SRY-box transcription factor 10 is a highly specific biomarker of basal-like breast cancer.

AIMS: Basal-like breast cancer is an aggressive molecular subtype associated with younger age and early relapse. Most cases lack expression of oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, limiting targeted therapeutic options. Basal-like breast cancer is defined by the expression of genes in the outer/basally located epithelial layer of mammary glands, including those encoding cytokeratin (CK) 5 and CK14, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). SRY-box transcription factor 10 (SOX10), for which there is a readily available immunohistochemical stain, is expressed in a subset of breast cancers, particularly triple-negative carcinomas. In this study, we sought to: (i) assess the association between SOX10 expression and intrinsic molecular subtypes as defined by Prediction Analysis of Microarray 50 (PAM50) gene expression; and (ii) compare the performance of SOX10 with that of other surrogate markers of the basal-like subtype, including CK5, EGFR, nestin, and inositol polyphosphate 4-phosphatase type II (INPP4B). METHODS AND RESULTS: SOX10 immunostaining was performed on tissue microarrays constructed from a contemporary series enriched for ER-negative and weakly ER-positive cancers that had also undergone PAM50 gene profiling. A total of 211 cases were informative for both SOX10 immunohistochemistry and PAM50 subtype, including 103 basal-like cancers. Staining for SOX10 was positive in 73 of 103 basal-like cancers and in only two of 108 cancers of other subtypes (P < 0.001), resulting in a sensitivity of 70.9% and a specificity of 98.1%. SOX10 was more specific than the other tested basal markers, and the results were independent of ER status. CONCLUSIONS: SOX10 is a moderately sensitive, but highly specific, immunohistochemical biomarker for the basal-like intrinsic subtype of breast cancer, which, unlike other commonly used immunohistochemical biomarkers, is independent of hormone receptor status.

Loss of BRG1 (SMARCA4) Immunoexpression in a Pediatric Non-Central Nervous System Tumor Cohort.

Malignant rhabdoid tumors and atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors of the central nervous system are primitive malignancies associated with a poor prognosis. These tumors have previously been characterized by inactivation of the switch/sucrose nonfermenting (SWI/SNF) chromatin remodeling complex protein integrase interactor 1 (INI1), encoded by the SMARCB1 gene. In the last decade, sporadic publications have shown that a different SWI/SNF protein, brahma-related gene 1 (BRG1), encoded by the SMARCA4 gene, is associated with a similar rhabdoid phenotype and possible germline mutation termed rhabdoid tumor predisposition syndrome type 2. We sought to determine the presence of BRG1 expression in pediatric embryonal tumors. Using a local tissue microarray consisting of 28 tumors diagnosed as having an undifferentiated, polyphenotypic, or rhabdoid morphology, expression of BRG1 by immunohistochemistry was performed. Four cases showed loss of INI1, while 3 of the remaining 24 cases demonstrated loss of BRG1. Two cases were diagnosed as soft tissue sarcomas, and 1 case was diagnosed as a small cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcemic type. Survival ranged from less than 6 months after diagnosis to more than 5 years at the time of last follow-up. In conclusion, we demonstrate that BRG1 immunohistochemistry is a useful second-line immunostain for the workup of undifferentiated, polyphenotypic or rhabdoid pediatric tumors that demonstrate retained expression of INI1.

[Rheology and in vitro release properties of thermosensitive in situ gel of Yihuang Decoction and its common gel for vaginal use].

To evaluate the traits and rheological properties of thermosensitive in situ gel of Yihuang Decoction and its common gel for vaginal use, and predict the release behavior of Yihuang Decoction in situ gel in vitro. Poloxamer was used as thermosensitive material to prepare Yihuang Decoction vaginal in situ gel, and Yihuang Decoction common gel was prepared with carbopol. Then the differences of the two gels before and after diluting with vaginal fluid were compared. The rheological parameters of Yihuang Decoction in situ gel and its common gel were determined with Anton Paar MCR102 rheometer. In addition, berberine hydrochloride was selected as an index component to evaluate the in vitro release properties of Yihuang Decoction vaginal thermosensitive in situ gel. Yihuang Decoction vaginal thermosensitive in situ gel was Newtonian fluid under low-temperature conditions, which was yellow and transparent. After reaching the gelling temperature of 24.5 ℃, it became semi-solid, pseudoplastic fluid. The gelling temperature was predicted to be 37 ℃, and the phase transition time was 30 s after diluting with simulated vaginal fluid. However, the rheological properties of Yihuang Decoction common gel had no significant changes with temperature. Compared with in situ gel, the color of common gel was darker and more translucent. Besides, its mobility was stronger after diluting with simulated vaginal fluid. The in vitro release study showed that the kinetic behavior of berberine hydrochloride in Yihuang Decoction vaginal thermosensitive in situ gel was matched with the Higuchi equation. Through simulation of vaginal administration, physical properties and dynamic rheological parameters were used to intuitively and scientifically evaluate the two gels. Compared with the common gel, the thermosensitive in situ gel could quickly attached to the vaginal mucosa and release drug, and thus was more suitable for developing vaginal administration of Yihuang Decoction, which also provides references for studying new vaginal preparation of Yihuang Decoction.

