Treatment of Benign Lesion of Levels I or II of the Parotid Gland: Long Term Results of Partial Superficial Parotidectomy.

ABSTRACT: The correct surgical approach to benign parotid gland tumors is still matter of debate, it should be chosen considering the possibility of local recurrence or facial nerve complications in case of "not necessary" facial nerve dissection. In the era of minimally invasive surgery, more sparing approaches such as extracapsular dissection or partial superficial parotidectomy (PSP) are gaining popularity. The aim of the study is to present surgical results and long-term outcomes of PSP (level i or ii) in a large group of patients. Six hundred fifty-one patients who underwent parotid surgery between 2004 and 2020 were initially considered. Five hundred forty patients with benign lesions treated with PSP, enucleation, ECD were enrolled. Clinical features, surgical data, postoperative scarring, seroma, dehiscence, neuroma, outcomes as Frey syndrome, and delayed facial nerve dysfunction have been evaluated. 65.5% PSP, 25.2% enucleation, and 9.2% extracapsular dissection. No statistical difference in surgical time has been found (P 0.16). P  > 0.05 for seroma, neuroma, Frey syndrome, and facial palsy between different type of surgery. Frey syndrome in PSP: 6/135 (4.4%) in 2004 to 2012 and 2/219 (0.9%) in 2013 to 2020. The reduction between periods is significant (P < 0.04). Recurrence: 0.8% (3/354) for PSP patients, 3.4% (5/ 136) in enucleation and 10% (5/50) in ECD (P = 0.02). Partial superficial parotidectomy can be considered a minimally invasive and quick procedure with low complication rate. Our data seem to support this statement (large case series and long-term follow-up).

Barbed suture Extrusion and Exposure in palatoplasty for OSA: What does it mean?

PURPOSE: Analyze Extrusion&Exposion (E&E), its implications in the functional, anatomical results and subjective discomfort in OSA patients treated with Barbed Reposition Pharyngoplasty (BRP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: 488 patients treated with BRP or multilevel TORS. Stratafix wire was used in 230 patients, V-Loc in 258. E&E, timing and localization evaluated at follow-up. Polygraphy used to assess the impact of E&E on functional results, PPOPS questionnaire used for subjective discomfort. RESULTS: E&E in the entire group was 18,4%, with significant difference between Stratafix and V-Loc wire (p = 0,002), but not between BRP alone and multilevel surgery (p = 0,68). 28,9% of extrusion happened within the first seven days, 76,7% between seven days and two months, 5,5% after two months. Symptomatic clinical profile has been seen in 62,2%, asymptomatic one in 37,8% of patients. 35,5% of E&E were localized in tonsillar bed, 46,7% in soft palate and 20% in other sites. Mean delta-AHI of E&E patients was -15,87 ± 16.82 compared with one of those who did not have E&E was -16.34 ± 22,77 (p = 0,38). Mean PPOPS of 183 patients analyzed was 12,32 ± 4,96. Mean PPOPS of extruded group was 12,94 ± 4,68 and 11,92 ± 5,11 in not extruded one (p = 0,166). CONCLUSIONS: E&E are suture-type sensitive (V-Loc > Stratafix), reported more frequent when BRP is performed alone than BRP-TORS with no statistical significance. 76,7% of the E&E occur after patient discharge and within 2 months. About half of the E&E were localized in soft palate. There is no need to fear Extrusion&Exposition because it does not affect in a negative way subjective and PSG outcome.

Olfactory function in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: a meta-analysis study.

