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OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to quantify the number of years of life lost in traffic accidents in Bogota, Colombia. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: The years of life lost were calculated using the 'age-standardized expected years of life lost' method, the table of Japanese adjusted life expectancy and the database of the Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Science between September 2012 and August 2013. RESULTS: During a period of 1 year, 430 people died and 10,056.3 years of life were lost in Bogota due to traffic accidents. CONCLUSION: The mortality burden of traffic accidents in Bogota is high. Further studies are required in order to characterize the accidents and develop effective policy decisions.
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Accidentes de Tránsito/estadística & datos numéricos , Mortalidad Prematura , Adulto , Colombia , Estudios Epidemiológicos , Femenino , Humanos , América Latina , Masculino , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
A malaria vaccine is a public health priority. In order to produce an effective vaccine, a multistage approach targeting both the blood and the liver stage infection is desirable. The vaccine candidates also need to induce balanced immune responses including antibodies, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Protein-based subunit vaccines like RTS,S are able to induce strong antibody response but poor cellular reactivity. Adenoviral vectors have been effective inducing protective CD8+ T cell responses in several models including malaria; nonetheless this vaccine platform exhibits a limited induction of humoral immune responses. Two approaches have been used to improve the humoral immunogenicity of recombinant adenovirus vectors, the use of heterologous prime-boost regimens with recombinant proteins or the genetic modification of the hypervariable regions (HVR) of the capsid protein hexon to express B cell epitopes of interest. In this study, we describe the development of capsid modified Ad5 vectors that express a promiscuous Plasmodium yoelii T helper epitope denominated PyT53 within the hexon HVR2 region. Several regimens were tested in mice to determine the relevance of the hexon modification in enhancing protective immune responses induced by the previously described protein-based multi-stage experimental vaccine PyCMP. A heterologous prime-boost immunization regime that combines a hexon modified vector with transgenic expression of PyCMP followed by protein immunizations resulted in the induction of robust antibody and cellular immune responses in comparison to a similar regimen that includes a vector with unmodified hexon. These differences in immunogenicity translated into a better protective efficacy against both the hepatic and red blood cell stages of P. yoelii. To our knowledge, this is the first time that a hexon modification is used to deliver a promiscuous T cell epitope. Our data support the use of such modification to enhance the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of adenoviral based malaria vaccines.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas de la Cápside/inmunología , Epítopos de Linfocito T/inmunología , Vacunas contra la Malaria/inmunología , Plasmodium yoelii/inmunología , Adenovirus Humanos/genética , Adenovirus Humanos/inmunología , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Anticuerpos Antiprotozoarios/biosíntesis , Proteínas de la Cápside/genética , Citocinas/biosíntesis , Epítopos de Linfocito T/genética , Femenino , Vectores Genéticos , Humanos , Inmunidad Celular , Malaria/inmunología , Malaria/parasitología , Malaria/prevención & control , Vacunas contra la Malaria/administración & dosificación , Vacunas contra la Malaria/genética , Ratones , Plasmodium yoelii/genética , Receptor de Muerte Celular Programada 1/metabolismo , Proteínas Protozoarias/administración & dosificación , Proteínas Protozoarias/genética , Proteínas Protozoarias/inmunología , Vacunas Sintéticas/administración & dosificación , Vacunas Sintéticas/genética , Vacunas Sintéticas/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Objetivo: Indagar sobre la percepción de estudiantes universitarios consumidores de agentes psicotrópicos frente a las políticas universitarias para intervenir este problema de salud pública de origen multicausal. Método: Estudio de casos con participación de 45 estudiantes escogidos a conveniencia. Se aplicó una entrevista semiestructurada voluntaria y anónima dirigida por una encuesta y aplicación del test de Zung. Resultados: Se indicó una correlación entre el consumo y las variables psicosociales como las razones para consumir y las consecuencias de éste. El test de Zung no evidencia asociación alguna entre el consumo de psicotrópicos y la depresión. Se concluye corresponsabilidad de los estudiantes para responder de forma adecuada a un problema tan antiguo como nuevo dentro del ámbito universitario...
