Employment-related Education and Support for Cancer Survivors: a Content Analysis of Employment Resources Offered on National Cancer Institute-Designated Cancer Center Websites.

High rates of employment changes and associated concerns among cancer survivors following diagnosis and treatment suggest a need to examine what employment-related educational resources and support are currently being offered to cancer survivors and what gaps exist in those resources. In 2023, we conducted a content analysis of employment resources described on the websites of the NCI-Designated Cancer Centers that provide clinical care (N = 64) through a systematic review procedure using predetermined search terms and a standardized process to examine the availability and accessibility of such resources. Descriptive analyses were conducted to characterize the employment resources identified. In total, 175 employment resources were identified across 49 cancer center websites; 102 (58%) provided patient-facing education/information, 58 (33%) offered a consultation, 14 (8%) offered support groups/classes, and 1 (1%) was classified as "Other." Most (76%) resources were provided internally by the cancer center, and often, more than one discipline was involved, most commonly social work and medicine. These findings are encouraging as they suggest that most (77%) NCI-Designated Cancer Centers recognize employment support as a component of survivorship care. The multidisciplinary nature of the resources identified is supported by moderate evidence that multidisciplinary interventions appear to have the greatest potential to foster a return to work for cancer survivors and align with suggestions made by recent expert groups and guidelines regarding employment support for cancer survivors. Ongoing work is needed to assess the utilization, impact, and equity of available employment resources to optimize work outcomes among cancer survivors.

Behavior change theory and behavior change technique use in cancer rehabilitation interventions: a secondary analysis.

BACKGROUND: There is limited evidence depicting ways that behavioral theory and techniques have been incorporated into cancer rehabilitation interventions. Examining their use within cancer rehabilitation interventions may provide insight into the active ingredients that can maximize patient engagement and intervention effectiveness. AIM: This secondary analysis aimed to describe the use of behavior change theory and behavior change techniques (BCTs) in two previously conducted systematic reviews of cancer rehabilitation interventions. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) drawn from two systematic reviews examining the effect of cancer rehabilitation interventions on function and disability. SETTING: In-person and remotely delivered rehabilitation interventions. POPULATION: Adult cancer survivors. METHODS: Data extraction included: behavior change theory use, functional outcome data, and BCTs using the Behavior Change Technique Taxonomy (BCTTv1). Based on their effects on function, interventions were categorized as "very", "quite" or "non-promising". To assess the relative effectiveness of coded BCTs, a BCT promise ratio was calculated (the ratio of promising to non-promising interventions that included the BCT). RESULTS: Of 180 eligible RCTs, 25 (14%) reported using a behavior change theory. Fifty-four (58%) of the 93 BCTs were used in least one intervention (range 0-29). Interventions reporting theory use utilized more BCTs (median=7) compared to those with no theory (median=3.5; U=2827.00, P=0.001). The number of BCTs did not differ between the very, quite, and non-promising intervention groups (H(2)=0.24, P=0.85). 20 BCTs were considered promising (promise ratio >2) with goal setting, graded tasks, and social support (unspecified) having the highest promise ratios. CONCLUSIONS: While there was a wide range of BCTs utilized, they were rarely based on theoretically-proposed pathways and the number of BCTs reported was not related to intervention effectiveness. CLINICAL REHABILITATION IMPACT: Clinicians should consider basing new interventions upon a relevant behavior change theory. Intentionally incorporating the BCTs of goal setting, graded tasks, and social support may improve intervention efficacy.

