[Pharmacological therapy of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction]. / Medikamentöse Therapie der Herzinsuffizienz mit verminderter Auswurffraktion.

Pharmacological therapy of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction Abstract. Pharmacological therapy for heart failure has made great progress over the last three decades and evidence-based therapies have significantly improved survival and quality of life. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers and beta-blockers are the cornerstone of the heart failure therapy; indicated in virtually every patient with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction. As soon as the left ventricular ejection fraction decreases below 35 % and / or symptoms are still present (NYHA II-IV), a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist should be added. A rather recent addition to current heart failure therapy with convincing data is the substance combination sacubitril / valsartan. It is indicated for patients with persistent symptomatic heart failure despite optimal medical therapy with ACE inhibitors or ARBs, beta-blockers, and MRAs. Crucial for all mentioned substances is to aim for the maximal tolerated dose. Various additional therapies have no proven survival benefit but are important for symptom control in everyday life. Above all the diuretics, where loop diuretics show a better effect profile compared to thiazide diuretics. Furthermore, achieving an optimal iron status (the limit to start a substitution is significantly higher than in patients without heart failure), decreasing the heart frequency with Ivabradine (if heart rate persists above 70 / min despite fully dosed betablocker) and «lifestyle changes¼ can add to the success of the medical treatment. The importance of digoxin has been steadily decreasing. The previously advocated therapeutic anticoagulation in patients with severely reduced LVEF is not propagated anymore. Significant arrhythmias (especially atrial fibrillation and ventricular arrhythmias) are common in advanced diseases. In addition to beta-blockers, amiodarone is clearly the antiarrhythmic drug of choice. According to latest data, an early interventional treatment of atrial fibrillation by pulmonary vein ablation may be beneficial and has the potential to reduce mortality in special subgroups of patients. New developments in the field of antidiabetic drugs seem to be promising for reduction of mortality and hospitalization in patients with heart failure.

[CME: Heart Failure- Overview, Clinical Manifestation, Diagnosis and Management]. / CME: Herzinsuffizienz ­ Überblick, Klinik, Diagnostik und Therapie.

CME: Heart Failure- Overview, Clinical Manifestation, Diagnosis and Management Abstract. Heart failure is one of the most common diseases in internal medicine with estimated more than 10 million patients in Europe. Another 10 million people suffer from myocardial insufficiency without symptoms. Along with injuries and pathologies of the musculoskeletal system, heart failure is one of the most common causes for hospitalization also in Switzerland. This article provides a brief overview of this common disease. Diagnostic tools as well as therapy options will be discussed.

The effects of positive end-expiratory pressure on cardiac function: a comparative echocardiography-conductance catheter study.

BACKGROUND: Echocardiographic parameters of diastolic function depend on cardiac loading conditions, which are altered by positive pressure ventilation. The direct effects of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) on cardiac diastolic function are unknown. METHODS: Twenty-five patients without apparent diastolic dysfunction undergoing coronary angiography were ventilated noninvasively at PEEPs of 0, 5, and 10 cmH2O (in randomized order). Echocardiographic diastolic assessment and pressure-volume-loop analysis from conductance catheters were compared. The time constant for pressure decay (τ) was modeled with exponential decay. End-diastolic and end-systolic pressure volume relationships (EDPVRs and ESPVRs, respectively) from temporary caval occlusion were analyzed with generalized linear mixed-effects and linear mixed models. Transmural pressures were calculated using esophageal balloons. RESULTS: τ values for intracavitary cardiac pressure increased with the PEEP (n = 25; no PEEP, 44 ± 5 ms; 5 cmH2O PEEP, 46 ± 6 ms; 10 cmH2O PEEP, 45 ± 6 ms; p < 0.001). This increase disappeared when corrected for transmural pressure and diastole length. The transmural EDPVR was unaffected by PEEP. The ESPVR increased slightly with PEEP. Echocardiographic mitral inflow parameters and tissue Doppler values decreased with PEEP [peak E wave (n = 25): no PEEP, 0.76 ± 0.13 m/s; 5 cmH2O PEEP, 0.74 ± 0.14 m/s; 10 cmH2O PEEP, 0.68 ± 0.13 m/s; p = 0.016; peak A wave (n = 24): no PEEP, 0.74 ± 0.12 m/s; 5 cmH2O PEEP, 0.7 ± 0.11 m/s; 10 cmH2O PEEP, 0.67 ± 0.15 m/s; p = 0.014; E' septal (n = 24): no PEEP, 0.085 ± 0.016 m/s; 5 cmH2O PEEP, 0.08 ± 0.013 m/s; 10 cmH2O PEEP, 0.075 ± 0.012 m/s; p = 0.002]. CONCLUSIONS: PEEP does not affect active diastolic relaxation or passive ventricular filling properties. Dynamic echocardiographic filling parameters may reflect changing loading conditions rather than intrinsic diastolic function. PEEP may have slight positive inotropic effects. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02267291 , registered 17. October 2014.