PURPOSE: This meta-analysis study was designed to analyze the olfactory function in obstructive sleep apnea patients (OSA). METHODS: A comprehensive review of the English language literature regarding OSA patients and olfactory function/dysfunction was performed. The papers assessing olfactory dysfunction with Sniffin' Sticks test were taken into consideration. RESULTS: A total of 420 OSA patients were judged eligible for the study. The average TDI score was found to be 24.3 ± 5.6. The olfactory identification (OD), the olfactory discrimination (OD), and the olfactory threshold (OT) average values were calculated resulting 9.9 ± 2.1, 9.8 ± 1.5, and 5.3 ± 2, respectively. There were 161 healthy control subjects in this meta-analysis. The average TDI of the control group was 30.7 ± 6.0 showing a statistical difference with the group of OSA patients (p = 0.03). A linear correlation between Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) increase and TDI decrease (R2 = 0.1, p = 0.05) was detected. Finally, the average values of TDI of 151 patients classified as mild-moderate OSA and 159 patients considered as severe OSA were calculated. The difference between these two groups resulted not statistically significant (p = 0.3). CONCLUSION: The comparison between OSA patients and healthy subjects using Sniffin' Sticks test showed lower values of the various olfactory parameters. Although a linear correlation between AHI increase and olfactory dysfunction was observed, no statistical difference between mild-moderate and severe OSA patients in terms of the severity of olfactory dysfunction could be proved.

Diagnosis of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Patients with Allergic and Non-Allergic Rhinitis.

Background and objectives: Rhinitis could be considered a risk factor for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Studies were conducted to evaluate the relation between OSA and Allergic rhinitis (AR). Non-allergic rhinitis with eosinophilia syndrome (NARES) is a condition with a symptomatology apparently similar to AR. The aim of this study was to evaluate the different presence of OSA in patients suffering from NARES and AR. Materials and Methods: Sixty patients were enrolled and subdivided into NARES, AR and control groups. NARES and AR diagnosis were performed using ARIA (Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma) protocol. All patients were screened for OSA with home sleep apnea testing (HSAT) exam analyzing AHI (Apnea Hypopnea Index) values. Results: Results showed that 60% of patients affected by NARES presented OSA. On the contrary, altered AHI was found only in 35% of patients affected by AR and in 10% of patients belonging to the control group. Conclusions: In conclusion, data showed that there was an increased risk of OSA in NARES patients respect to AR patients and healthy patients.

Aging effect on sleepiness and apneas severity in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: a meta-analysis study.

PURPOSE: Different authors have reported that aging could be associated with changes in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) related parameters (apnea/hypopnea index, SpO2, reduction of daytime sleepiness, etc.), type of sleep and pattern of collapse. Regarding OSA severity in elderly patients, it is commonly believed that the AHI score tends to increase with aging. METHODS: In this paper, we reviewed the literature regarding the studies which compared older (> 65 years old) and young (< 65 years old) OSA patients regarding the effect of aging on daytime sleepiness (ESS evaluation) and OSA severity (AHI evaluation). A meta-analysis to evaluate the effect of age on daytime sleepiness and OSAS severity was also performed to corroborate previously reported experience. RESULTS: Meta-analysis showed no statistical (p = 0.8) differences regarding AHI differences emerged from the comparison of the two groups of patients. Elderly patients (> 65 years old) showed less daytime sleepiness, showing a statistical difference in the meta-analysis of data (p = 0.004) CONCLUSION: Although a direct correlation between aging and AHI values would seem to be present, no significant differences in baseline AHI between young (< 65-years-old) and elderly (> 65-years-old) patients emerged in this meta-analysis study. The effects of OSAS on daytime sleepiness seem to be much more prominent in young or middle-aged patients than in elderly patients.

Barbed Repositioning Pharyngoplasty: Tips and Tricks.

The barbed repositioning pharyngoplasty surgical technique is becoming more widely used for patients with obstructive sleep apnea due to its safety, effectiveness, and rapidity, as evidenced by multicenter studies and Meta-analyses. In order to achieve uniform surgical outcomes, avoid errors that could worsen outcomes, and enable adequate data comparison, a standardized procedure is required to overcome surgeon-related variability. The aim of this paper is to provide practical tips and tricks based on our surgical practice that can make the surgeon's work easier and aid in achieving desired outcomes.

Acquired atresia of the external auditory canal and canaloplasty with Thiersch graft reconstruction: Outcomes and complications.

