A Constructivist Grounded Theory Study on Mental Health Recovery from a Lived Experience Perspective in Singapore.

More contemporary personal recovery conceptualisation of mental health recovery emphasize the need to consider the perspectives of people who experience mental ill-health. Most lived experience research has been done in Western cultures with relatively few studies in Asian ones, creating a gap that needs to be addressed due to differences in cultural worldviews. This study explores the notion of recovery from the lens of people experiencing mental health challenges in Singapore. We adopted a constructivist grounded theory perspective to evaluate qualitative data from 21 participants. The core category which best represented what recovery meant was "reconciling and living with experiences of mental ill-health". Our findings suggest that a variety of societal aspects greatly influence perceptions of mental health recovery in Singapore, as participants often shared their desire to live a meaningful life within society but could only do so if they found a way to manage their symptoms more effectively.

Cognitive Continuum Theory: Can it contribute to the examination of confidentiality and risk-actuated disclosure decisions of nurses practising in mental health?

Nurses practising in mental health are faced with challenging decisions concerning confidentiality if a patient is deemed a potential risk to self or others, because releasing pertinent information pertaining to the patient may be necessary to circumvent harm. However, decisions to withhold or disclose confidential information that are inappropriately made may lead to adverse outcomes for stakeholders, including nurses and their patients. Nonetheless, there is a dearth of contemporary research literature to advise nurses in these circumstances. Cognitive Continuum Theory presents a single-system intuitive-analytical approach to examining and understanding nurse cognition, analogous to the recommended single-system approach to decision-making in mental health known as structured clinical judgement. Both approaches incorporate cognitive poles of wholly intuition and analysis and a dynamic continuum characterised by a 'common sense' blending of intuitive and analytical cognition, whereby cues presented to a decision-maker for judgement tasks are weighed and assessed for relevance. Furthermore, Cognitive Continuum Theory promotes the importance of determining pattern recognition and functional relations strategies, which can be used to understand the operationalisation of nurse cognition.

Risk-Actuated Public Interest Disclosure Practices of Nurses Working in Mental Health, Pertaining to Confidential Information of Patients.

For nurses working in mental health, the inappropriate handling of confidential information may cause issues for stakeholders. However, there is a paucity of research literature to guide nurses. Therefore, this study aimed to add to the extant literature on risk-actuated public-interest disclosure practices of nurses. The study found participants understood exceptions to confidentiality, but not the concept of public interest. Furthermore, disclosure for risk management in perceived risk laden scenarios, was described by participants as a collaborative endeavour, albeit one where peer advice was not necessarily followed. Finally, participants' risk-actuated disclosure-related decision-making focussed on protecting a patient or others from harm.

Asian perspectives on personal recovery in mental health: a scoping review.

BACKGROUND: Personal recovery is a relatively novel concept in many Asian countries, and recovery-oriented interventions are usually adapted from western conceptualizations of recovery. AIM: To understand what personal recovery in mental health means to people in Asia, what meanings they give to their conditions, and what factors they perceive as hindering or facilitating their recovery. METHOD: The review focused on peer-reviewed papers published in English between the years 2000 and 2020. Arksey and O'Malley 5-stage method was used to guide the review. RESULTS: Thirty studies were included. Personal recovery in Asia meant a return to a pre-illness state and involved a transformative process. Mental illness was explained as being biomedically oriented, although religious/culturally bound explanations were also present in some studies. Social support, religion, meaningful activities, supportive professionals, and personalized coping strategies were viewed as supporting recovery. Religious stigma, discrimination, gendered norms, and negative societal perceptions of mental illness hindered recovery. CONCLUSIONS: The concept of personal recovery in Asia is extremely diverse. Studies exploring personal recovery among people experiencing mental illness in Asia remains in its early stages and more research is needed to better understand how it is conceptualized. Such knowledge could benefit frontline implementation of recovery-oriented services.

Mental health professionals' perspectives regarding how recovery is conceptualized in Singapore: a constructivist grounded theory study.

BACKGROUND: Mental health recovery has shifted from clinical conceptualizations to more personal ones. However, much of the lived experience literature has focused on people living with mental health conditions, and less attention has been placed on various mental health professionals, especially in Asian countries, where the personal recovery literature base is in its nascent stage. AIM: We sought to contribute to a growing body of work by exploring recovery from the lens of different mental health professionals in Singapore. METHODS: Mental health professionals in Singapore were invited to participate in an online interview through social media. The recordings were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using a constructive grounded theory approach. RESULTS: Nineteen participants were interviewed. A single core category, "living in society once more", and three categories, "An ongoing process", "Regaining ability to function in society", and "A normality report card" were identified from our data. CONCLUSIONS: Recovery within the Singapore mental health professional perspective focuses on helping individuals return to society and function productively while considering existing societal norms such as the highly competitive and pragmatic culture in Singapore. Future research can explore in greater depth the impact of these factors on the recovery process.