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Causalidad , Psicotrópicos/administración & dosificación , Psicotrópicos/análisis , Política de Salud , Drogas Ilícitas , Estudiantes , ColombiaRESUMEN
Objetivo: prever el riesgo potencial de irritabilidad dérmica de una crema y una loción para bebés, con el fin de obtener el registro sanitario y disminuir la eventualidad de riesgo para la salud. Métodos: se realizó el bioanálisis predictivo de tolerancia dérmica in vivo en conejos, a través de un estudio de tipo exploratorio clínico cualitativo e histopatológico, basado en el enfoque de la ley del Arte para explicar el riesgo/efectividad comparable en humanos. Se aplicó la técnica de exposición aguda simple (prueba parche oclusivo) en seis conejos, por cada producto. Se estimaron los efectos dérmicos mediante una escala de valores que define la probabilidad de inseguridad atribuible por la exposición al cosmético, según prueba de toxicidad dérmica de la Organización para la Cooperación Económica y Desarrollo 2004 (OCED), con ciertas modificaciones por los autores. Resultados: en el bioanálisis se encontró cierta irritabilidad dérmica en la piel de los conejos al aplicarles el cosmético en una dosis única por 92 días. El estudio clínico se complementó con el análisis histopatológico de una muestra de piel irritada y no mostró cambios significativos a los observados. Conclusiones: el bioanálisis clínico e histopatológico permite inferir una irritabilidad dérmica entre insignificante y leve, lo que sugiere la necesidad de mejorar la formulación de los cosméticos estudiados para obtener el registro sanitario, y así alertar tempranamente al productor y a la comunidad de la seguridad y eficacia de los productos(AU)
Objective: to prevent the potential risk of dermal irritability from a cream and a lotion for babies, in order to obtain health registration and to reduce possible health risks. Methods: in vivo predictive bioanalysis of dermal tolerance carried out in rabbits through a qualitative and histopathological clinical exploratory-type study, based on the Lex Artis approach to explain the comparable risk/effectiveness in humans. There was applied the single acute exposure technique (occlusive patch test) in six rabbits to test each product. Dermal effects were then measured in a value scale defining the cosmetic exposure-attributed unsafeness probabilities, according to the dermal toxicity test of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, with some modifications by the authors. Results: the bioanalysis found some dermal irritability in the rabbits' skin after using the single dose of cosmetic for 92 days. The clinical study was supplemented with the histopathological analysis of a sample of irritated skin, without significant changes other than those observed. Conclusions: the clinical and hisopathological analysis showed mild to negligible dermal irritability, which indicates the need for improvements to the formulation of the studied cosmetics in order to obtain the health registration and thus to early advise the manufacturer and the community about the safety and efficacy of products(AU)
Asunto(s)
Conejos , Pruebas de Irritación de la Piel/métodos , Epidemiología Descriptiva , CosméticosRESUMEN
Objetivo: describir el perfil de salud mental de jóvenes escolarizados del barrio La Cruz, sector marginado de Medellín y su posible relación con el nivel de riesgo para diferentes situaciones psicosociales. Método: investigación cuantitativa descriptiva, de corte transversal, mediante instrumento autoaplicable, en 100 jóvenes entre 11 y 19 años y realizada en el 2011. Resultados: se identificaron situaciones psicosociales estresantes, significativas para riesgo de farmacodependencia, con correlación positiva para el nivel de funcionamiento familiar, el nivel de depresión y el riesgo de suicidio. Conclusiones: los jóvenes están afectados por situaciones psicosociales críticas que les generan dificultades de comunicación, en la búsqueda de apoyo y con el sentimiento de felicidad que les puede producir la vida. Es necesario la implementación de políticas públicas efectivas en materia de educación integradora, que acompañen a estos jóvenes en la exploración de otras opciones de vida y promuevan la salud y la justicia, que les multiplicaran las oportunidades.