Acquired atresia of the external auditory canal (EAC) is a rare disease characterized by otorrhea and progressive hearing loss. Clinically, it is differentiated into two stages: the wet stage and the dry stage. The dry stage does not respond to pharmacological treatment and has to be treated surgically. One surgical option is canaloplasty of the EAC with Thiersch graft reconstruction. This study aimed to report the follow-up outcomes (otomicroscopic signs and pure tone audiometry [PTA]) in patients with acquired atresia treated with this technique. Eighteen adult patients surgically treated for acquired atresia of the EAC between 2010 and 2020 were enrolled. All underwent canaloplasty with Thiersch graft reconstruction by one senior surgeon. Otomicroscopy and PTA results were evaluated before and after surgery. Postsurgical follow-up was performed at 1-3-6-12 months and then annually. Presurgical otomicroscopic examination revealed stenosis that occluded more than 75% of the EAC in all patients, and preoperative PTA showed conductive hearing loss in 89% of patients. However, postsurgical otomicroscopic examination showed that 94% of patients had a normal EAC diameter after one year, and only one patient had anterior blunting and recurrent atresia. In addition, postsurgical PTA evidenced a normal range in 89% of patients after one year. In conclusion, acquired atresia of the EAC is a troublesome disease usually associated with hearing loss. Therefore, treatment is chosen to resolve its symptoms. The results demonstrate evidence that canaloplasty with Thirsch graft may be a suitable surgical method considering the lower incidence of recurrence and the excellent hearing outcomes.

Thiersch graft follow-up with narrow band imaging for acquired atresia of the external auditory canal: Canaloplasty with Thiersch graft versus vascularization evaluated with narrow band imaging.

Acquired atresia of the external ear canal is a narrowing of the external ear canal (EAC) that appears obstructed by fibrous tissue or bone tissue. Acquired atresia has two different phases: wet and dry stage. Computed tomography (CT) scan may show a scan where soft tissue fills EAC. Treatment may be medical and/or surgical. The surgical treatment of choice is represented by canaloplasty with a skin-free flap. To our knowledge, no article has reported data on the analysis of vascularization of acquired atresia of the external ear canal and vascularization of skin flap during follow-up with narrow-band imaging. This study evaluated patients suffering from acquired atresia of the external auditory duct, treated surgically in our Department of Organi di Senso of Sapienza University, from 2017 to 2020. All patients underwent: anamnestic collection, physical examination, CT. Preoperative and postoperative otoendoscopic evaluation (1,3,6 and12 months) was performed with both cold white light endoscopic vision (CWL) and narrowband imaging (NBI). 17 patients were enrolled in the study. Preoperative otoendoscopic examination of WL showed stenosis with a diameter <75% and a tympanic membrane not viewable in all patients. At 12 months of follow-up, 94% of patients had no recurrence of external ear canal stenosis. 88% of patients had normal NBI light vascularization. Our study evaluated how NBI can be a superior method, compared to CWL, to assess the state of the flap and can be relevant in the decision-making process of a re-intervention.

Quality of Life and Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Adults with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Who Are Treated with Multilevel Surgery or Adherent to Continuous Positive Airway Pressure.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) syndrome is a respiratory sleep disorder characterized by a reduction (hypopnea) in or a complete cessation (apnea) of airflow in the upper airways at night, in the presence of breathing effort. The gold standard treatment for OSA is ventilation through continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), although this often shows poor patient compliance. In recent years, transoral robotic surgery (TORS) has been proposed as a valid surgical treatment for patients suffering from OSA in a multilevel surgical setting. The aim of this study is to analyze the effects on QoL and daytime sleepiness of multilevel surgery for OSA (barbed pharyngoplasty + transoral robotic surgery). Furthermore, we compared the impact on QoL and daytime sleepiness of two different treatments for patients with moderate to severe OSA, such as CPAP and TORS. Sixty-seven OSA patients who underwent multilevel robotic surgery and sixty-seven OSA patients treated with CPAP were enrolled, defined as Group 1 and Group 2, respectively. The Glasgow Benefit Inventory (GBI) questionnaire was administrated to evaluate the changes in the QoL. Respiratory outcomes were evaluated and compared. Group 1 showed a GBI total average value of +30.4, whereas Group 2, a value of +33.2 (p = 0.4). General benefit score showed no difference between groups (p = 0.1). Better values of social status benefit (p = 0.0006) emerged in the CPAP Group, whereas greater physical status benefit (p = 0.04) was shown in the TORS Group. Delta-AHI (-23.7 ± 14.3 vs. -31.7 ± 15.6; p = 0.001) and Delta-ODI (-24.5 ± 9.5 vs. -29.4 ± 10.5; p = 0.001) showed better values in the CPAP group. Therapeutic success rate of the Multilevel TORS Group was 73.1% and 91% in the CPAP group (p = 0.01), respectively. Multilevel TORS and CPAP have a positive effect on the quality of life of OSA patients. Greater social support has been reported in the CPAP group and better physical health status in the TORS group. No statistical difference emerged in the reduction in daytime sleepiness between both groups.