Mental Health Nurses' Experiences of Working in the Emergency Department of Two Rural Australian Settings.

Providing effective mental health care in Emergency Departments (ED) is a fundamental expectation, as EDs increasingly become the first point of contact with health services for people in mental distress. As part of a larger multi-site translational research project this study explored the experiences, perspectives and recommendations of mental health liaison nurses (MHLN) employed in the EDs of two rural hospitals in New South Wales, Australia. Participants identified numerous benefits associated with embedding the MHLNs within the ED team. Some challenges associated with changing thinking and practice were recognised and recommendations for improving ED mental health care provided.

Systemwide Practice Change Program to Combat Hospital-Acquired Pressure Injuries: Translating Knowledge Into Practice.

BACKGROUND: Considerable evidence exists on how to prevent hospital-acquired pressure injuries (HAPIs). However, processes employed to implement evidence play a significant role in influencing outcomes. PROBLEM: One Australian health district experienced a substantial increase in HAPIs over a 5-year period (by almost 60%) that required a systemwide practice change. APPROACH: This article reports on the people, processes, and learnings from using the Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (PARiHS) framework taking into account the evidence, context, and facilitation to address HAPIs. OUTCOMES: Applying this approach resulted in a significant decrease in pressure injuries and positive practice change, leading to improved patient outcomes in a shorter time frame than previous strategies. CONCLUSION: Processes guided by the PARiHS enhanced the effectiveness of translating evidence into practice and positively assisted clinicians to promote optimal patient care. This approach is transferrable to other health care settings.

The incidence and prevalence of medical device-related pressure ulcers in intensive care: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this review was to synthesise the literature and evaluate the incidence, prevalence and severity of medical device-related pressure ulcers (MDRPU) in adult intensive care patients. METHOD: Electronic databases and additional grey literature were searched for publications between 2000 and 2017. Outcome measures included cumulative incidence or incidence rate, point prevalence or period prevalence as a primary outcome and the severity and location of the pressure ulcer (PU) as secondary outcome measures. Included studies were assessed for risk of bias using a nine-item checklist for prevalence studies. The heterogeneity was evaluated using 12 statistic. RESULTS: We included 13 studies in this review. Prevalence was reported more frequently than incidence. Pooled data demonstrated a high variation in the incidence and prevalence rates ranging from 0.9% to 41.2% in incidence and 1.4% to 121% in prevalence. Heterogeneity was high. Mucosal pressure injuries were the most common stage reported in the incidence studies whereas category II followed by category I were most commonly reported in the prevalence studies. In the incidence studies, the most common location was the ear and in the prevalence studies it was the nose. CONCLUSION: While MDRPU are common in intensive care patients, it is an understudied area. Inconsistency in the staging of MDRPU, along with variations in data collection methods, study design and reporting affect the reported incidence and prevalence rates. Standardisation of data reporting and collection method is essential for pooling of future studies.

Presentations to NSW emergency departments with self-harm, suicidal ideation, or intentional poisoning, 2010-2014.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate population trends in presentations for mental health problems presenting to emergency departments (EDs) in New South Wales during 2010-2014, particularly patients presenting with suicidal ideation, self-harm, or intentional poisoning. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: This was a retrospective, descriptive analysis of linked Emergency Department Data Collection registry data for presentations to NSW public hospital EDs over five calendar years, 2010-2014. Patients were included if they had presented to an ED and a mental health-related diagnosis was recorded as the principal diagnosis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Rates of mental health-related presentations to EDs by age group and calendar year, both overall and for the subgroups of self-harm, suicidal ideation and behaviour, and intentional poisoning presentations. RESULTS: 331 493 mental health-related presentations to 115 NSW EDs during 2010-2014 were analysed. The presentation rate was highest for 15-19-year-old patients (2014: 2167 per 100 000 population), but had grown most rapidly for 10-14-year-old children (13.8% per year). The combined number of presentations for suicidal ideation, self-harm, or intentional poisoning increased in all age groups, other than those aged 0-9 years; the greatest increase was for the 10-19-year-old age group (27% per year). CONCLUSIONS: The rate of mental health presentations to EDs increased significantly in NSW between 2010 and 2014, particularly presentations by adolescents. Urgent action is needed to provide better access to adolescent mental health services in the community and to enhance ED models of mental health care. The underlying drivers of this trend should be investigated to improve mental health care.