Objective: to describe mental health profile of school teenagers from La Cruz neighborhood; a deprived sector of Medellin and to establish the possible relation with the level of risks of other psychosocial variables. Methods: a descriptive-quantitative and cross-sectional research conducted in 2011 by using a self-applied instrument in 100 young people between 11 and 19 years of age. Results: meaningful stressful psychosocial variables were identified for pharmacodependency and for positive correlation among the family functioning level, the depression level and the suicide risk. Conclusions: the young people are affected by critical psychosocial situations that generate communication difficulties for them, in search of support and with the feeling of happiness that life can offer them. It is necessary to implement effective public policies in terms of integrating education, which assist these young people in exploring other living options and promote health and justice that will multiply their opportunities.
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Se presentan los resultados de una investigación cualitativa hermenéutica sobre la lingüística cognitiva y la lingüística aplicada, relacionadas con otras ciencias en un contexto específico de la comunidad científica especializada. Desde una visión integral y holística de las ciencias biomédicas y humanas, asimismo, se estudian los lenguajes técnico-científicos de la ciencia y de la tecnología para facilitar la interrelación cognitiva entre las diferentes disciplinas. Este estudio permite crear capacidades para evaluar el acervo léxico en contexto, útil para la transmisión y la transformación del conocimiento en un lenguaje propio acorde a la exigencia del método científico. El objetivo consistió en indagar sobre la relación de la unidad léxica con su nexo cognitivo a una unidad terminológica de uso cotidiano en la información y en la comunicación académica de la práctica médico-legal forense. Los resultados establecen diferencia y precisan cierta comprensión de la significación de unidades léxicas ambiguas de mayor relevancia y frecuencia, utilizadas en este ámbito del conocimiento, en cuatro categorías de análisis; según las características propias de la disciplina en dialogo con otras ciencias en contexto. Se evidencia la importancia de educar durante el proceso enseñanza-aprendizaje significativo de la disciplina en contexto, desde la metalingüística del objeto de estudio dimensionado y relacionado con otros objetos de estudio, que permita el proceso cognitivo del lenguaje técnico-científico transdisciplinar, la apropiación social y la circulación del conocimiento aplicado a las prácticas médico legales integrales en relación entre la Psicofarmacología, la Psiquiatría, la Antropología y la Psicología, con las ciencias biomédicas y humanas.
In this work results of a qualitive hermeneutic research about a cognitive and applied linguistic related to other sciences in an specific context of a given scientific community were presented, a technical and scientific language regarding science and technology was pointed out from an integral vision in order to facilitate cognitive relationship among different disciplines. This study also allows to create capacities in order to assess vocabulary in context, useful for the transmission and transformation of knowledge according to a scientific method. The objective was directed to know about the relationship between the lexical unit and its meaning in a given communicative context and in the academic communication of a medical - legal forensic practice. The importance of educate during the teaching learning process is also mentioned in this research and the main objective is to develop an assertive medical practice among Psychopharmacology, psychiatric, anthropology and psychology with biomedical and human sciences.
RESUMEN
[Re(CO)3(CNx)(L)]+, where CNx = 2,6-dimethylphenylisocyanide, forms complexes with L = 1,10-phenanthroline (1), 4-methyl-1,10-phenanthroline (2), 4,7-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (3), 3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (4), 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (5) and 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (6). The metal-ligand-to-ligand charge transfer transition (MLLCT) absorption bands follow the series: (27800 cm(-1)) > 1, 2, 4 and 5(27500 cm(-1)) > 6 (26600 cm(-1)). Density functional theory (DFT) geometry optimizations reveal elongated Re-N (L) distances of 2.28 and 2.27 A for 5 and 6, respectively, compared to 2.23 A for 1-4. The reversible reduction potentials (E(1/2(red))) of 1-4 are linearly dependent on the B3LYP calculated LUMO energies. Time-dependent (TD) DFT and conductor-like polarizable continuum model (CPCM) calculated singlet excited states deviate by 700 cm(-1) or less from the experimental absorption maxima and aid in the spectral assignments. The (3)MLLCT emitting state energies are within 900 cm(-1) of the experimental 77 K emission energies for 1-6. The 77 K emission energies, E(1/2(red)), and the room temperature emission quantum yields (phi(LUMO)(em)) decrease in the order 1 >2 >3 >4 whereas E(LUMO) and the room temperature emission energies follow the opposite trend. The emission lifetimes (tau(em)) decrease in the order 3 > 4 >2 >1 >5 with 3 having the highest emission lifetime values of 26.9 micros at room temperature and 384 micros at 77 K and complex 5 having the lowest emission lifetimes of 4.6 micros at room temperature and 61 micros and 77 K.
