Erratum: Using Diffuse Scattering to Observe X-Ray-Driven Nonthermal Melting [Phys. Rev. Lett. 126, 015703 (2021)].

This corrects the article DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.126.015703.

Using Diffuse Scattering to Observe X-Ray-Driven Nonthermal Melting.

We present results from the SPring-8 Angstrom Compact free electron LAser facility, where we used a high intensity (∼10^{20} W/cm^{2}) x-ray pump x-ray probe scheme to observe changes in the ionic structure of silicon induced by x-ray heating of the electrons. By avoiding Laue spots in the scattering signal from a single crystalline sample, we observe a rapid rise in diffuse scattering and a transition to a disordered, liquidlike state with a structure significantly different from liquid silicon. The disordering occurs within 100 fs of irradiation, a timescale that agrees well with first principles simulations, and is faster than that predicted by purely inertial behavior, suggesting that both the phase change and disordered state reached are dominated by Coulomb forces. This method is capable of observing liquid scattering without masking signal from the ambient solid, allowing the liquid structure to be measured throughout and beyond the phase change.

A new species concept for the clinically relevant Mucor circinelloides complex.

Mucor species are common soil fungi but also known as agents of human infections (mucormycosis) and used in food production and biotechnology. Mucor circinelloides is the Mucor species that is most frequently isolated from clinical sources. The taxonomy of Mucor circinelloides and its close relatives (Mucor circinelloides complex - MCC) is still based on morphology and mating behaviour. The aim of the present study was a revised taxonomy of the MCC using a polyphasic approach. Using a set of 100 strains molecular phylogenetic analysis of five markers (ITS, rpb1, tsr1, mcm7, and cfs, introduced here) were performed, combined with phenotypic studies, mating tests and the determination of the maximum growth temperatures. The multi-locus analyses revealed 16 phylogenetic species of which 14 showed distinct phenotypical traits and were recognised as discrete species. Five of these species are introduced as novel taxa: M. amethystinus sp. nov., M. atramentarius sp. nov., M. variicolumellatus sp. nov., M. pseudocircinelloides sp. nov., and M. pseudolusitanicus sp. nov. The former formae of M. circinelloides represent one or two separate species. In the MCC, the simple presence of well-shaped zygospores only indicates a close relation of both strains, but not necessarily conspecificity. Seven species of the MCC have been implemented in human infection: M. circinelloides, M. griseocyanus, M. janssenii, M. lusitanicus, M. ramosissimus, M. variicolumellatus, and M. velutinosus.

Are German family practitioners and psychiatrists sufficiently trained to diagnose and treat patients with alcohol problems?

BACKGROUND: Harmful alcohol consumption in Germany is a serious public health problem: About 7.7 million adults in Germany can be classified as risky alcohol consumers, about 74,000 deaths per year are related to alcohol consumption, and about 1.8 million adults in Germany (18-64 years) are classified as alcohol dependent. A treatment rate of 9% of all alcohol dependent patients in Germany implies a lack of supply and misuse of medical care. The aim of the study was to examine whether family practitioners (FPs) and psychiatrists have sufficient skills to diagnose and treat patients with alcohol problems. METHODS: A total of 6324 FPs and psychiatrists in the states of Saxony and Rhineland-Palatinate in Germany were invited to participate in this survey. Nine hundred seventy-four participants (90.3%/FPs) could be included in the statistical analysis (response rate: 14.3%/FPs, 21.6%/psychiatrists). Data was analysed descriptively and logistical regressions were used to identify predictors for physicians' ability to feel adequately trained to diagnose and treat patients with alcohol problems. RESULTS: In comparison to psychiatrists, less FPs reported feeling sufficiently trained to counsel patients with alcohol problems (81.5% vs. 44.8%). Regression analysis revealed that FPs who felt not adequately trained had less experience with patients with alcohol dependence (OR 7.4), had attended fewer hours on alcohol addiction in continuing medical education (OR 4.8), and were more likely to be female (OR 1.9). A minimum of 10 h of training was associated with improved self-assessed competence. CONCLUSION: Harmful drinking is a serious public health problem, and patients with alcohol dependence represent a large and demanding patient group in primary health care setting. Our study shows that the lack of training is a severe barrier in the work with this patient group in the primary care setting.

[Preferred Medical Specialties of Medical Students in Contrast to the Need for General Practitioners in Saxony]. / Facharztpräferenzen von Medizinstudierenden im Kontrast zum Bedarf an Allgemeinmedizinern in Sachsen.