Exploring the meaning and practice of self-care among palliative care nurses and doctors: a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Self-care practice within the palliative care workforce is often discussed, yet seemingly under-researched. While palliative care professionals are required to implement and maintain effective self-care strategies, there appears little evidence to guide them. Moreover, there is an apparent need to clarify the meaning of self-care in palliative care practice. This paper reports qualitative findings within the context of a broader mixed-methods study. The aim of the present study was to explore the meaning and practice of self-care as described by palliative care nurses and doctors. METHODS: A purposive sample of 24 palliative care nurses and doctors across Australia participated in semi-structured, in-depth interviews. Interviews were digitally recorded and transcribed prior to inductive qualitative content analysis, supported by QSR NVivo data management software. RESULTS: Three overarching themes emerged from the analysis: (1) A proactive and holistic approach to promoting personal health and wellbeing to support professional care of others; (2) Personalised self-care strategies within professional and non-professional contexts; and (3) Barriers and enablers to self-care practice. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study provide a detailed account of the context and complexity of effective self-care practice previously lacking in the literature. Self-care is a proactive, holistic, and personalised approach to the promotion of health and wellbeing through a variety of strategies, in both personal and professional settings, to enhance capacity for compassionate care of patients and their families. This research adds an important qualitative perspective and serves to advance knowledge of both the context and effective practice of self-care in the palliative care workforce.

Examining self-care, self-compassion and compassion for others: a cross-sectional survey of palliative care nurses and doctors.

This study examined levels of, and relationships between, self-care ability, self-compassion, and compassion among palliative care nurses and doctors. METHODS: A total of 369 participants across Australia completed a cross-sectional survey comprising a demographic questionnaire and outcome measures for each variable. Descriptive and inferential statistics were analysed, controlling for potential social-desirability bias. RESULTS: Levels of compassion, self-compassion and self-care ability varied, with some individuals scoring high or low in each. Self-compassion and self-care ability were positively correlated (r = .412, p<.001), whereas a negative correlation was observed between compassion and self-compassion (r = -.122, p<.05). Linear regression further indicated that: increased compassion was associated with a decrease in self-compassion, and increased self-care ability was associated with an increase in self-compassion. CONCLUSION: These results suggest important implications for self-care in the palliative care workforce. Moreover, this study contributes an empirical basis to inform future research and education to promote balanced compassion and compassion literacy in palliative care practice.

Hospital-acquired pressure injuries: Are they accurately reported? A prospective descriptive study in a large tertiary hospital in Australia.

AIM: The aim of this study was to (1) examine the reasons for the increased incidence of hospital-acquired pressure injuries (HAPIs) reported in the Incident Information Management System (IIMS), and (2) gain feedback from nurses regarding HAPI being reported in the IIMS at one tertiary hospital in Australia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective descriptive study included a review of patients with a reported HAPI from July 2015 to June 2016. Patient assessment and semi-structured interviews with nurses were conducted. Interview data were anonymised and content thematically analysed. RESULTS: Data were collected on 417 patients who were reported to have a HAPI; of these, 363 patients were clinically assessed. 69.7% (253/363) were inaccurately reported in the IIMS, based on stage, location, not a true pressure injury or not hospital-acquired. A high number of patients (176/363, 48.5%) were found to have various skin conditions that were not HAPIs. Three themes were identified from the interviews: (1) meeting the mandated reporting requirements; (2) incident reporting and communication; (3) difficulties documenting aetiology. CONCLUSION: This study identified inaccuracies in diagnosing, classifying and reporting pressure injuries. Nurses described barriers and challenges to classifying and reporting HAPIs. Inaccurate reporting can lead to incorrect conclusions especially when reported data alone is relied upon for patient treatment, benchmarking and analysis. Guidelines are needed at a national and international level to support the quality of clinical assessment, reporting and documentation. Findings from this study have led to a new approach to patient assessment and to minimise errors in incident reporting at this organisation.

Incontinence, Incontinence-Associated Dermatitis, and Pressure Injuries in a Health District in Australia: A Mixed-Methods Study.