Telephone-Based Rehabilitation Intervention to Optimize Activity Participation After Breast Cancer: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Following treatment, breast cancer survivors face challenges participating in valued activities. Objective: To determine whether a telephone-based coaching rehabilitation intervention enhances activity participation in the year following breast cancer treatment. Design, Setting, and Participants: In this multisite, single-blind randomized clinical trial (Optimizing Functional Recovery of Breast Cancer Survivors), recruitment occurred between August 28, 2019, and April 30, 2022. Data collection was completed by April 1, 2023. Participants were recruited from 2 cancer centers (Dartmouth College and the University of Alabama at Birmingham) and via social media advertisements. Women aged 18 years or older who had completed primary treatment for stage I to III breast cancer within 1 year and reported participation restrictions were eligible to participate. Randomization was stratified by site, treatment, and time since treatment. Interventions: The intervention, delivered via telephone over 9 sessions, used behavioral activation and problem-solving principles to promote activity participation. The education-based attention control condition was delivered via telephone at matched intervals. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was participation, assessed using 5 measures, including Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) social participation-satisfaction measure. One individualized outcome allowed participants to specify activities for which they wanted to foster recovery. Outcomes were collected by telephone by blinded coordinators at baseline and at 8, 20, and 44 weeks. The individualized outcome was assessed at the first and last intervention and control session. Results: Among 1996 patients identified, 303 were eligible and enrolled. Of these, 284 women (94%; mean [SD] age, 56.1 [10.2] years) completed baseline assessments and were randomized, and 81% or more of each group completed the final assessment with no adverse events. Of those who completed the final assessment, 118 of 114 (82%) were in the intervention group, and 113 of 140 (81%) were attention control participants. Between-group differences were not statistically significant for the main measures of PROMIS satisfaction (week 20: Cohen d, 0.1 [95% CI, -0.09 to 0.29] and week 44: Cohen d, -0.08 [95% CI, -0.27 to 0.11]) and ability (week 20: Cohen d, 0.15 [95% CI, -0.06 to 0.37] and week 44: Cohen d, -0.08 [95% CI, -0.27 to 0.11]). On the individualized outcome, intervention participants reported significantly greater improvements in activity satisfaction (Cohen d, 0.76 [95% CI, 0.48-1.02]) and performance (Cohen d, 0.60 [95% CI, 0.32-0.87]). Conclusions and Relevance: In this randomized clinical trial, the intervention catalyzed greater improvements in self-selected activity participation and goal disengagement but did not otherwise accelerate recovery compared with the control condition. Future research should determine what intervention features may lead to the greatest reductions in participation restrictions and other measures that may detect functional recovery. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03915548.

Finding the Optimal Exercise Dose While Living With Cancer-Related Fatigue: A Qualitative Study.

PURPOSE: To gain insight into how survivors of breast cancer (SBCs) with cancer-related fatigue (CRF) self-monitor and manage exercise dose in the context of daily life, and how they identify an optimal exercise dose. PARTICIPANTS & SETTING: 11 SBCs with CRF who reported weekly exercise were recruited from a breast cancer center at a large urban hospital in the northeastern region of the United States. METHODOLOGIC APPROACH: One-on-one semistructured interviews were conducted using a descriptive phenomenologic method. Inductive data analysis was performed within and across cases. FINDINGS: The following themes emerged: examining the impact of exercise, finding an optimal dose, and remaining flexible to sustain exercise. Participants used trial and error to explore exercise dose, examining the effects of varying doses on daily life. These effects had behavioral implications and resulted in a nonlinear process and the perception that an optimal exercise dose is dynamic within the context of daily life. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: Strategies to support SBCs with CRF to efficiently achieve optimal exercise doses with fewer setbacks may improve individuals' ability to self-manage and mitigate CRF. This study's findings provide practical approaches for nurses to encourage the initiation and adoption of exercise behaviors after treatment for breast cancer.

Fatigue as an Understudied Barrier to Participation in Life Roles.

Fatigue is one of the most burdensome and disabling symptoms in numerous acute and chronic conditions and is associated with reduced participation in all aspects of daily life, for example, parenting, employment, and socialization. Historically, occupational practitioners played key roles in fatigue management by creating and implementing interventions. The American Occupational Therapy Foundation convened a Planning Grant Collective workshop with the goal to develop collaborative research ideas and proposals to advance the understanding and management of fatigue. Participants from occupational therapy and other disciplines, with expertise with fatigue or who were conducting research on fatigue, participated in a 3-day virtual workshop. Four main topics emerged: implementation science, treatment taxonomy, trial design and comparative effectiveness, and phenotyping. This white paper describes the proceedings, summarizes the discussions, and outlines recommendations from the PGC workshop on fatigue.