Molecular subtype profiling of invasive breast cancers weakly positive for estrogen receptor.

The estrogen receptor (ER) is a key predictive biomarker in the treatment of breast cancer. There is uncertainty regarding the use of hormonal therapy in the setting of weakly positive ER by immunohistochemistry (IHC). We report intrinsic subtype classification on a cohort of ER weakly positive early-stage breast cancers. Consecutive cases of breast cancer treated by primary surgical resection were retrospectively identified from 4 centers that engage in routine external proficiency testing for breast biomarkers. ER-negative (Allred 0 and 2) and ER weakly positive (Allred 3-5) cases were included. Gene expression profiling was performed using qRT-PCR. Intrinsic subtype prediction was made based upon the PAM50 gene expression signature. 148 cases were included in the series: 60 cases originally diagnosed as ER weakly positive and 88 ER negative. Of the cases originally assessed as ER weakly positive, only 6 (10 %) were confirmed to be of luminal subtype by gene expression profiling; the remaining 90 % of cases were classified as basal-like or HER2-enriched subtypes. This was not significantly different than the fraction of luminal cases identified in the IHC ER-negative cohort (5 (5 %) luminal, 83(95 %) non-luminal). Recurrence-free, and overall, survival rates were similar in both groups (p = 0.4 and 0.5, respectively) despite adjuvant hormonal therapy prescribed in the majority (59 %) of weakly positive ER cases. Weak ER expression by IHC is a poor correlate of luminal subtype in invasive breast cancer. In the setting of highly sensitive and robust IHC methodology, cutoffs for ER status determination and subsequent systemic therapy should be revisited.

[CecropinA-magainin, a new hybrid antibacterial peptide against meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus].

OBJECTIVE: To study the mechanism of cecropinA-mangainin treatment on the meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus anreus biofilms. METHODS: The activity of the hybrid antibacterial peptide against Staphylococcus anreus was evaluated by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test and its effect on the bacteria membrane changes were observed through transmission electron microscope. The concentration of K+ of the tested bacterial liquid after interact with antibacterial peptide was detected with atomic absorption spectrometer. The changes of the treated bacteria biofilm was also evaluated by using flow cytometry. RESULTS: The results demonstrated that the MIC of the peptide against Staphylococcus aureus was 64 microg/mL. The ultrastructure changes of the meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus anreus membrane and the rising concentration of intracellular K+ were observed. And increased number of PI positive cells was also observed after hybrid antibacterial peptide treatmennt. CONCLUSION: The hybrid antibacterial peptide could kill the meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus anreus by damage the treated bacteria membrane.

Characterization of Switch/Sucrose Nonfermenting Complex Proteins and Nestin Expression in a Cohort of Pediatric Central Nervous System Tumors.

Tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) in pediatric patients have undergone significant diagnostic refinement through the use of immunohistochemistry (IHC) and molecular techniques. The utility of these novel IHC antibodies has been demonstrated with the inactivation of the switch/sucrose nonfermenting (SWI/SNF) chromatin-remodeling complex in the diagnosis of atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors, predominantly through the loss of integrase interactor 1 (INI1; SMARCB1 ). Alternatively, these tumors may have inactivation of brahma-related gene 1 (BRG1; SMARCA4 ) in a subset of cases. The role of other SWI/SNF component proteins and their expression in pediatric brain tumors is not well established. Nestin, an intermediate filament, has been shown to be present in some pediatric CNS tumors, but of uncertain diagnostic and prognostic significance. We sought to explore the immunohistochemical expression profile for common SWI/SNF subunits and nestin in a pediatric CNS tumor cohort. Using a 118-sample tissue microarray, we performed IHC for INI1, BRG1, brahma (BRM), ARID1A, ARID1B, polybromo 1, and nestin. In 19 cases, INI1 was lost and BRG1 was lost in 2 cases. Interestingly, 6 cases originally diagnosed as primitive neuroectodermal tumors showed isolated loss of BRM. Other SWI/SNF proteins did not provide further diagnostic resolution. Nestin was positive in 76.2% of INI1/BRG1-deficient tumors, compared with 29.1% in INI1/BRG1-intact tumors yielding a sensitivity of 76.2%, specificity of 68.0%, and a P value of <0.001, but nestin positivity did not correlate specifically with poor outcomes. In conclusion, we confirm the utility of BRG1 IHC in the workup of pediatric CNS tumors, which may facilitate a difficult diagnosis when conventional markers are inconclusive, or as a first-line marker in cases where intraoperative smears are suggestive of atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor. Although nestin expression was associated with SWI/SNF inactivation, it did not yield statistically significant diagnostic or prognostic information in our study. Interestingly, we identified 6 tumors with isolated BRM IHC loss, the significance of which is uncertain but warrants further investigation.