PURPOSE: This purpose of this study was to measure the prevalence of incontinence, incontinence-associated dermatitis (IAD), and pressure injuries (PIs) in a local health district in Australia. We also aimed to determine associated evidence-into-practice gaps. DESIGN: Multisite mixed-methods study. SUBJECTS AND SETTINGS: The sample comprised 250 adult patients in 12 units across 4 hospitals; their mean age was 73 years. Nurses caring for the patient at the time of the audit were questioned on nursing practice for patients with incontinence. METHODS: A 2-page audit tool was developed and used to capture demographic data, continence and mobility status, IAD and PI, incontinence products, nursing practice observations, and nurses' comments. Each patient was assessed by 2 senior nurses. Quantitative analysis included descriptive statistics and bivariate analysis using a χ test to examine the association between mobility and incontinence and a Fisher exact test to examine the association between IAD and PI. Content analysis was used to analyze qualitative data and develop themes. RESULTS: Almost half of patients had incontinence (n = 111/250), 20.7% of patients with incontinence (n = 23/111) had IAD, and 6.3% (n = 7/111) had hospital-acquired PI. There was a significant association between incontinence and mobility, and between IAD and PIs. In addition, 22.3% of patients who were continent (31/139) were wearing an incontinence product. Analysis of qualitative data found that both incontinence management and language used to refer to incontinence pads were incompatible with current best practices. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of incontinence among patients observed in this study was similar to rates reported internationally, but the prevalence of IAD was slightly lower. The association between IAD and PIs, as well as incontinence and mobility, was statistically and clinically significant. Nurses commonly used interventions with little or no evidence. Hospitals should put measures in place to improve nurses' knowledge of incontinence, IAD, and PI practices.

Knowledge and Attitudes of Nurses Toward Pressure Injury Prevention: A Cross-Sectional Multisite Study.

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to examine the knowledge and attitudes of nurses on pressure injury prevention and determine if there was a relationship between knowledge, attitude, and years of experience following an unexplained increase in reported hospital-acquired pressure injuries across 1 health district in Sydney, Australia. DESIGN: Multisite cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS AND SETTING: Registered and enrolled nurses working in acute, medical, and rehabilitation units in 4 hospitals and 5 community health centers across a local health district. METHODS: Using a modified version of the Pressure Ulcer Knowledge Test and the Staff Attitude Scale, nurses were invited to complete the survey online or on paper. RESULTS: A total of 3123 surveys were distributed and 998 were returned yielding a response rate of 32%. Approximately one-third of nurse respondents who participated in the survey had been practicing for 5 to 10 years. Almost 80% of participants scored 33/47 or more (70% or more correct) on the knowledge survey; the mean score was 35.21. The mean score for the attitudes test was 44.43 ± 4.77, out of 55 (80.7%), indicating a positive attitude toward pressure injury prevention. There was a significant positive correlation between nurses' years of experience and attitudes, but there was no correlation between years of experience and knowledge. Knowledge and attitudes were also significantly positively correlated. CONCLUSIONS: Nurses had sound knowledge and held positive attitudes toward pressure injury prevention. Positive attitudes were associated with greater time spent in the workforce. Additional research is required to examine relationships between knowledge of and attitude toward pressure injury prevention and clinical practice. Further research is also needed to determine if improving knowledge and attitudes results in a sustained reduction of hospital-acquired pressure injuries.

'Nurse specialling': Direct nursing observation in the emergency department compared to other wards of an urban teaching hospital in Sydney.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the patterns of direct observation of patients by nursing staff ('nurse specials') and compared those required for mental health/drug health (MH/DH)-related presentations to other patient groups in different care settings. METHODS: A retrospective review of nurse special shifts requested during the 2014 calendar year at an urban teaching hospital. RESULTS: Hospital-wide 14,021 8-hour nursing shifts were ordered for special observation of patients, an average of 39 per day. Of these, 30% were requested for MH/DH-related presentations, with the majority (70%) required for medically unstable patients. However, of the 1917 shifts required in the emergency department, 1841 (96%) were for MH/DH presentations compared to 76 (4%) for patients with unrelated medical conditions (odds ratio 98.2; 95% confidence interval 77.71-124.06, P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to the rest of the hospital, emergency department-based nurse special requests were significantly more likely to be for MH/DH presentations. This figure represents a considerable staff and financial burden and may be reduced by diversion or more rapid transfer of such presentations to an appropriate inpatient ward.

Palliative care professionals' care and compassion for self and others: a narrative review.