Reporting Rigor of Cancer Rehabilitation Interventions: Application of the CReDECI-2 Guidelines.

ABSTRACT: Clear reporting of cancer rehabilitation interventions is critical for interpreting and translating research into clinical practice. This study sought to examine the completeness of intervention reporting of cancer rehabilitation interventions addressing disability and to identify which elements are most frequently missing. This was a secondary analysis of randomized controlled trials included in two systematic reviews examining effectiveness of cancer rehabilitation interventions that address cancer-related disability, including functional outcomes. Eligible trials were reviewed for intervention reporting rigor using the Criteria for Reporting the Development and Evaluation of Complex Interventions in Healthcare 2 checklist. Intervention descriptions for cancer rehabilitation interventions were generally incomplete. Approximately 85% ( n = 157) of trials described ≤50% of Criteria for Reporting the Development and Evaluation of Complex Interventions in Healthcare 2 checklist items. Commonly underreported items included description of the intervention's underlying theoretical basis, fidelity, description of process evaluation or external conditions influencing intervention delivery, and costs or required resources for intervention delivery. The findings reveal that cancer rehabilitation intervention descriptions lacked necessary detail in this body of literature. Poor descriptions limit the translation of research to clinical practice. To ensure higher-quality study design and reporting, future intervention research should incorporate an intervention reporting checklist to ensure more complete descriptions for research and practice.

A Process Evaluation of Intervention Delivery for a Cancer Survivorship Rehabilitation Clinical Trial Conducted during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The purpose of the present study was to conduct a process evaluation of intervention delivery for a randomized controlled trial (RCT) conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic (NCT03915548). The RCT tested the effects of a telephone-delivered behavioral intervention on changes in breast cancer survivors' satisfaction with social roles and activities, as compared to an attention control condition. This process evaluation examined (a) fidelity monitoring scores; (b) participants' perceived benefit ratings for gaining confidence, reducing distress, adjusting habits and routines, setting goals, and increasing exercise; and (c) field notes, email communications, and transcripts of coach supervision and debriefing sessions. The behavioral and attention control conditions were delivered with a high degree of fidelity (global quality rating score for the BA/PS condition was M = 4.6 (SD = 0.6) and M = 4.9 (SD = 0.3) for the attention control condition, where "5" is the highest rating). The behavioral intervention participants perceived greater benefits than the control participants pertaining to goal setting, t(248) = 5.73, p = <0.0001, adjusting habits and routines, t(248) = 2.94, p = 0.0036, and increasing exercise, t(248) = 4.66, p = <0.0001. Moreover, coaches' perceptions regarding the behavioral intervention's therapeutic aspects aligned with the study's a priori conceptual model including the use of a structured process to set small, observable goals and facilitate the independent use of problem-solving skills. However, coaches also noted that aspects of the attention control condition, including the perceived relevance of the educational content and opportunities for social support, may have made it more therapeutically potent than intended. The pandemic may have affected the activity goals behavioral intervention participants could set as well as augmented the relevancy of social support provided in both conditions.

Enhancing Efficiency and Reach Using Facebook to Recruit Breast Cancer Survivors for a Telephone-Based Supportive Care Randomized Trial During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

PURPOSE: Evidence supporting social media-based recruitment of cancer survivors is limited. This paper describes how we used Facebook during the COVID-19 pandemic to augment our recruitment of breast cancer survivors for our two-site telephone-based randomized clinical trial (RCT) at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center and the University of Alabama at Birmingham. METHODS: Originally a two-site RCT of a telephone-delivered breast cancer survivorship intervention, we extended our clinic-based recruitment to Facebook. Participant characteristics, geographic reach, and baseline outcomes were compared across recruitment sources (ie, two clinics and Facebook) using descriptive statistics and effect sizes. RESULTS: Enrollment rates (20%-29%) were comparable across recruitment sources. The 21-month Facebook marketing campaign accounted for 59% (n = 179/303) of our total sample and had the greatest geographic reach, recruiting women from 24 states. The Facebook campaign reached a total of 51,787 unique individuals and cost $88.44 in US dollars (USD) per enrolled participant. Clinic samples had a greater proportion of women who were widowed (8% v 1%; P = .03) and Facebook had a higher proportion of women with a household income over $40,000 USD (83% v 71%; P = .02). There were no statistically significant differences between Facebook and the two clinics on baseline survey scores. CONCLUSION: Augmenting traditional recruitment with Facebook increased our RCT's geographic and sociodemographic reach and supported meeting recruitment goals in a timely way. In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, cancer survivorship researchers should consider using social media as a recruitment strategy while weighing the advantages and potential biases introduced through such strategies.