Aim of the study: Especially in the rural areas of Germany, there are not enough general practitioners (GPs) for primary care. Preferred medical specialties of medical students can help get an estimate of the number of future GPs. This study compares this estimate to the current need for GPs in Saxony. Methods: 587 medical students at the second, sixth and tenth semester were invited to take part in an anonymous cross-sectional study regarding their specialty preferences at the Technical University Dresden. Based on the data of the medical requirements for Saxony, 4 model calculations were generated for comparison of the estimated numbers of future GPs and the current need for GPs. Results: The most commonly preferred medical specialties were surgery (19.1%), internal medicine (12.9%), pediatrics (11.6%) and general practice (9.9%). A significant increase in specialist preference for GP was observed from the sixth (4.9%) to the tenth semester (14.0%). The model calculations show that approximately 29% to 111% of the open positions for GPs could be filled by the potential new GPs from Dresden. Conclusion: Currently, medical students planning to become GPs cannot meet the corresponding need for GPs. Future studies should include the points of view of students, continuing education assistants, GPs and patients.

Factors influencing sleep quality among nursing staff: Results of a cross sectional study.

PURPOSE: Given the intense physical and mental demands placed on nurses and other caregivers, getting sufficient sleep is essential to maintaining both individual health and professional performance. The goal of our study is to describe and analyze the self-reported sleep quality of nursing staff and identify which factors have an influence on it. METHODS: The sample was comprised of 153 female nurses over the age of 20 years who completed written surveys regarding their health status and health behavior. Their responses were subjected to ANOVA analysis with post hoc follow-up tests and logit regression was used. RESULTS: 33% of female nursing staff reported poor quality sleep. Lower quality of life, tachycardia and unequal distribution of work load were most strongly associated with poor sleep quality. CONCLUSION: Our study indicates that reducing workplace stress is a good place to start in developing a proactive strategy. A comprehensive prevention strategy should include both behavioral and situational prevention elements. Future studies should focus on identifying causal factors and developing prevention strategies.

[Amendments to the Drinking Water Ordinance: Legionellae in Hot Water Systems - Data from the Public Health Authority Frankfurt am Main, Germany]. / Änderungen der Trinkwasserverordnung: Legionellen in Großanlagen - Erfahrungen aus dem Gesundheitsamt Frankfurt am Main.

BACKGROUND: The first and second amendment to the Drinking Water Ordinance came in to force in the years 2011 and 2012 causing additional tasks and responsibilities for operators of commercial large-scale systems, usually hot water systems in large residential buildings, and for the local health authorities. This article describes the experiences of the health authority in Frankfurt/Main with these new regulations. Some of the revisions in the first amendment of the ordinance (TrinkwV 2001 (2011)) were omitted in the second revision (TrinkwV 2001 (2012)) such as the obligation to notify for large-scale systems. Furthermore, the intervals between the obligatory inspections were extended from 1 to 3 years and merely exceedances of the legal limits were to be notified in contrast to the previous obligation to notify all values. RESULTS: On the basis of the TrinkwV 2001 (2011) a large additional staff requirement had been estimated (13/21 positions). After the TrinkwV 2001 (2012) the tasks can be accomplished by less than 2 employees. While the notification obligation was still in force, the health authority received 4,461 notifications of large-scale systems, since then a further 477 have been notified. Of a total of 1,335 initial analyses, 794 (60%) exceeded the technical action value and in 113 properties with values exceeding 10,000/100 ml a usage restriction was necessary. CONCLUSIONS: Due to the suspension of the notification obligation to report any result of the analyses performed the assessment of the reports on large-scale systems has become difficult. An appropriate assessment of the implementation of the regulation is not possible, since the total number of large-scale systems is not known and a failure to report may result from a measured value below the technical action value as well as from a not inspected system. The large number of usage restrictions is an indication for the necessity to inspect and if required to treat and restore the system.

[Sexual risk behaviour of nursing students. A cross-sectional study at nursing schools in Saxony-Anhalt]. / Das sexuelle Risikoverhalten von Auszubildenden der Gesundheits- und Krankenpflege. Eine Querschnittstudie an Krankenpflegeschulen in Sachsen-Anhalt.