Petrous Bone Cholesteatoma: Facial and Hearing Preservation.

Objectives: Petrous bone cholesteatoma (PBC) is a rare condition of the petrous portion of the temporal bone. Treatment of choice consists of radical surgical removal, paying attention to protect the facial nerve and inner ear as far as possible. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of modified translabyrinthine techniques in preserving hearing function and the use of the adjuvant endoscopic techniques in a group of PBC patients. Methods: This study comprised 16 cases of PBCs surgically treated in our Department. Pre- and post-operative hearing status was assessed with pure tone audiometry and speech discrimination and graded according to the Gardner- Robertson classification system. Facial function was based on the House Brackman (HB) classification. PBCs were grouped using Sanna's classification. The choice of surgical technique was based on the above findings together with preoperative evidence. Post-operative follow-up ranged from 1 to 10 years and also included Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging assessment. Results: PBCs were classified as follows: 37.5% infralabyrinthine; 43.75% supralabyrinthine; and 18.75% massive. Preservation of the bone conduction threshold was feasible in 62.5% of patients. For supralabyrinthine PBCs a subtotal petrosetomy was performed in all cases and hearing preservation was possible in 57% of them: an adjuvant endoscopic approach was performed in 43%. Infralabyrinthine PBCs were treated using a modified translabyrinthine approach with preservation of bone conduction in 83% of patients; an adjuvant endoscopic approach was performed in 50% cases. One patient with a massive cholesteatoma was treated by modified translabyrinthine approach, preserving a serviceable level of hearing. In all massive cases, an adjuvant endoscopic approach was performed. In 2 patients with preoperative palsy, facial nerve function showed an improvement. The follow-up period revealed evidence of limited recurrence at CT imaging in 2 patients. Conclusions: The introduction of modified surgical approaches, able to preserve the anatomical-functional structures, have shown an improvement of post-operative hearing outcomes.

Chronic obstructive Eustachian tube dysfunction: CT assessment with Valsalva maneuver and ETS-7 score.

Chronic obstructive Eustachian tube dysfunction (ETD) is a common disorder of the middle ear. In recent years, two main diagnostic tools have become available: Eustachian tube score (ETS-7) and computed tomography (CT) combined with Valsalva maneuver. The aim of this study is to evaluate the outcomes of ETS-7 and CT in a group of patients affected by middle ear atelectasis with a strong suspicion of ETD. Three males and nine females, affected by middle ear atelectasis with retraction of the TM were enrolled. Each patient underwent to Eustachian tube dysfunction evaluation adopting the ETS-7 score and a temporal bone CT with Valsalva maneuver. The ears analyzed at steady state were divided into 2 groups: ETS<7 group and ETS≥ 7 group. The same division was applied for the ears analyzed after the Valsalva maneuver: ETS<7 group and ETS≥ 7 group. ETs were categorized as "well defined" (WD) and "not defined" (ND). The results of the analysis of the ETS-7 score in all 24 ears showed that 42% presented ETS ≥7, while 58% had ETS <7, indicating a diagnosis of ETD. In the ETS<7 group after Valsalva, ET was visualized in 33% of patients. In the ETS≥7 group it was WD in 29% after the Valsalva manoeuver. In both groups the comparison between the visualization of the ET before and after the Valsalva manoeuver did not present a statistical difference. No correlation emerged between ET evaluation with CT scan during Valsalva maneuver and ETS-7 score. It confirms that there is not a gold standard for the study of ET dysfunction.

