Multiplex KRASG12/G13 mutation testing of unamplified cell-free DNA from the plasma of patients with advanced cancers using droplet digital polymerase chain reaction.

Background: Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) from plasma offers easily obtainable material for KRAS mutation analysis. Novel, multiplex, and accurate diagnostic systems using small amounts of DNA are needed to further the use of plasma cfDNA testing in personalized therapy. Patients and methods: Samples of 16 ng of unamplified plasma cfDNA from 121 patients with diverse progressing advanced cancers were tested with a KRASG12/G13 multiplex assay to detect the seven most common mutations in the hotspot of exon 2 using droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR). The results were retrospectively compared to mutation analysis of archival primary or metastatic tumor tissue obtained at different points of clinical care. Results: Eighty-eight patients (73%) had KRASG12/G13 mutations in archival tumor specimens collected on average 18.5 months before plasma analysis, and 78 patients (64%) had KRASG12/G13 mutations in plasma cfDNA samples. The two methods had initial overall agreement in 103 (85%) patients (kappa, 0.66; ddPCR sensitivity, 84%; ddPCR specificity, 88%). Of the 18 discordant cases, 12 (67%) were resolved by increasing the amount of cfDNA, using mutation-specific probes, or re-testing the tumor tissue, yielding overall agreement in 115 patients (95%; kappa 0.87; ddPCR sensitivity, 96%; ddPCR specificity, 94%). The presence of ≥ 6.2% of KRASG12/G13 cfDNA in the wild-type background was associated with shorter survival (P = 0.001). Conclusion(s): Multiplex detection of KRASG12/G13 mutations in a small amount of unamplified plasma cfDNA using ddPCR has good sensitivity and specificity and good concordance with conventional clinical mutation testing of archival specimens. A higher percentage of mutant KRASG12/G13 in cfDNA corresponded with shorter survival.

Retreatment with anti-EGFR based therapies in metastatic colorectal cancer: impact of intervening time interval and prior anti-EGFR response.

BACKGROUND: This retrospective study aims to investigate the activity of retreatment with anti-EGFR-based therapies in order to explore the concept of clonal evolution by evaluating the impact of prior activity and intervening time interval. METHODS: Eighty-nine KRAS exon 2-wild-type metastatic colorectal patients were retreated on phase I/II clinical trials containing anti-EGFR therapies after progressing on prior cetuximab or panitumumab. Response on prior anti-EGFR therapy was defined retrospectively per physician-records as response or stable disease ≥6 months. Multivariable statistical methods included a multiple logistic regression model for response, and Cox proportional hazards model for progression-free survival. RESULTS: Retreatment anti-EGFR agents were cetuximab (n = 76) or cetuximab plus erlotinib (n = 13). The median interval time between prior and retreatment regimens was 4.57 months (range: 0.46-58.7). Patients who responded to the prior cetuximab or panitumumab were more likely to obtain clinical benefit to the retreatment compared to the non-responders in both univariate (p = 0.007) and multivariate analyses (OR: 3.38, 95 % CI: 1.27, 9.31, p = 0.019). The clinical benefit rate on retreatment also showed a marginally significant association with interval time between the two anti-EGFR based therapies (p = 0.053). Median progression-free survival on retreatment was increased in prior responders (4.9 months, 95 % CI: 3.6, 6.2) compared to prior non-responders (2.5 months, 95 % CI, 1.58, 3.42) in univariate (p = 0.064) and multivariate analysis (HR: 0.70, 95 % CI: 0.43-1.15, p = 0.156). CONCLUSION: Our data lends support to the concept of clonal evolution, though the clinical impact appears less robust than previously reported. Further work to determine which patients benefit from retreatment post progression is needed.

A phase I, open-label, single-arm, dose-escalation study of E7107, a precursor messenger ribonucleic acid (pre-mRNA) splicesome inhibitor administered intravenously on days 1 and 8 every 21 days to patients with solid tumors.

The aim of this study was to determine the maximum tolerated dose, dose-limiting toxicities, and pharmacokinetic profile of E7107 in patients with advanced solid tumors. Patients in this phase I, open-label, single-arm, dose-escalation study had metastatic or locally advanced solid tumors and received E7107 as a 30-minute intravenous infusion at doses of 0.6, 1.2, 1.8, 2.4, 3.2, 4.3, and 5.7 mg/m(2). Twenty-six patients were enrolled in the study. At 5.7 mg/m(2), two patients experienced dose-limiting toxicities including diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, and myocardial infarction on Days 1-3 following E7107 administration. Three additional patients were recruited at the lower dose and all six patients tolerated E7107 4.3 mg/m(2) with no dose-limiting toxicities. The maximum tolerated dose of E7107 was therefore 4.3 mg/m(2). The most common drug-related adverse events were nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Vision loss was experienced by two patients at Cycles 2 and 7, each patient receiving 3.2 mg/m(2) and 4.3 mg/m(2), respectively. This resulted in the study being put on clinical hold. Pharmacokinetic analysis showed that E7107 was rapidly distributed with a moderate elimination half-life (6-13 h) and high clearance. Exposure to E7107 was dose-related. The best tumor response was stable disease in eight patients. E7107 is a unique first-in-class molecule. The incidence of two cases of vision loss probably related to E7107 led to study discontinuation.