INTRODUCTION: Compassion is arguably central to palliative care. However, calls for the restoring of compassionate care suggest a need for greater understanding and promotion of compassion in practice. Drawing upon the Foucauldian concept 'Care of the Self', this review explored the literature relating to palliative care professionals' self-care, self-compassion, and compassion for others. METHODS: Three electronic databases were searched using identified key words. A thematic approach was used to synthesise and critically discuss the literature in the form of a narrative review. RESULTS: Four themes were identified: (1) importance of self-care; (2) awareness, expression, and planning; (3) dimensions of self-care; and (4) balanced compassion. Approaches to self-care practice and research focused mainly on compassion fatigue or a coping paradigm. CONCLUSIONS: This review highlights both the importance and multifaceted nature of palliative care professionals' self-care, in relation to self-compassion and compassion for others. Despite widespread discussion, empirical knowledge of these variables is limited. Future research could usefully explore health promotion interventions in self-care practice, or a positive psychology paradigm that encompasses compassion and self-compassion as positive emotions associated with wellbeing.

Medical device-related pressure injuries: An exploratory descriptive study in an acute tertiary hospital in Australia.

AIM: To examine and explore medical device-related pressure injuries in an 800-bed tertiary hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An exploratory descriptive study design was employed. A prospective review of all data on reported hospital-acquired pressure injuries was conducted on a weekly basis from July 2015 to August 2016. This included a patient assessment and medical record review as well as brief semi-structured interviews with nurses. RESULTS: The overall incidence of medical device-related pressure injuries was 27.9% (50/179) with the majority (68%, 34/50) occurring in intensive care. The most common cause of a medical device-related pressure injury was oxygen tubing behind ears (n = 21) and endotracheal tubes (n = 13). Nurses were unaware of the implications of medical devices in contact with the skin and patient medical records did not present a valuable source of information in relation to pressure injury prevention. CONCLUSION: Medical device-related pressure injuries were represented in 27.9% of our entire patient cohort; primarily occurring on the ear from oxygen tubing and on the mouth from endotracheal tubes in patients in intensive care. Additional support, education and monitoring for nurses at a local level on the prevention of medical device-related pressure injuries is necessary to prevent their occurrence. Furthermore, consensus on the classification and reporting of medical device-related pressure injuries is still in development, making reporting and monitoring challenging. Medical device-related pressure injuries are a continuing clinical issue that require further exploration.

Surveying clinician perceptions of risk assessment and management practices in mental health service provision.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to survey multidisciplinary mental health staff on their perceptions of risk assessment and management practices in a local health district in Sydney. METHODS: The research team developed the risk assessment and management survey (RAMS) which was distributed to staff across the district from November 2013 to January 2014. RESULTS: A total of 340 RAMS were distributed and 164 were returned (48% response rate). There was considerable agreement that risk assessment and management is essential to maintaining safety and delivering good mental health care, and respondents reported high levels of confidence in their judgement when carrying out such practices. Respondents identified organisational pressure in relation to risk assessment and management but also felt supported. However, 65% of respondents considered that there 'is good evidence that risk assessment and management practices are effective in reducing risk in mental health care', when this is not the case. CONCLUSION: The confidence that clinicians placed in risk assessment and management practices (despite an absence of evidence) is disconcerting. Given the dominance of risk assessment and management, health services mandating such practices have a duty to inform employees of the current evidence base for this approach in reducing risk.

Examining Mental Health Act usage in an urban emergency department.

OBJECTIVE: In this study we aimed to examine the characteristics of Mental Health Act (MHA) usage in the Emergency Department (ED) of an urban teaching hospital in Sydney. METHODS: All MHA certificates written on individuals in the ED over a 12-week period in 2013 were collected. The medical record of each individual was reviewed by a member of the research team using an audit tool developed for the study. Any uncertainty over individual cases was addressed through research team consensus. RESULTS: A total of 172 MHA certificates were collected; 67 were written by police, 45 by ambulance, 54 by medical officers and three by accredited persons. Three magistrate orders for assessment were also received. Seventy percent of police and 60% of ambulance MHA certificates did not result in admission. Over a third were revoked by ED physicians. Forty-five people (32.4%) who presented voluntarily were subsequently detained. CONCLUSIONS: Police and ambulance MHA certification was a poor predictor of admission. Least restrictive measures were predominantly the outcome. Delegating ED physicians with authorised medical officer status assisted in facilitating this process. Formalised education and training on the principles and practicalities of MHA legislation should be ongoing for all professionals involved.