Facial Nerve Dehiscence and Cholesteatoma: A Comparison between Decades.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the incidence of facial canal dehiscence (FCD) and other intraoperative findings over the last 20 years as well as correlation with the Japanese Otological Society/European Academy of Otology and Neurotology classification in patients with cholesteatoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 469 patients operated from 1998 to 2018 were selected and divided into 2 groups of 10 years each. RESULTS: Dehiscence was significantly higher in patients with a history of pathology longer than 5 years (22.7%). Higher values were observed in revision surgery, 44.4% in the first period and 41.7% in the second. The tympanic segment was the one most frequently involved, affecting 92% of patients in the first period and 97% of patients in the second. Dehiscence occurred significantly more often in patients with a semicircular canal fistula, 14.8% in the first decade and 8.8% in the second. The incidence of FCD was significantly higher in patients with primary cholesteatoma (especially in those with combined pars tensa-flaccida) than in those with a secondary acquired one, 31.5% vs 7.4% in the first period, 21.1% vs 7.4% in the second, and in those with a stage III disease, 42% in the first period, 33.3% in the second. CONCLUSION: Patients with a shorter history of cholesteatoma as well as those not previously operated had a lower incidence of FCD. The tympanic tract of the facial nerve remains the most frequent site of dehiscence, while the association between dehiscence and fistula of the semicircular canal remains strong. Patients with combined pars tensa-pars flaccida and stage III cholesteatoma have a higher incidence of FCD.

Unilateral Isolated Primary Cutaneous Amyloidosis of the External Auditory Canal.

Isolated primary cutaneous amyloidosis (PCA) of the external ear is extremely rare. We describe the case of a 65-year-old woman presenting with itching within the left external auditory canal (EAC). Otoscopy revealed a 3 mm whitish lesion involving the cartilaginous portion of the left EAC. The lesion was excised. Histological and immunohistochemical features were consistent with keratinic amyloidosis. A clinical workup was negative for systemic amyloidosis. As far as we know, only nine cases of PCA exclusively involving the EAC have been reported. The frequent occurrence of itching in these patients and the keratinic nature of the amyloid support the role of chronic stimulation/irritation in the pathogenesis of isolated amyloidosis the EAC.

Immunotherapy in the Treatment of Metastatic Melanoma: Current Knowledge and Future Directions.

Melanoma is one of the most immunologic malignancies based on its higher prevalence in immune-compromised patients, the evidence of brisk lymphocytic infiltrates in both primary tumors and metastases, the documented recognition of melanoma antigens by tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes and, most important, evidence that melanoma responds to immunotherapy. The use of immunotherapy in the treatment of metastatic melanoma is a relatively late discovery for this malignancy. Recent studies have shown a significantly higher success rate with combination of immunotherapy and chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or targeted molecular therapy. Immunotherapy is associated to a panel of dysimmune toxicities called immune-related adverse events that can affect one or more organs and may limit its use. Future directions in the treatment of metastatic melanoma include immunotherapy with anti-PD1 antibodies or targeted therapy with BRAF and MEK inhibitors.

Facial nerve dehiscence and cholesteatoma: Pediatrics vs adults.

OBJECTIVES: the aim of this paper is to study the incidence of facial canal dehiscence (FCD) in pediatric and non-pediatric patients, analyzing eventual differences in frequency, localization, primary or revision surgery and duration of the disease. METHODS: 527 patients suffering from chronic otitis media with acquired cholesteatoma, divided into two groups, those aged 18 years or over (470 patients), and those aged below 18 years (57 patients). RESULTS: Total incidence of FCD in adult population was 25,7% (121/470) and 7% (4/57) in pediatric one. Globally higher values were found in revision surgery, 43,5% (40/92) in adults and 16,7% (1/7) in children. Diseases longer than 5 years have been correlated to higher incidence of FCD in adults, 29,9% (109/364), than in pediatrics, 7,3% (3/41). No statistical significant difference has been found in those with a disease shorter than 5 years: 11,3% in adults (12/106) and 6,2% in children (1/16). The majority of patients, both adults and pediatrics, had a dehiscence in the tympanic tract of facial nerve. No statistical correlation regarding concomitant semicircular canal fistula and FCD has been found due to the absence of data in children. CONCLUSIONS: Incidence of FCD is higher in adult population than in pediatric. Adults have a higher incidence in primary surgery than children. No statistical significant difference has been found in adults and pediatrics with a less than 5 years disease, while diseases longer than 5 years expose adults to higher risk of FCD. Middle tract of tympanic segment is the most involved site of dehiscence in both populations.