RESUMEN
The ligand 2,6-dimethylphenylisocyanide (CNx) forms six complexes of the formula [Re(CO)3(CNx)(L)]+, where L = 1,10-phenanthroline (1), 5-chloro-1,10-phenanthroline (2), 5-nitro-1,10-phenanthroline (3), 5-methyl-1,10-phenanthroline (4), 5,6-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (5), and 1,10-phenanthrolinopyrrole (6). The lowest-energy absorption peaks of the complexes red-shift in the order 1 < 2 < 3 < 4 < 5 < 6. The time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) and conductor-like polarizable continuum model (CPCM) computed singlet excited states in ethanol deviate by 1000 cm(-1) or less from the experimental UV-vis peaks. The complexes undergo reversible reductions and irreversible oxidations. The electronic energy gap increases in the order 3 < 2 < 1 < 4 < 5 < 6, which is the order of increasing electron-donating power of the phen substituents. The reduction potentials linearly correlate with the B3LYP calculated LUMO energies for 1-6. The complexes emit at room temperature and at 77 K except 3, which emits only at 77 K. The calculated (3)MLLCT energies are within 1100 cm(-1) from the experimental emission energies at 77 K. The 77 K emission curve-fitting analysis results agree with the computational assignment of the emitting state as 3MLLCT for 1-5 and 3LC for 6. The experimental 77 K emission energies and the calculated 3MLLCT state energies increase in the order 6 < 5, 3 < 2 < 4, 1. The 77 K emission lifetimes increase upon addition of substituents from 65 micros for 1 to 171 micros for 2, to 230 micros for 4 and 5, and to 322 micros for 3. The emission quantum yields at room temperature in solution are 0.77, 0.78, 0.83, 0.56, and 0.11 for complexes 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6, respectively.
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Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations produce optimized geometries of the complexes [Re(CO)3(bpy)Cl] (1), [Re(CO)3(bpy)(py)](CF3SO3) (2), [Re(CO)3(bpy)(CNx)](CF3SO3) (3), and [Re(CO)(bpy)(CNx)3](CF3SO3) (4), where bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, py = pyridine, and CNx = 2,6-dimethylphenylisocyanide in their ground and lowest-lying triplet states. The ground-state optimized geometry for the cation of [Re(CO)3(bpy)(CNx)](CF3SO3) (3) results in a Re-C (CNx) bond length of 2.10 Å, a Re-C (CO) bond length trans to CNx of 2.01 Å, and a Re-C (CO) bond length cis to CNx of 1.96 Å which compares favorably to the single-crystal analysis of a Re-C (CNx) bond length of 2.074(4) Å, a Re-C (CO) bond length trans to CNx of 1.971(4) Å, and Re-C (CO) bond length cis to CNx of 1.932(4) Å. The majority of the singlet excited-state energies calculated using Time-dependent Density Functional Theory (TDDFT) and Conductor-like Polarizable Continuum Model (CPCM) are metal-ligand-to-ligand charge transfer (MLLCT) states and are in good agreement with the UV-vis spectral energies for the complexes in ethanol. The complexes exhibit emission both at room temperature and at 77 K except 4 which is only emissive at 77 K. The 77 K emission lifetimes range from 3.9 µs for 1 to 8.8 µs for 3. The emissive lowest-lying triplet state is a (3)MLLCT state for complexes 1-3 but a triplet ligand-to-metal charge transfer ((3)LMCT) state for complex 4. The electronic, electrochemical, thermodynamic, HOMO-LUMO, and emitting-state energy gaps as well as the emission lifetimes increase in the order 1 < 2 < 3. A (3)d-d excited- state, which is located above the (3)LMCT state, accounts for the loss of room-temperature emission for complex 4.