[Effects of leaf extracts of Amorpha fruticosa on seed germination and seedling growth of Amygdalus pedunculata]. / 紫穗槐叶片浸提液对长柄扁桃种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响.

Amorpha fruticosa and Amygdalus pedunculata are common plant species used for greening construction in arid and semi-arid region of Northwest China. In order to explore the feasibility of greening construction and ecological restoration by A. fruticose with A. pedunculata, we exami-ned the allelopathic effects of five concentrations of aqueous leaf extracts of A. fruticosa (0.025, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20 g·mL-1) on eight A. pedunculata varieties (YY1, YY3, YY4, YY5, YY6, SM6, SM7 and SM8), using the methods of paper-petri dish and soilless culture. The results showed that when the concentration of A. fruticosa leaf extracts were 0.025 and 0.05 g·mL-1, the seed germination and seedling growth of YY1 and SM6 were significantly better than other varieties. With increasing concentration of A. fruticosa leaf extracts, the catalase activity of A. pedunculata seedlings first increased and then decreased. The activities of peroxidase and superoxide dismutase, and the contents of soluble protein and chlorophyll showed a downward trend, while the contents of malondialdehyde and soluble sugar and the permeability of cell membrane gradually increased. Results of the principal component and cluster analysis showed that the growth potential of A. pedunculata decreased with the order of YY1, SM6, SM8, SM7, YY6, YY3, YY5 and YY4 under the allelopathic effect of A. fruticose. In conclusion, the artificial collocation and mixed planting of low-density of A. fruticosa with YY1 and SM6 were beneficial to seed germination and seedling growth of A. pedunculata.

[Synthesis of hybrid antimicrobial peptide CecA-mag gene and it's secretion expression in Pichia pastoris].

According to the partiality codon of Pichia pastoris, hybrid antimicrobial peptide CecA-mag gene was synthesized and cloned into pPICZa-A to construct the recombinant expression vector pPICZa-A-CA. The SacI-linearized plasmid pPICZalpha-A-CA was transformed into P. pastoris SMD1168 by electroporation. Under the control of the promoter AOX'(alcoholoxidase') , an approximately 1.9kDa cecA-mag protein was expressed. Antibacterial assays demonstrated that cecA-mag had broad spectrum of antimicrobial property against Gram-positive as well as Gram-negative bacteria especially showed potent antibacterial activity against ampicillin resistant bacteria, such as pathogenic E. coli. In addition, the hybrid antibacterial peptide showed an extreme heat stable and acid stable characteristic. These results suggest that the P. pastoris expression system can be used to produce large quantities of fully functional cecA-mag for both research and industrial purpose. Based on these characteristics, the recombinant antibacterial peptide cecA-mag displays application foreground in the field of prevention of disease, and can be used as additives of animal feedstuff and so on.

Death by HDAC Inhibition in Synovial Sarcoma Cells.

Conventional cytotoxic therapies for synovial sarcoma provide limited benefit, and no drugs specifically targeting the causative SS18-SSX fusion oncoprotein are currently available. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition has been shown in previous studies to disrupt the synovial sarcoma oncoprotein complex, resulting in apoptosis. To understand the molecular effects of HDAC inhibition, RNA-seq transcriptome analysis was undertaken in six human synovial sarcoma cell lines. HDAC inhibition induced pathways of cell-cycle arrest, neuronal differentiation, and response to oxygen-containing species, effects also observed in other cancers treated with this class of drugs. More specific to synovial sarcoma, polycomb group targets were reactivated, including tumor suppressor CDKN2A, and proapoptotic transcriptional patterns were induced. Functional analyses revealed that ROS-mediated FOXO activation and proapoptotic factors BIK, BIM, and BMF were important to apoptosis induction following HDAC inhibition in synovial sarcoma. HDAC inhibitor pathway activation results in apoptosis and decreased tumor burden following a 7-day quisinostat treatment in the Ptenfl/fl;hSS2 mouse model of synovial sarcoma. This study provides mechanistic support for a particular susceptibility of synovial sarcoma to HDAC inhibition as a means of clinical treatment. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(12); 2656-67. ©2017 AACR.

