Unique binding pattern for a lineage of human antibodies with broad reactivity against influenza A virus.

Most structurally characterized broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) against influenza A viruses (IAVs) target the conserved conformational epitopes of hemagglutinin (HA). Here, we report a lineage of naturally occurring human antibodies sharing the same germline gene, VH3-48/VK1-12. These antibodies broadly neutralize the major circulating strains of IAV in vitro and in vivo mainly by binding a contiguous epitope of H3N2 HA, but a conformational epitope of H1N1 HA, respectively. Our structural and functional studies of antibody 28-12 revealed that the continuous amino acids in helix A, particularly N49HA2 of H3 HA, are critical to determine the binding feature with 28-12. In contrast, the conformational epitope feature is dependent on the discontinuous segments involving helix A, the fusion peptide, and several HA1 residues within H1N1 HA. We report that this antibody was initially selected by H3 (group 2) viruses and evolved via somatic hypermutation to enhance the reactivity to H3 and acquire cross-neutralization to H1 (group 1) virus. These findings enrich our understanding of different antigenic determinants of heterosubtypic influenza viruses for the recognition of bnAbs and provide a reference for the design of influenza vaccines and more effective antiviral drugs.

Anomalous stability of graphene containing defects covered by a water layer.

Defects are inevitably present in graphene and can alter its properties and thus its applications. Interestingly, we find that commonly observed Stone-Wales and double vacancy defects do not affect graphene's hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties and that an adsorbed single water layer does not noticeably affect the defect-containing graphene's electronic properties. Our findings are based on calculations using a density functional tight-binding theory. Specifically, we observe negligible alteration in the interaction strength (less than 0.1 kcal mol(-1)) between a single water layer and graphene upon the incorporation of the various types of defects, which indicates that graphene has relatively stable hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. The presence of a single water layer causes only negligible changes in the energy gap and a small charge transfer to the aqueous layer (less than 0.1 e). The results indicate that the electronic properties of graphene are determined mainly by its own structural characteristics and are not considerably affected by the adsorbed water layer. Further electronic structure analysis reveals that the two commonly observed defects do not change the sp(2) hybridization characteristics of the C atoms of graphene even in the water environment. Our results are significant for graphene studies and applications in areas such as life sciences and materials science where hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties and electronic properties are important.

Signatures in vibrational and UV-visible absorption spectra for identifying cyclic hydrocarbons by graphene fragments.

To promote possible applications of graphene in molecular identification based on stacking effects, in particular in recognizing aromatic amino acids and even sequencing nucleobases in life sciences, we comprehensively study the interaction between graphene segments and different cyclic organic hydrocarbons including benzene (C6H6), cyclohexane (C6H12), benzyne (C6H4), cyclohexene (C6H10), 1,3-cyclohexadiene (C6H8(1)) and 1,4-cyclohexadiene (C6H8(2)), using the density-functional tight-binding (DFTB) method. Interestingly, we find obviously different characteristics in Raman vibrational and ultraviolet visible absorption spectra of the small molecules adsorbed on the graphene sheet. Specifically, we find that both spectra involve clearly different characteristic peaks, belonging to the different small molecules upon adsorption, with the ones of ionized molecules being more substantial. Further analysis shows that the adsorptions are almost all due to the presence of dispersion energy in neutral cases and involve charge transfer from the graphene to the small molecules. In contrast, the main binding force in the ionic adsorption systems is the electronic interaction. The results present clear signatures that can be used to recognize different kinds of aromatic hydrocarbon rings on graphene sheets. We expect that our findings will be helpful for designing molecular recognition devices using graphene.