Baseline serum bicarbonate levels independently predict short-term mortality in critically ill patients with ischaemic cardiogenic shock.

BACKGROUND: Cardiogenic shock is a feared complication of acute myocardial infarction with high mortality rates. Data on the predictive role of acid base dysregulation in this clinical setting are sparse. We therefore embarked on investigating the predictive role of serum bicarbonate in critically ill intensive care unit (ICU) patients with cardiogenic shock. METHODS: A total of 165 ischaemic cardiogenic shock patients (118 men, aged 68.4 years (interquartile range 59.0-77.4), APACHE II score 26.0 (interquartile range 21.0-29.0), after percutaneous coronary intervention were included in a single-centre analysis. Percutaneous coronary intervention-related data such as left ventricular ejection fraction and laboratory indices were recorded and routine clinical follow-up was obtained at hospital discharge and at one year. All-cause mortality was assessed and data were analysed using univariate and multivariate models. RESULTS: All-cause mortality was highest (17%) during the first 48 hours following ICU admission (28-day mortality rate 43%). In a multiple regression model, age (hazard ratio (HR) 1.035, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.011-1.059, P=0.004), APACHE II score (HR 1.036, 95% CI 1.002-1.072, P=0.037) and baseline serum bicarbonate levels (HR 0.93, 95% CI 0.866-0.998, P=0.046) independently predicted 28-day mortality (overall model fit χ2 22.9, P<0.0001). The HR for patients in the lowest baseline serum bicarbonate tertile for 365-day mortality was HR 2.06 (95% CI 1.20-3.53). CONCLUSIONS: In a large cohort of consecutive cardiogenic shock patients hospitalised in the ICU, low serum bicarbonate levels at admission independently predicted mortality. Given the widespread availability of blood gas analysers in ICUs, we propose baseline serum bicarbonate levels as an additional biomarker for identification and stratification of cardiogenic shock patients at risk.

Basic concepts of heart-lung interactions during mechanical ventilation.

Critically ill patients with the need for mechanical ventilation show complex interactions between respiratory and cardiovascular physiology. These interactions are important as they may guide the clinician's therapeutic decisions and, possibly, affect patient outcome. The aim of the present review is to provide the practicing physician with an overview of the concepts of heart-lung interactions during mechanical ventilation. We outline the basic cardiac and respiratory physiology during spontaneous breathing and under mechanical ventilation. The main focus is on the interaction between positive pressure ventilation and its effects on right and left ventricular pre- and afterload and ventricular interdependence. Further we discuss different modalities to assess volume responsiveness, such as pulse pressure variation. We aim to familiarise the reader with cardiovascular side effects of mechanical ventilation when experiencing weaning problems or right heart failure.

Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis presenting as intracerebral hemorrhage.

Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis is a rare cause of valvular heart disease, most commonly associated with advanced malignancy. The morbidity of this kind of endocarditis lies in its tendency to embolize, while the valve function is usually preserved. The central nervous system is the most common site of embolization, leading to ischemic stroke. We report a case of nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis complicated by intracerebral hemorrhage as the first manifestation of adenocarcinoma of the lung. The endocarditis led to severe aortic regurgitation. In view of the advanced stage of lung cancer, the patient refused further therapy. He passed away 3 weeks after first diagnosis of the adenocarcinoma.