[Expressions of P16 and nm23-H1 in nasopharyngeal cacinoma and their clinical significance].

OBJECTIVE: To examine the expressions of P16 and nm23-H(1) protein in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and explore their association with clinicopathology and the level of argyrophilic protein of the nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs) of peripheral blood T lymphocyte (T-AgNORs) before radiotherapy. METHODS: SP immunohistochemistry was used to detect P16 and nm23-H(1) expressions in 65 cases of NPC, and the level of T-AgNORs was measured before radiotherapy. RESULTS: The positivity rate of P16 and nm23-H(1) protein in NPC was 24.6% (16/65) and 61.5% (40/65), respectively. The positivity rates of P16 and nm23-H(1) protein in patients in T(1) and T(2) stages were higher than those in patients in T(3) and T(4) stages, but the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). No significant association of P16 expression was noted with lymph node metastasis and post-radiotherapy distant metastasis (P>0.05). In patients with regional lymph node and distant metastases, the positivity rates for nm23-H(1) were 51.2% (21/41) and 33.3% (5/15), which were significantly lower than those in patients without local lymph node (79.2%, 9/24;X(2)= 4.99, P<0.05) or distant metastasis (70%, 35/50; X(2)=7.56, P<0.01). The levels of T-AgNORs in P16- and nm23-positive cases were higher than those in the negative cases (t=5.721, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: nm23-H(1) expression in NPC tissue is correlated with NPC metastasis and may be useful for clinical prediction of local lymph node and distant metastases after radiotherpay. nm23 and p16 expressions are also correlated with the level of T-AgNORs, which probably indicate the immune functions of the patients.

[Cloning and screening of retina damage related genes in experimental rabbit chronic ocular hypertension].

OBJECTIVE: To construct the subtractive differentially expressed genes cDNA library of retina in rabbits with chronic ocular hypertension then to clone and screen the genes that related with retina damage. METHODS: Rabbit chronic ocular hypertension model was Established by injecting 1% methylcellulose into anterior chamber once a week for 5 weeks. Total RNA was extracted from retina of experimental and control rabbit eyes. Differentially expressed cDNAs libraries between chronic ocular hypertension eyes and control eyes were constructed using suppression subtraction hybridization (SSH) and then the preliminary data was screened for gene expression. One of upregulation expressed sequence tags (ESTs) was labeled with biotin as a probe. Cellular location of the interested genes in retina was identified by in situ hybridization. RESULTS: The constructed subtractive cDNA library that related to retina damage of chronic ocular hypertension was established and sixteen effective sequences were obtained. Two known expressed sequence tags (similarity over 98%) were found by BLAST Analyze in NCBI. The EST(number F9) was 99% similar to Ras genes family. Through ISH cellular location it was found the gene highly expressed in retina ganglion cells and inner nuclear layer of experimental retina but not in controls. CONCLUSIONS: There was abnormal gene expression in rabbit retina in response to chronic ocular hypertension. Our result suggests EST F9 may play an important role in retina damage under chronic ocular hypertension. The subtractive differentially expressed genes cDNA library could provide valuable information in the research of optical neuro damage and protection in glaucoma.

Clinical relevance of the glucocorticoid receptor gene polymorphisms in glucocorticoid-induced ocular hypertension and primary open angle glaucoma.

AIM: To avoid the side effects of ocular hypertension of glucocorticoid (GC) usage in eye, we must identify susceptible individuals, which exists in about one-third of all population. Further, the majority of all primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) patients show this phenotype. Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) regulates C responsiveness in trabecular meshwork (TM) cells. In this study, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping was used to determine whether there are differences in the BclI (rs41423247) and N363S (rs6195) polymorphisms of the GR gene in healthy and POAG patients, and glucocorticoid-induced ocular hypertension (GIOH) populations. METHODS: Three hundred and twenty-seven unrelated Chinese adults, including 111 normal controls, 117 GIOH subjects and 99 POAG patients, were recruited. DNA samples were prepared and the BclI and N363S polymorphisms were screened using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. Frequencies of the BclI and N363S polymorphisms were determined and compared using Fisher's exact test and the Chi-squared test. RESULTS: Only the BclI polymorphism was identified in the Chinese Han population. The frequency of the G allele was 21.6 % in normal controls, 18.3% in GIOH patients, and 13.64% in the POAG patients. There was no significant difference in polymorphism or allele frequency in the 3 groups. Furthermore, no N363S polymorphism was found in the study subjects. CONCLUSION: The BclI polymorphisms in GR gene had no association with GIOH and POAG patients, and N363S polymorphism might not exist in the Chinese Han population. Therefore, the BclI polymorphism might not be responsible for the development of GC-induced ocular hypertension or POAG.