AIM: This work describes the sexual risk behaviour of nursing students. METHODS: 22 of 23 state-approved nursing schools in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, participated in this cross-sectional study (study period 7/2005-5/2006). Participation was voluntarily and anonymous. RESULTS: More male than female students (59.6% vs. 44.8%) used condoms to prevent STIs. More female students (58.9% vs. 43.4%) reported constant partnership with just one partner as an STI prevention method (chi² test, p<0.005). 29.6% of the nursing students reported >1 sexual partner in the past 12 months. 3.9% of the students demanded an HIV test from the partner, 69.3% had never tested themselves for HIV. 10.2% used no prevention against STIs. CONCLUSIONS: Nursing students should be sensitised for sexual risk behaviour and STIs. This should be included in the content of teaching throughout the education, not least since nursing students are multiplicators and have an influence on health behaviour of the patients.

The family structure of the Mucorales: a synoptic revision based on comprehensive multigene-genealogies.

The Mucorales (Mucoromycotina) are one of the most ancient groups of fungi comprising ubiquitous, mostly saprotrophic organisms. The first comprehensive molecular studies 11 yr ago revealed the traditional classification scheme, mainly based on morphology, as highly artificial. Since then only single clades have been investigated in detail but a robust classification of the higher levels based on DNA data has not been published yet. Therefore we provide a classification based on a phylogenetic analysis of four molecular markers including the large and the small subunit of the ribosomal DNA, the partial actin gene and the partial gene for the translation elongation factor 1-alpha. The dataset comprises 201 isolates in 103 species and represents about one half of the currently accepted species in this order. Previous family concepts are reviewed and the family structure inferred from the multilocus phylogeny is introduced and discussed. Main differences between the current classification and preceding concepts affects the existing families Lichtheimiaceae and Cunninghamellaceae, as well as the genera Backusella and Lentamyces which recently obtained the status of families along with the Rhizopodaceae comprising Rhizopus, Sporodiniella and Syzygites. Compensatory base change analyses in the Lichtheimiaceae confirmed the lower level classification of Lichtheimia and Rhizomucor while genera such as Circinella or Syncephalastrum completely lacked compensatory base changes.

A comprehensive molecular phylogeny of the Mortierellales (Mortierellomycotina) based on nuclear ribosomal DNA.

The basal fungal order Mortierellales constitutes one of the largest orders in the basal lineages. This group consists of one family and six genera. Most species are saprobic soil inhabiting fungi with the ability of diverse biotransformations or the accumulation of unsaturated fatty acids, making them attractive for biotechnological applications. Only few studies exist aiming at the revelation of the evolutionary relationships of this interesting fungal group. This study includes the largest dataset of LSU and ITS sequences for more than 400 specimens containing 63 type or reference strains. Based on a LSU phylogram, fungal groups were defined and evaluated using ITS sequences and morphological features. Traditional morphology-based classification schemes were rejected, because the morphology of the Mortierellales seems to depend on culture conditions, a fact, which makes the identification of synapomorphic characters tedious. This study belongs to the most comprehensive molecular phylogenetic analyses for the Mortierellales up to date and reveals unresolved species and species complexes.

Phylogenetic lineages in Entomophthoromycota.

Entomophthoromycota is one of six major phylogenetic lineages among the former phylum Zygomycota. These early terrestrial fungi share evolutionarily ancestral characters such as coenocytic mycelium and gametangiogamy as a sexual process resulting in zygospore formation. Previous molecular studies have shown the monophyly of Entomophthoromycota, thus justifying raising the taxonomic status of these fungi to a phylum. Multi-gene phylogenies have identified five major lineages of Entomophthoromycota. In this review we provide a detailed discussion about the biology and taxonomy of these lineages: I) Basidiobolus (Basidiobolomycetes: Basidiobolaceae; primarily saprobic); II) Conidiobolus (Entomophthoromycetes, Ancylistaceae; several clades of saprobes and invertebrate pathogens), as well as three rapidly evolving entomopathogenic lineages in the family Entomophthoraceae centering around; III) Batkoa; IV) Entomophthora and allied genera; and V) the subfamily Erynioideae which includes Zoophthora and allied genera. Molecular phylogenic analysis has recently determined the relationships of several taxa that were previously unresolved based on morphology alone: Eryniopsis, Macrobiotophthora, Massospora, Strongwellsea and two as yet undescribed genera of Basidiobolaceae.

Fabrication and experimental demonstration of the first 160 Gb/s hybrid silicon-on-insulator integrated all-optical wavelength converter.

We present a hybrid integrated photonic circuit on a silicon-on-insulator substrate that performs ultra high-speed all-optical wavelength conversion. The chip incorporates a 1.25 mm non-linear SOA mounted on the SOI board using gold-tin bumps as small as 14 µm. Τhe device performs chirp filtering and signal polarity inversion with two multi-mode interference (MMI) - based cascaded delay interferometers (DIs) monolithically integrated on the same SOI substrate. Full free spectral range (FSR) tuning of the DIs is accomplished by two independently tuneable on-chip thermal heaters. We demonstrate 160Gb/s all-optical wavelength conversion with power penalties of less than 4.6dB.