Overview of different modified full-face snorkelling masks for intraoperative protection.

OBJECTIVE: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant impact on healthcare systems worldwide. The rate of infected healthcare workers is > 10% in Italy. Within this dramatic scenario, the development of new personal protective equipment (PPE) devices is mandatory. This study focuses on validation of modified full-face snorkel masks (MFFSM) as safe and protective equipment against SARS-CoV-2 infection during diagnostic and therapeutic procedures on the upper aerodigestive tract. METHODS: Five different MFFSM were tested during otolaryngological surgery and in anaesthesia procedures. Data were collected through an online survey to assess the feedback of operators. pO2 and pCO2 monitoring values during procedures were recorded in selected cases. RESULTS: All five MFFSM tested were easy to use and gave all operators a sound "feeling" of protection. All clinicians involved had common agreement regarding safety and the user-friendly format. CONCLUSIONS: In the future, specific development of different type of masks for protection in the operating room, intensive care units and/or office will be possible as a joint venture between clinicians and developers. Goals for clinicians include better definition of needs and priorities, while developers can devote their expertise to produce devices that meet medical requirements.

Positional Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome in Elderly Patients.

Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of position-dependent obstructive sleep apnea (POSA) in elderly patients (≥65 years old). Adult (range 19-65 years old) and elderly patients were also compared in order to show differences in the incidence of POSA between these two groups of patients. Methods A prospective bi-center study was performed between January 2018 and May 2019. A total of 434 participants underwent polysomnography (PSG) study at home (Embletta MPR). Body position during the PSG recordings was determined. Patients were subdivided in two groups: those aged between 19 and 65 years old (adult patients) and ≥65 years old (elderly patients). POSA patients were defined using Cartwright's system, Bignold classification, and the new Amsterdam Positional OSA Classification (APOC). Results The prevalence of POSA in elderly patients differed according to the classification system used: 49.3% using Cartwright's classification system, 20.5% with the Bignold classification, and 22.6%, 38.9%, and 5.4% of APOC 1, APOC 2, and APOC3 sub-classes were respectively identified for the APOC classification system. No difference between adult and elderly patients regarding the prevalence of POSA was observed. No statistical differences emerged between the two groups of patients in terms of supine (p = 0.9) and non-supine AHI (p = 0.4). Conclusions A significant number of elderly patients could be considered treatable with positional therapy according to the APOC classification. However, the efficacy and applicability of positional therapy in elderly patients must be confirmed by further research.

Risk Factors for Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome in Children: State of the Art.

The obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) represents only part of a large group of pathologies of variable entity called respiratory sleep disorders (RSD) which include simple snoring and increased upper airway resistance syndrome (UARS). Although the etiopathogenesis of adult OSAS is well known, many aspects of this syndrome in children are still debated. Its prevalence is about 2% in children from 2 to 8 years of age, mostly related to the size of the upper airways adenoid tissue. Several risk factors linked to the development of OSAS are typical of the pediatric age. The object of this paper is to analyze the state of the art on this specific topic, discussing its implications in terms of diagnosis and management.

Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma in an elderly female patient: A rare case report.

'Juvenile' nasopharyngeal angiofibroma, which accounts for <1% of all head and neck neoplasms, occurs predominantly in males between 10 and 18 years of age. The small number of patients older than 30 years confirms that presentation after this age is exceptional. Only rare cases of nasopharyngeal angiofibroma in female patients have been documented to date, and some authors believe that sex chromosome studies are indicated in such cases. The pathogenesis of nasopharyngeal angiofibroma remains unknown, but it has been hypothesized that it is a testosterone-dependent tumor. We herein report a particularly rare case of a 68-year-old woman diagnosed with nasopharyngeal angiofibroma and describe the diagnostic and therapeutic workup. This case describes, to the best of our knowledge, the oldest patient reported in the literature.