Calnexin functions in antibacterial immunity of Marsupenaeus japonicus.

Calnexin (Cnx) is an endoplasmic reticulum membrane-bound lectin chaperone that comprises a dedicated maturation system with another lectin chaperone calreticulin (Crt). This maturation system is known as the Cnx/Crt cycle. The main functions of Cnx are Ca(2+) storage, glycoprotein folding, and quality control of synthesis. Recent studies have shown that Cnx is important in phagocytosis and in optimizing dendritic cell immunity. However, the functions of Cnx in invertebrate innate immunity remain unclear. In this research, we characterized Cnx in the kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus (designated as MjCnx) and detected its function in shrimp immunity. The expression of MjCnx was upregulated in several tissues challenged with Vibrio anguillarum. Recombinant MjCnx could bind to bacteria by binding polysaccharides. MjCnx protein existed in the cytoplasm and on the membrane of hemocytes and was upregulated by bacterial challenge. The recombinant MjCnx enhanced the clearance of V. anguillarum in vivo, and the clearance effects were impaired after silencing MjCnx with RNA interference assay. Recombinant MjCnx promoted phagocytosis efficiency of hemocytes. These results suggest that MjCnx functions as one of the pattern recognition receptors and has crucial functions in shrimp antibacterial immunity.

Association between polymorphisms in lysyl oxidase-like 1 and susceptibility to pseudoexfoliation syndrome and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma.

The present knowledge on the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of lysyl oxidase-like 1 (LOXL1) with pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEXS) and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (PEXG) is controversial and inconclusive. This meta-analysis sought to derive a more precise estimation of the effects of LOXL1 SNP loci (rs1048661, rs3825942, and rs2165241) on PEXS/PEXG. Literature searches were conducted on the PubMed, EMBASE, ISI Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases through October 2013. Twelve studies describing 1810 cases and 1790 controls met the inclusion criteria. The strengths of the associations found through the meta-analysis were assessed with pooled odds ratios and their 95% confidence intervals (CI). A meta-regression analysis was also used to examine the influence of the study and population characteristics. The results indicated that rs1048661 TT carriers had 92.1% and 40.4% less risk of developing PEXS/PEXG than did the controls in the Caucasian and Asian populations, respectively. Carriers of rs3825942 AA or rs2165241 CC also had significantly less PEXS/PEXG susceptibility than did the non-carriers. Meta-regression showed that in Caucasians, the male proportion (slope: 0.272; 95% CI: 0.167-0.376; P = 0.0001) and mean age (slope: 0.796; 95% CI: 0.375-1.217; P = 0.0002) of the PEXS/PEXG subjects correlated positively with the effect of rs3825942 on PEXS/PEXG susceptibility. The meta-analysis suggested that LOXL1 rs1048661 TT, rs3825942 AA, and rs2165241 CC were associated with a reduced risk of developing PEXS/PEXG.

[Fusion expression of O type foot-and-mouth diseases virus VP1 gene and HSP70 gene and induction of immune responses in mice].

Vp1 gene of O type foot-and-mouth diseases virus and M. tuberculosis HSP70 were expressed in methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris expression system. The results of cellular immune responses and humoral immune response were examined after BALB/c mice were immunized with fusion protein expressed in methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. The genes was cloned into the vector pPICZalpha-A by routine molecular technique. The plasmid fusion (pPICZalphaA-vp1-HSP70) was created that HSP70 located downstream of VP1 gene of O type foot-and-mouth disease virus. Vp1 was expressed by fusing to the amino terminus of M. tuberculosis hsp70 in yeast Pichia pastoris. The recombined fusion plasmid was transformed into methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris X-33 by electrophoration. The recombinant transformants were selected by Zeocin and induced by the addition of methanol every 24h. The expressived product analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. The result indicated that the fusion protein(vp1-HSP70) has specific antigenicity. Mice were inoculated transcutaneous three times at a two-weeks interval with fusion protein, PBS and conventional inactivated vaccines. To evaluate the prophylaxtic efficacy of fusion protein, Titers of antibodies was detected by ELISA and proliferation of lymphocytes were determined by MTT. The results indicated that fusion protein could elicit specific humoral immune and cellular immune responses. Compared with conventional inactivated vaccines, fusion protein elicited slightly lower FMDV antibody level but stronger T cell proliferation.