[Cleaning and disinfection in nursing homes. Data on quality of structure, process and outcome in nursing homes in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, 2011]. / Flächenreinigung und -desinfektion in Altenpflegeheimen. Struktur-, Prozess- und Ergebnisqualität in Altenpflegeheimen in Frankfurt am Main, 2011.

Due to the Infectious Disease Prevention Act, public health services in Germany are obliged to check the infection prevention in hospitals and other medical facilities as well as in nursing homes. In Frankfurt/Main, Germany, standardized control visits have been performed for many years. In 2011 focus was laid on cleaning and disinfection of surfaces. All 41 nursing homes were checked according to a standardized checklist covering quality of structure (i.e. staffing, hygiene concept), quality of process (observation of the cleaning processes in the homes) and quality of output, which was monitored by checking the cleaning of fluorescent marks which had been applied some days before and should have been removed via cleaning in the following days before the final check. In more than two thirds of the homes, cleaning personnel were salaried, in one third external personnel were hired. Of the homes 85% provided service clothing and all of them offered protective clothing. All homes had established hygiene and cleaning concepts, however, in 15% of the homes concepts for the handling of Norovirus and in 30% concepts for the handling of Clostridium difficile were missing. Regarding process quality only half of the processes observed, i.e. cleaning of hand contact surfaces, such as handrails, washing areas and bins, were correct. Only 44% of the cleaning controls were correct with enormous differences between the homes (0-100%). The correlation between quality of process and quality of output was significant. There was good quality of structure in the homes but regarding quality of process and outcome there was great need for improvement. This was especially due to faults in communication and coordination between cleaning personnel and nursing personnel. Quality outcome was neither associated with the number of the places for residents nor with staffing. Thus, not only quality of structure but also quality of process and outcome should be checked by the public health services.

[Hygiene in schools - an important issue for the public health services]. / Hygiene in Schulen - auch eine wichtige Aufgabe des öffentlichen Gesundheitsdienstes.

According to the Protection against Infection Act (IfSG), schools have to identify their arrangements of standard operating procedures (SOPs) for hygienic conditions, and the public health departments are obliged to check the hygienic conditions in schools. Here, practical experience with these topics in Frankfurt/Main, Germany, is presented.Although all schools had been informed about their duties according to IfSG in 2001, only 44% (80/180 schools) of them were able to present their SOPs when requested to do so by the public health department in 2006. Complaints about bad sanitary hygiene in schools have to be confirmed, often even in recently redeveloped facilities, because of vandalism. The equipment of washing basins was improved very well during the influenza pandemic in 2009. In 2010, however, a tendency to deterioration had been observed. With data on high levels on indoor contamination (particles and CO2) in class rooms in 2006, the city increased the frequency of cleaning and launched a programme on proper ventilation in classrooms. However, a study on ventilation in 29 schools in 2009 resulted in very high levels of CO2; obviously the recommendation to ventilate the classrooms every break are neglected. Large studies on drinking water quality exhibited good data, with the exception of high Legionella contaminations in hot water systems supplying the showers in gymnasiums. Major redevelopment measures were necessary.Hygienic conditions in schools should be improved urgently. The public health departments should increase their consulting services as well as their control visits in schools - with the aim to improve hygiene in schools. Responsibility of the schools as well as of the individuals in the schools is demanded as well. More public attention to this topic seems mandatory, may be via a "signal light - red-yellow-green" for schools?

Review: Managing sheep and goats for sustainable high yield production.

This review discusses the most relevant aspects of nutritional, reproductive and health management, the three pillars of flock efficiency, production and sustainability regarding the intensification of production in sheep and goats. In small ruminants, reproductive management is dependent on seasonality, which in turn depends on breed and latitude. Nutrition represents the major cost for flocks and greatly affects their health, the quality of their products and their environmental impact. High-yielding sheep and goats have very high requirements and dietary intake, requiring nutrient-dense diets and sophisticated nutritional management that should always consider the strong interrelationships among nutrition, immunity, health, reproduction, housing and farm management. The reproductive pattern is to a great extent assisted by out-of-season breeding, facilitating genetic improvement schemes, and more recently by advanced reproductive technologies. Heath management aims to control or eradicate economic and zoonotic diseases, ensuring animal health and welfare, food safety and low ecosystem and environmental impacts in relation to chemical residues and pathogen circulation. In highly producing systems, nutrition, genetic and hazard factors assume a complex interrelationship. Genomic and management improvement research and technological innovation are the keys to sustain sheep and goat production in the future.