First-in-human study of pbi-05204, an oleander-derived inhibitor of akt, fgf-2, nf-κΒ and p70s6k, in patients with advanced solid tumors.

BACKGROUND: PBI-05204, a Nerium oleander extract (NOE) containing the cardiac glycoside oleandrin, inhibits the α-3 subunit of Na-K ATPase, as well as FGF-2 export, Akt and p70S6K, hence attenuating mTOR activity. This first-in-human study determined the safety, pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of PBI-05204 in patients with advanced cancer. Methods Forty-six patients received PBI-05204 by mouth for 21 of 28 days (3 + 3 trial design). Dose was escalated 100% using an accelerated titration design until grade 2 toxicity was observed. Plasma PK and mTOR effector (p70S6K and pS6) protein expressions were evaluated. Results Dose-limiting toxicities (grade 3 proteinuria, fatigue) were observed at dose level 8 (0.3383 mg/kg/day). Common possible drug-related adverse were fatigue (26 patients, 56.5%), nausea (19 patients, 41.3%) and diarrhea (15 patients, 32.6 %). Electrocardiogram monitoring revealed grade 1 atrioventricular block (N = 10 patients) and grade 2 supraventricular tachycardia (N = 1). The MTD was DL7 (0.2255 mg/kg) where no toxicity of grade ≥ 3 was observed in seven patients treated. Seven patients (15%) had stable disease > 4 months. Mean peak oleandrin concentrations up to 2 ng/mL were achieved, with area under the curves 6.6 to 25.5 µg/L*hr and a half-life range of 5-13 h. There was an average 10% and 35% reduction in the phosphorylation of Akt and pS6 in PBMC samples in 36 and 32 patients, respectively, tested between predose and 21 days of treatment. Conclusions PBI-05204 was well tolerated in heavily pretreated patients with advanced solid tumors. The recommended Phase II dose is 0.2255 mg/kg/day.

Dual HER2 inhibition in combination with anti-VEGF treatment is active in heavily pretreated HER2-positive breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Preclinical data indicate that dual HER2 inhibition overcomes trastuzumab resistance and that use of an HER2 inhibitor with an anti-angiogenic agent may augment responses. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a dose-escalation, phase I study of a combination of trastuzumab, lapatinib and bevacizumab. The subset of patients with metastatic breast cancer was analyzed for safety and response. RESULTS: Twenty-six patients with metastatic breast cancer (median = 7 prior systemic therapies) (all with prior trastuzumab; 23 with prior lapatinib; one with prior bevacizumab) received treatment on a range of dose levels. The most common treatment-related grade 2 or higher toxicities were diarrhea (n = 11, 42%) and skin rash (n = 2, 8%). The recommended phase 2 dose was determined to be the full Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved doses for all the three agents (trastuzumab 8 mg/kg loading dose, 6 mg/kg maintenance dose, intravenously every 3 weeks; lapatinib 1250 mg daily, bevacizumab 15 mg/kg intravenously every 3 weeks). The overall rate of stable disease (SD) ≥6 months and partial or complete remission (PR/CR) was 50% (five patients with SD ≥6 months; seven PRs (including one unconfirmed); one CR). The rate of SD ≥6 months/PR/CR was not compromised in patients who had previously received study drugs, those with brain metastases, and patients treated at lower dose levels. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of trastuzumab, lapatinib and bevacizumab was well-tolerated at maximally approved doses of each drug, and its activity in heavily pretreated patients with metastatic breast cancer suggests that it warrants further investigation. CLINTRIALSGOV ID: NCT00543504.

Aberrations in the epidermal growth factor receptor gene in 958 patients with diverse advanced tumors: implications for therapy.

