The peptidic antidepressant spadin interacts with prefrontal 5-HT(4) and mGluR(2) receptors in the control of serotonergic function.

This study investigates the mechanism of action of spadin, a putative fast-acting peptidic antidepressant (AD) and a functional blocker of the K(+) TREK-1 channel, in relation with the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC)-dorsal raphé (DRN) serotonergic (5-HT) neurons connectivity. Spadin increased 5-HT neuron firing rate by 113%, an augmentation abolished after electrolytic lesion of the mPFC. Among the few receptor subtypes known to modulate TREK-1, the stimulation of 5-HT4 receptors and the blockade of mGluR2/3 ones both activated 5-HT impulse flow, effects also suppressed by mPFC lesion. The combination of spadin with the 5-HT4 agonist RS 67333 paradoxically reduced 5-HT firing, an effect reversed by acutely administering the 5-HT1A agonist flesinoxan. It also had a robust synergetic effect on the expression of Zif268 within the DRN. Together, these results strongly suggest that 5-HT neurons underwent a state of depolarization block, and that the mechanisms underlying the influences exerted by spadin and RS 67333 are additive and independent from each other. In contrast, the mGluR2/3 antagonist LY 341495 occluded the effect of spadin, showing that it likely depends on mPFC TREK-1 channels coupled to mGluR2/3 receptors. These in vivo electrophysiological data were confirmed by in vitro Ca(2+) cell imaging performed in cultured cortical neurons. Altogether, our results indicate that spadin, as a natural compound, constitutes a very good candidate to explore the "glutamatergic path" of fast-acting AD research. In addition, they provide the first evidence of 5-HT depolarization block, showing that the combination of 5-HT activators for strategies of AD augmentation should be performed with extreme caution.

Retroinverso analogs of spadin display increased antidepressant effects.

RATIONALE: Although depression is the most common mood disorder, only one third of patients are treated with success. Finding new targets, new drugs, and also new drug intake way are the main challenges in the depression field. Several years ago, we identified a new target with the TWIK-related potassium channel-1 (TREK-1) potassium channel, and more recently, we have discovered a peptide of 17 amino acids with antidepressant properties. This peptide, that we called spadin, can be considered as a new concept in antidepressant drug design. Spadin derives from a larger peptide resulting to a posttranslational maturation of sortilin; consequently, spadin can be considered as a natural molecule. Moreover, spadin acts more rapidly than classical antidepressants and does not induce side effects. OBJECTIVES: In this work, we sought analogs of spadin displaying a better affinity on TREK-1 channels and an increased action duration. METHODS: Analogs were characterized by electrophysiology measurements, by behavioral tests, and by their ability to induce neurogenesis. RESULTS: We identified two retro-inverso peptides that have kept the antidepressant properties of spadin; particularly, they increased the hippocampal neurogenesis after a 4-day treatment. As spadin, these analogs did not induce side effects on either pain, epilepsy processes, or at the cardiac level. CONCLUSIONS: Together, our results indicated that spadin retro-inverso peptides could represent new potent antidepressant drugs. As exemplified by spadin in the field of depression, retro-inverso strategies could represent a useful technique for developing new classes of drugs in a number of pathologies.

Neurogenesis-independent antidepressant-like effects of enriched environment is dependent on adiponectin.

Environmental enrichment (EE) that combines voluntary physical exercise, sensory and social stimuli, causes profound changes in rodent brain at molecular, anatomical and behavioral levels. Here, we show that EE efficiently reduces anxiety and depression-like behaviors in a mouse model of depression induced by long-term administration of corticosterone. Mechanisms underlying EE-related beneficial effects remain largely unexplored; however, our results point toward adiponectin, an adipocyte-secreted protein, as a main contributor. Indeed, adiponectin-deficient (adipo(-/-)) mice did not benefit from all the EE-induced anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects as evidenced by their differential responses in a series of behavioral tests. Conversely, a single intravenous injection of exogenous adiponectin restored the sensitivity of adipo(-/-) mice to EE-induced behavioral benefits. Interestingly, adiponectin depletion did not prevent the hippocampal neurogenesis induced by EE. Therefore, antidepressant properties of adiponectin are likely to be related to changes in signaling in the hypothalamus rather than through hippocampal-neurogenesis mechanisms. Additionally, EE did not modify the plasma levels of adiponectin but may favor the passage of adiponectin from the blood to the cerebrospinal fluid. Our findings provide advances in the understanding of the anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects of EE and highlight adiponectin as a pivotal mediator.

A human TREK-1/HEK cell line: a highly efficient screening tool for drug development in neurological diseases.

TREK-1 potassium channels are involved in a number of physiopathological processes such as neuroprotection, pain and depression. Molecules able to open or to block these channels can be clinically important. Having a cell model for screening such molecules is of particular interest. Here, we describe the development of the first available cell line that constituvely expresses the TREK-1 channel. The TREK-1 channel expressed by the h-TREK-1/HEK cell line has conserved all its modulation properties. It is opened by stretch, pH, polyunsaturated fatty acids and by the neuroprotective molecule, riluzole and it is blocked by spadin or fluoxetine. We also demonstrate that the h-TREK-1/HEK cell line is protected against ischemia by using the oxygen-glucose deprivation model.