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Hydrolysis of 1,10-phenanthrolinopyrrole ethyl ester leads to the acid derivative which is unstable at room-temperature releasing CO(2) and forming 1,10-phenanthrolinopyrrole (php). The ligand reacts with ruthenium(II) to form a series of complexes of the general formula [Ru(php)(n)(bpy)(3-n)](2+), where bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine and n = 1-3. The photochemical properties reveal that the complexes have longer-lived excited states than the standard complex, [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+). Their emission lifetimes range from 9.04 micros (n = 1) to 35.5 micros (n = 3) at 77 K compared to 7.57 micros for the standard. Similarly, at room-temperature, emission lifetimes range from 1.20 micros (n = 1) to 1.70 micros (n = 3) relative to the standard (0.56 micros). The emission quantum yields also have higher values than the standard [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+) under similar conditions. The temperature-dependent studies for the complexes establish the distribution among the radiative, nonradiative, and (3)MLCT to (3)d-d decay channels and are in agreement with the energy gap law.
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Singlet ground-state geometry optimization of the monomer, four dimers, and the trimer of [Pt(bph)(CO)(2)], where bph = biphenyl dianion, was performed at the B3LYP level of density functional theory (DFT) with a mixed basis set (6-311G** on C, O, and H atoms; the Stuttgart/Dresden (SDD) effective core potential (ECP) on the Pt core; [6s5p3d] on the Pt valence shell). The aggregation was based on Pt[bond]Pt binding as well as on pi[bond]pi and electrostatic interactions. The lowest-lying triplet-state geometries of the monomer, one dimer, and the trimer of the complex were also optimized using the above theory. Significant shortening of the Pt[bond]Pt bond was recorded in the triplet state compared to the singlet one. A number of low-energy singlet and triplet allowed excited states were calculated using time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) and analyzed with respect to absorption, excitation, and emission spectra collected under various conditions. Simulated spectra of the monomer and dimer based on the singlet excited states were correlated with the absorption spectrum. The emission in concentrated solution was due to the triplet dimer, and the emitting states were (3)MLCT and Pt-centered states.
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Geometry optimization for a series of ten, two-ring diimine Ru(II) complexes was effected using the Gaussian 98 protocol at density functional theory (DFT) B3LYP level with basis sets 3-21G*and 3-21G**. HOMO-LUMO energy difference values compared favorably to the experimental data from electrochemistry [Delta E(1/2) = (E(1/2ox) - E(1/2red))] and the lowest energy absorption maxima, which for these complexes correspond to the metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) band. The HOMO and LUMO distributions from DFT support the idea that the lowest energy transitions are metal-to-ligand charge transfer and that the lowest energy LUMO for the mixed ligand complexes is located on 2,2'-bipyrazine (bpz), followed by 2,2'-bipyrimidine (bpm) and then 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy).
RESUMEN
The isocyanide ligand forms complexes with ruthenium(II) bis-bipyridine of the type [Ru(bpy)(2)(CNx)Cl](CF(3)SO(3)) (1), [Ru(bpy)(2)(CNx)(py)](PF(6))(2) (2), and [Ru(bpy)(2)(CNx)(2)](PF(6))(2) (3) (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, py = pyridine, and CNx = 2,6-dimethylphenylisocyanide). The redox potentials shift positively as the number of CNx ligands increases. The metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) bands of the complexes are located at higher energy than 450 nm and blue shift in proportion to the number of CNx ligands. The complexes are not emissive at room temperature but exhibit intense structured emission bands at 77 K with emission lifetimes as high as 25 micros. Geometry optimization of the complexes in the singlet ground and lowest-lying triplet states performed using density functional theory (DFT) provides information about the orbital heritage and correlates with X-ray and electrochemical results. The lowest-lying triplet-state energies correlate well with the 77 K emission energies for the three complexes. Singlet excited states calculated in ethanol using time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) and the conductor-like polarizable continuum model (CPCM) provide information that correlates favorably with the experimental absorption spectra in ethanol.