BACKGROUND: Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations are associated with the response to EGFR inhibitors in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We sought to investigate EGFR aberrations in patients with diverse advanced cancers. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients referred to the phase I clinic were evaluated for the presence of EGFR mutations and response to therapy. RESULTS: EGFR aberrations were detected in 34 of 958 patients (3.5%). Though EGFR mutations were most frequent in NSCLC (21 of 131, 16%), they were also present in a variety of other solid tumors (13 of 827 patients, 1.6%) including adrenocortical (1/10 patients), skin (1/24), breast (1/55), carcinoid (1/8), cholangiocarcinoma (1/20), head and neck (1/61), ovarian (1/84), parathyroid (1/1), salivary gland (1/20), renal (1/17), sarcoma (2/38), and thymic carcinomas (1/7). Of the 13 EGFR aberration-positive non-NSCLC patients (median number of prior systemic therapies = 3), 6 had treatment with an EGFR inhibitor. Two patients (diagnosis = parathyroid tumor and basal cell carcinoma) achieved stable disease (SD), lasting 6 and 7 months, respectively. CONCLUSION: We found EGFR aberrations in 1.6% of a large group of patients with diverse tumors other than NSCLC, and treatment with an EGFR inhibitor could be associated with prolonged SD.

Electrocardiograms (ECGs) in phase I anticancer drug development: the MD Anderson Cancer Center experience with 8518 ECGs.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac sequelae from oncologic drugs are important in early cancer drug development. Prolongation of the corrected QT interval (QTc) by noncardiac drugs is the most common cause of drug development delays, nonapprovals and postmarketing withdrawals by the US Food and Drug Administration. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analyzed 8518 electrocardiograms (ECGs) in 525 consecutive cancer patients enrolled in 22 industry-sponsored phase I clinical trials, starting 1 January 2006. RESULTS: Seventy-four patients [14%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 11% to 17%] with normal QTc at baseline had QTc intervals above upper limit of normal after treatment initiation; 33 (6%, 95% CI 4% to 9%) had prolonged QTc intervals at baseline, and only one (3%, 95% CI 0% to 16%) worsened after dosing. Seven of 33 patients (21%, 95% CI 9% to 39%) with prolonged baseline QTc had normalization of QTc intervals after dosing. All QTc prolongations were clinically insignificant; study drugs were continued uneventfully. Two of 525 patients (0.4%, 95% CI 0% to 1%) experienced cardiac serious adverse events (myocardial infarction possibly related to drug and unstable atrial flutter related to metastatic disease). Both cardiac events were detected by clinical assessment, not surveillance ECGs. CONCLUSION: Frequent ECG monitoring provided no clinically significant information in 525 patients in early phase trials.

Risk of serious toxicity in 1181 patients treated in phase I clinical trials of predominantly targeted anticancer drugs: the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center experience.

BACKGROUND: This study assessed toxicity in advanced cancer patients treated in a phase I clinic that focuses on targeted agents. PATIENTS AND METHODS: An analysis of database records of 1181 consecutive patients with advanced cancer who were treated in the phase I program starting 1 January 2006 was carried out. RESULTS: All patients were treated on at least 1 of the 82 phase I clinical trials. Overall, 56 trials (68.3%) had only targeted agents, 13 (15.9%) only cytotoxics, and 13 (15.9%) targeted and cytotoxic agents. Rates of grade 3 and 4 toxicity that were at least possibly drug related were 7.1% and 3.2%, respectively, and 5 of the 1181 patients (0.4%) died from toxicity that was at least possibly drug related. The most common grade 3 or more toxic effects were neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, anemia, dehydration, infection, altered mental status, bleeding, vomiting, nausea, and diarrhea. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status greater than zero and use of a cytotoxic agent were selected as independent factors associated with serious toxicity. CONCLUSION: Phase I trials of primarily targeted agents showed low rates of toxicity, with 10.3% of patients experiencing grade 3 or 4 toxicity and a 0.4% rate of death, at least possibly drug related.

Body composition and survival in the early clinical trials setting.

PURPOSE: Delineate the relationships between body composition parameters, 90-day mortality and overall survival, and correlate them with known prognostic factors in an early clinical trials clinic. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We studied 306 consecutive patients with various tumours; body composition was analysed by computerised tomography images. Survival was measured from the first clinic visit, at 90-day period and until death/last follow-up visit. RESULTS: Median patient age was 56 years; 159 patients were men. Ninety-day mortality rate was 12%. Median overall survival was 9 months. In multivariate analyses, high MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC) score (p < 0.0001) [lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) > normal, albumin < normal, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status > 1, metastatic sites > 2, gastrointestinal (GI) tumours], low skeletal muscle index (SMI) (p = 0.0406) and male gender (p = 0.0077) were independent predictors of poor survival. If Royal Marsden Hospital (RMH) score (LDH > normal, albumin 2) was used in lieu of MDACC score, it was also significant (p = 0.0003). Including SMI and gender in the MDACC or RMH score improved the accuracy of the original model (p = 0.006 and p = 0.0037, respectively). CONCLUSION: Patients with low SMI have shorter survival. Gender and SMI strengthens the accuracy of MDACC or RMH scores as prognostic tools. Prospective validation of these findings is warranted.