Measuring the structure and equation of state of polyethylene terephthalate at megabar pressures.

We present structure and equation of state (EOS) measurements of biaxially orientated polyethylene terephthalate (PET, [Formula: see text], also called mylar) shock-compressed to ([Formula: see text]) GPa and ([Formula: see text]) K using in situ X-ray diffraction, Doppler velocimetry, and optical pyrometry. Comparing to density functional theory molecular dynamics (DFT-MD) simulations, we find a highly correlated liquid at conditions differing from predictions by some equations of state tables, which underlines the influence of complex chemical interactions in this regime. EOS calculations from ab initio DFT-MD simulations and shock Hugoniot measurements of density, pressure and temperature confirm the discrepancy to these tables and present an experimentally benchmarked correction to the description of PET as an exemplary material to represent the mixture of light elements at planetary interior conditions.

Time trends in the prevalence of peanut allergy: three cohorts of children from the same geographical location in the UK.

BACKGROUND: This article investigated the prevalence of peanut allergy in three cohorts of children born in the same geographical location, Isle of Wight, UK and seeks to determine whether the prevalence of peanut allergy has changed between 1994 and 2004. METHODS: Three cohorts of children (age 3-4 years) born on the Isle of Wight, were assessed for peanut allergy and the outcomes compared: Cohort A: Born in 1989; reviewed at 4 years of age (n = 2181). Cohort B: Born between 1994 and 1996; reviewed between 3 and 4 years of age (n = 1273). Cohort C: Born between 2001 and 2002; reviewed at 3 years of age (n = 891). RESULTS: Peanut sensitization increased significantly from 1.3% in Cohort A to 3.3% (P = 0.003) in Cohort B before falling back to 2.0% in Cohort C (P = 0.145). Similarly, clinical peanut allergy increased significantly from 0.5% in Cohort A to 1.4% (P = 0.023) in Cohort B, with a subsequent fall to 1.2% in Cohort C (P = 0.850). CONCLUSIONS: Our data from three cohorts of 3- to 4-year-old children born in the same geographical area shows that peanut allergy prevalence has changed over time. Peanut sensitization and reported allergy in children born in 1994-1996 increased from 1989 but seems to have stabilized or slightly decreased since the late 1990s, although not significant.

Medical students' knowledge and attitudes regarding vaccination against measles, influenza and HPV. An international multicenter study.

INTRODUCTION: Inaccurate information leads to increased scepticism concerning vaccinations among health care workers. Therefore, a proper education of medical students on vaccination is important. METHODS: During summer term 2015, we performed a paper-based survey to identify the knowledge and attitudes of medical students on vaccinations against measles, influenza and HPV in seven medical schools in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. RESULTS: Altogether, 3,652 questionnaires were analyzed. Knowledge of country-specific public recommendations increased significantly with the number of semesters of medical studies. Concerning the knowledge about vaccinations against measles, influenza and HPV, one third of the answers were given correctly. Again, a strong correlation between the knowledge and the semester of medical studies could be observed. The attitudes concerning vaccinations in general and especially for HCWs were highly positive. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides some important arguments for the development of a comprehensive vaccination education for medical students.

Demonstration of X-ray Thomson scattering as diagnostics for miscibility in warm dense matter.

The gas and ice giants in our solar system can be seen as a natural laboratory for the physics of highly compressed matter at temperatures up to thousands of kelvins. In turn, our understanding of their structure and evolution depends critically on our ability to model such matter. One key aspect is the miscibility of the elements in their interiors. Here, we demonstrate the feasibility of X-ray Thomson scattering to quantify the degree of species separation in a 1:1 carbon-hydrogen mixture at a pressure of ~150 GPa and a temperature of ~5000 K. Our measurements provide absolute values of the structure factor that encodes the microscopic arrangement of the particles. From these data, we find a lower limit of [Formula: see text]% of the carbon atoms forming isolated carbon clusters. In principle, this procedure can be employed for investigating the miscibility behaviour of any binary mixture at the high-pressure environment of planetary interiors, in particular, for non-crystalline samples where it is difficult to obtain conclusive results from X-ray diffraction. Moreover, this method will enable unprecedented measurements of mixing/demixing kinetics in dense plasma environments, e.g., induced by chemistry or hydrodynamic instabilities.