.1 ng/ml). CONCLUSION: The metoclopramide-induced hyperprolactinemia may increase corneal layers, mainly in pregnant mice. Possibly, this effect is related to reduction in estrogen and progesterone production.

Efeito da hiperprolactinemia induzida pela metoclopramida na glândula lacrimal: estudo experimental / Effects of metoclopramide-induced hyperprolactinemia on the lacrimal gland: experimental study

OBJETIVO: avaliar as alterações morfológicas promovidas pela hiperprolactinemia induzida pela metoclopramida na glândula lacrimal de camundongas durante a fase de proestro e gestação. MÉTODOS: 40 camundongas adultas foram divididas em dois grupos: CTR1 (controle) e MET1 (tratadas com metoclopramida). Após 50 dias, metade dos animais de cada grupo foram sacrificados por decapitação. Os restantes foram acasalados, constituindo os grupos controle prenhe (CTR2) e metoclopramida prenhe (MET2), que foram sacrificadas no 6º dia de gestação. O sangue foi coletado e submetido à dosagem hormonal dos níveis de estradiol e de progesterona por quimioluminescência. Em seguida as glândulas lacrimais foram removidas, fixadas em formol a 10 por cento e processadas segundo metodologia histológica para inclusão em parafina, sendo as lâminas coradas pelo HE. A análise morfométrica foi realizada com o programa AxionVision (Carl Zeiss), medindo-se os volumes celulares e nucleares das células acinares. RESULTADOS: os volumes nuclear e celular das glândulas lacrimais dos grupos experimentais MET1 (152,2±8,7; 6,3±1,6 æm ) e MET2 (278,3±7,9; 27,5±0,9 æm ) mostraram-se reduzidos em relação aos grupos controles CTR1 (204,2±7,4; 21,9±1,3 æm ) e CTR2 (329,4±2,2; 35,5±2,0 æm ). Houve redução dos níveis hormonais de estrogênio e de progesterona nos animais que receberam metoclopramida em comparação com os respectivos controles (CTR1: estradiol = 156,6±42,2 pg/ml; progesterona = 39,4±5,1 ng/ml; MET1: estradiol = 108,0±33,1 pg/ml; progesterona = 28,0±6,4 ng/ml; CTR2: estradiol = 354,0±56,0 pg/ml; progesterona = 251,0±56,0 ng/ml; MET2: estradiol = 293,0±43,0 pg/ml, progesterona = 184,0±33,0 ng/ml). CONCLUSAO: a hiperprolactinemia induzida pela metoclopramida produziu sinais de diminuição na atividade das células da glândula lacrimal tanto em camundongas prenhes quanto não prenhes. Este efeito está possivelmente relacionado com a redução da produção hormonal de estrogênio e progesterona

Aspectos celulares e moleculares da remodelação óssea / Cellular and molecular aspects of bone remodelation

O tecido ósseo é um tecido conjuntivo especializado e constituído por material extracelular calcificado (matriz óssea). Os ossos proporcionam proteção e suporte para o corpo e seus órgãos. Atuam como um importante reservatório, principalmente de íons cálcio e fosfato, além de servirem de apoio aos músculos esqueléticos. Possibilita, assim, um sistema de alavancas, que ampliam as forças geradas na contração muscular, o que é necessário para o movimento. Há vários mecanismos moleculares de formação e de reabsorção óssea, sendo que muitos deles ainda estão sendo investigados. A diferenciação das células mesenquimais em osteoblastos e a formação óssea são reguladas por diversos fatores locais. Dentre eles, a proteína morfogenética óssea (BMP) e os esteróides sexuais são essenciais para o metabolismo ósseo. Os estrogênios participam do mecanismo de regulação do tecido ósseo, sendo importantes na prevenção das doenças metabólicas ósseas, sobretudo, na manutenção da massa óssea