Pharmacological and Nonpharmacological Management of Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy: A Scoping Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Background: Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a common and debilitating side effect of cancer treatment with no effective preventative strategy or definitive treatment. Purpose: To synthesize empiric literature from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of pharmacological and nonpharmacological management of CIPN. Data Sources: Articles published between January 1, 2010, and February 28, 2021, were identified using keywords searching Medline, PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Embase. Study Selection: RCTs that recruited individuals who were post-chemotherapy and experienced persistent CIPN symptoms. Data Extraction and Synthesis: Three independent reviewers screened a total of 2023 abstracts. After screening, full-text review, and quality appraisal, 22 articles were included in this review. Data related to study design, participant characteristics, interventions, controls, outcome measures, and relevant findings were extracted from full texts. Descriptive quantitative summaries were calculated and narrative analysis was performed. Results: Of the 22 studies, 4 investigated pharmacologic treatments, 2 compared acupuncture to pharmacologic treatments, and 16 studies examined nonpharmacologic treatments. Pharmacologic studies reported mixed results with evidence of participant response varying by history of chemotherapeutic agent. Acupuncture, exercise/physical therapy, and neurofeedback appear to be effective treatments for CIPN. Evidence regarding biophysical agents and cognitive-behavioral therapy is equivocal. Scrambler therapy is not supported. Limitations: Studies included in this review share several limitations, including widely variable outcome measures, small and demographically homogenous samples, and nonstandardized treatment protocols. Conclusion: This scoping review summarized the current body of high-quality RCTs investigating treatment for CIPN. The majority of studies in this review reports benefits of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions, although management may require a multipronged approach and should be tailored to the individual. Clinical implications are proposed and suggestions made for future research include implementation of standardized intervention protocols, use of outcome measures representative of the spectrum of CIPN symptoms, and stratification by the chemotherapeutic agent.

Persistent cancer-related fatigue after breast cancer treatment predicts postural sway and post-exertional changes in sit-to-stand strategy.

Background: Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is considered a primary mechanism of imbalance among women diagnosed with breast cancer. Recent evidence, however, suggests that cancer-related fatigue (CRF) may also influence balance. Purpose: Examine the contributions of CRF and CIPN to static and dynamic balance before and after a period of fatiguing exercise. Methods: This is a secondary analysis of data examining functional differences between women with breast cancer with and without persistent CRF. Postural sway was measured during static standing and the rising phase of an instrumented sit-to-stand (ISTS) before and after exercise. Regression analyses were performed to determine how CRF and severity of CIPN predicted sway and how much variance was attributable to each. Results: Greater CRF predicted increased pre-, p=.04, and post-exertional, p=.02, static sway in the anterior-posterior plane. CRF accounted for 10.5% and 9.5% of the variance in pre- and post-exertional sway (respectively) compared to the 0.9% and 1.4% accounted for by CIPN severity which was not a significant predictor. After exercise, greater CRF predicted smaller, more conservative, anterior weight shifting during the ISTS, p=.01, and accounted for 6.6% of the variance in sway compared to 3% attributed to CIPN which was not a significant predictor. Limitations: This analysis is limited by its small and demographically homogenous sample. Conclusions: These results suggest that CRF may influence balance independent of CIPN symptoms. While CIPN remains a risk factor for imbalance in this population, CRF warrants consideration in clinical practice and research as a mechanism of postural instability.

