Distribution of the misfolded isoform of the prion protein in peripheral tissues and spinal cord of Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) with naturally occurring chronic wasting disease.

Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is an infectious transmissible spongiform encephalopathy of cervids associated with the presence of a misfolded prion protein (PrPCWD). Progression of PrPCWD distribution has been described using immunohistochemistry and histologic changes in a single section of brain stem at the level of the obex resulting in scores from 0 (early) to 10 (terminal) in elk with naturally occurring CWD. Here we describe the spread and distribution of PrPCWD in peripheral tissues and spinal cord in 16 wild and 17 farmed Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) with naturally occurring CWD and correlate these findings with obex scores. Spinal cord and approximately 110 peripheral tissues were collected, processed, stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and immunolabeled with the anti-prion protein monoclonal antibody F99/97.6.1. The medial retropharyngeal and tracheobronchial lymph nodes were the first tissues to accumulate PrPCWD, followed by other lymphoid tissues, myenteric plexus, spinal cord, and finally tissues outside of the lymphatic and neural systems. However, the only significant histological lesion observed was mild spongiform encephalopathy in the dorsal column of the lower spinal cord in elk with an obex score of ≥9. Initial exposure to CWD prions may be through the respiratory system and spread appears to occur primarily via the autonomic nervous system. Therefore, we suggest using obex scores as a proxy for stage of disease progression and verifying with key peripheral tissues.

Did anomalous atmospheric circulation favor the spread of COVID-19 in Europe?

The current pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is having negative health, social and economic consequences worldwide. In Europe, the pandemic started to develop strongly at the end of February and beginning of March 2020. Subsequently, it spread over the continent, with special virulence in northern Italy and inland Spain. In this study we show that an unusual persistent anticyclonic situation prevailing in southwestern Europe during February 2020 (i.e. anomalously strong positive phase of the North Atlantic and Arctic Oscillations) could have resulted in favorable conditions, e.g., in terms of air temperature and humidity among other factors, in Italy and Spain for a quicker spread of the virus compared with the rest of the European countries. It seems plausible that the strong atmospheric stability and associated dry conditions that dominated in these regions may have favored the virus propagation, both outdoors and especially indoors, by short-range droplet and aerosol (airborne) transmission, or/and by changing social contact patterns. Later recent atmospheric circulation conditions in Europe (July 2020) and the U.S. (October 2020) seem to support our hypothesis, although further research is needed in order to evaluate other confounding variables. Interestingly, the atmospheric conditions during the Spanish flu pandemic in 1918 seem to have resembled at some stage with the current COVID-19 pandemic.

[Current overview of cartilage regeneration procedures]. / Aktuelle Übersicht knorpelregenerativer Verfahren.

BACKGROUND: Cartilage is an avascular, alymphatic and non-innervated tissue with limited intrinsic repair potential. The high prevalence of cartilage defects and their tremendous clinical importance are a challenge for all treating physicians. AIM: This article provides the reader with an overview about current cartilage treatment options and their clinical outcome. METHODS: Microfracture is still considered the gold standard in the treatment of small cartilage lesions. Small osteochondral defects can be effectively treated with the autologous osteochondral transplantation system. Larger cartilage defects are successfully treated by autologous membrane-induced chondrogenesis (AMIC) or by membrane-assisted autologous chondrocyte implantation (MACI). CONCLUSION: Despite limitations of current cartilage repair strategies, such procedures can result in short- and mid-term clinical improvement of the patients. Further developments and clinical studies are necessary to improve the long-term outcome following cartilage repair.

The effect of bone marrow concentrate and hyperbaric oxygen therapy on bone repair.

Neoangiogenesis represents an essential part of bone regeneration. Therefore the improvement of neovascularization is the subject of various research approaches. In addition autologous mesenchymal stem cells concentrate in combination with bone substitute materials have been shown to support bone regeneration. In a rabbit model we examined the proposed synergistic effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) and bone marrow concentrate (BMC) with porous calcium phosphate granules (CPG) on neoangiogenesis and osseous consolidation of a critical- size defect. The animal groups treated with HBOT showed a significantly higher microvessel density (MVD) by immunhistochemistry. Furthermore HBOT groups presented a significantly larger amount of new bone formation histomorphometrically as well as radiologically. We conclude that the increase in perfusion as a result of increased angiogenesis may play a key role in the effects of HBOT and consequently promotes bone healing.