The Role of Exercise Self-Efficacy in Exercise Participation Among Women With Persistent Fatigue After Breast Cancer: A Mixed-Methods Study.

OBJECTIVE: Survivors of breast cancer with persistent cancer-related fatigue (CRF) report less exercise participation compared with survivors of breast cancer without CRF. Although CRF predicts other domains of self-efficacy among survivors, the effect of CRF on exercise self-efficacy (ESE)-an important predictor of exercise participation-has not been quantified. This study examined the relationship between CRF, ESE, and exercise participation and explored the lived experience of engaging in exercise among survivors of breast cancer with persistent CRF. METHODS: Fifty-eight survivors of breast cancer (3.7 [SD = 2.4] years after primary treatment) self-reported CRF, ESE, and exercise participation (hours of moderate-intensity exercise per week). Regression and mediation analyses were conducted. Survivors who reported clinically significant CRF and weekly exercise were purposively sampled for 1-on-1 interviews (N = 11). Thematic analysis was performed across participants and within higher versus lower ESE subsets. RESULTS: Greater CRF predicted lower ESE (ß = -0.32) and less exercise participation (ß = -0.08). ESE mediated the relationship between CRF and exercise participation (ß = -0.05, 95% CI = -0.09 to -0.02). Qualitative data showed that survivors of breast cancer with higher ESE perceived exercise as a strategy to manage fatigue, described self-motivation and commitment to exercise, and had multiple sources of support. In contrast, survivors with lower ESE described less initiative to manage fatigue through exercise, greater difficulty staying committed to exercise, and less support. CONCLUSIONS: Survivors of breast cancer with persistent CRF may experience decreased ESE, which negatively influences exercise participation. Clinicians should screen for or discuss confidence as it relates to exercise and consider tailoring standardized exercise recommendations for this population to optimize ESE. This may facilitate more sustainable exercise participation and improve outcomes. IMPACT: This study highlights the behavioral underpinnings of CRF as a barrier to exercise. Individualized exercise tailored to optimize ESE may facilitate sustainable exercise participation among survivors of breast cancer with CRF. Strategies for clinicians to address ESE are described and future research is suggested. LAY SUMMARY: Women with fatigue after breast cancer treatment may have lower confidence about their ability to engage in exercise. Individually tailoring exercise to build confidence as it relates to exercise may result in more consistent exercise and better health-related outcomes.

Facial Pain and Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction Secondary to Acromegaly: Treatment with Manual Therapy, Neuromuscular Re-education - A Case Report.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Acromegaly is a disorder typically caused by a benign pituitary adenoma resulting in hypersecretion of growth hormone. Common sequelae, including musculoskeletal changes and arthropathies can result in facial pain and temporomandibular disorder (TMD) that persist beyond primary treatment. Due to the unique etiology of facial pain and TMD in cases of acromegaly, the generalizability of established physical therapy (PT) literature for treatment of TMD cannot be assumed. The purpose of this case report was to illustrate an example of multimodal PT as a treatment strategy for facial pain and TMD secondary to acromegaly following treatment for benign pituitary macroadenoma. CASE DESCRIPTION: 48-year-old male patient with history significant for benign pituitary macroadenoma, presented with facial pain and TMD secondary to acromegaly. Patient-reported outcomes of pain, function, and quality of life were assessed utilizing the Gothenburg Trismus Questionnaire (GTQ) at baseline, eighth PT visit, and eight weeks following course of PT. Quantity and quality of jaw mobility were assessed at baseline and post-intervention using standard goniometric measurements and observation. A total of nine PT sessions were delivered over three months consisting of manual therapy, relaxation techniques, neuromuscular re-education, and therapeutic exercise. OUTCOMES: After eight PT visits, patient's GTQ score improved from 81% to 67.6%, with a corresponding decrease in pain and improved symmetry of jaw mobility. Eight weeks following last PT visit, patient's GTQ score further decreased from 67.6% to 61.3%. DISCUSSION: Conservative management through multimodal PT may be effective in managing facial pain and TMD secondary to acromegaly following treatment for benign pituitary macroadenoma.