[Radiation-free diagnosis of scoliosis : An overview of the surface and spine topography]. / Strahlenfreie Diagnostik bei Skoliosen : Ein Überblick über die Oberflächen- und Wirbelsäulentopographie.

BACKGROUND: Scoliosis is a complex three-dimensional deformity of the spine, which usually occurs during childhood and adolescence. Up to now, whole spine X-rays have been the therapeutic gold standard in the diagnosis and follow-up of scoliosis. AIM: This review gives a brief overview of the history, technical background and possible fields of use for video-rasterstereography METHODS: Alternative measurement systems have been developed over the past few years for the treatment of scoliosis, because of the risk of radiation exposure of X-rays. The rasterstereographic system Formetric (Diers International GmbH, Schlagenbad) allows a radiation-free, three-dimensional analysis of the back surface and the spine. OUTLOOK: Even dynamic measurements can now be conducted with this rasterstereographic system, which will help to further understand and analyze the human spine.

The gene defective in leukocyte adhesion deficiency II encodes a putative GDP-fucose transporter.

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency II (LAD II) is characterized by the lack of fucosylated glycoconjugates, including selectin ligands, causing immunodeficiency and severe mental and growth retardation. No deficiency in fucosyltransferase activities or in the activities of enzymes involved in GDP-fucose biosynthesis has been found. Instead, the transport of GDP-fucose into isolated Golgi vesicles of LAD II cells appeared to be reduced. To identify the gene mutated in LAD II, we cloned 12 cDNAs from Caenorhabditis elegans, encoding multi-spanning transmembrane proteins with homology to known nucleotide sugar transporters, and transfected them into fibroblasts from an LAD II patient. One of these clones re-established expression of fucosylated glycoconjugates with high efficiency and allowed us to identify a human homolog with 55% identity, which also directed re-expression of fucosylated glycoconjugates. Both proteins were localized to the Golgi. The corresponding endogenous protein in LAD II cells had an R147C amino acid change in the conserved fourth transmembrane region. Overexpression of this mutant protein in cells from a patient with LAD II did not rescue fucosylation, demonstrating that the point mutation affected the activity of the protein. Thus, we have identified the first putative GDP-fucose transporter, which has been highly conserved throughout evolution. A point mutation in its gene is responsible for the disease in this patient with LAD II.

Fixed-angle plates in patella fractures - a pilot cadaver study.

OBJECTIVE: Modified anterior tension wiring with K-wires and cannulated lag screws with anterior tension wiring are currently the fixation of choice for patellar fractures. Failure of fixation, migration of the wires, postoperative pain and resulting revision surgery, however, are not uncommon. After preliminary biomechanical testing of a new fixed-angle plate system especially designed for fixation of patella fractures the aim of this study was to evaluate the surgical and anatomical feasibility of implanting such a plate-device at the human patella. METHODS: In six fresh unfixed female cadavers without history of previous fractures around the knee (average age 88.8 years) a bilateral fixed-angle plate fixation of the patella was carried out after previous placement of a transverse central osteotomy. Operative time, intraoperative problems, degree of retropatellar arthritis (following Outerbridge), quality of reduction and existence of any intraarticular screw placement have been raised. In addition, lateral and anteroposterior radiographs of all specimens were made. RESULTS: Due to the high average age of 88.8 years no patella showed an unimpaired retropatellar articular surface and all were severely osteoporotic, which made a secure fixation of the reduction forceps during surgery difficult. The operation time averaged 49 minutes (range: 36-65). Although in postoperative X-rays the fracture gap between the fragments was still visible, the analysis of the retropatellar surface showed no residual articular step or dehiscence > 0.5 mm. Also in a total of 24 inserted screws not one intraarticular malposition was found. No intraoperative complications were noticed. CONCLUSIONS: Osteosynthesis of a medial third patella fracture with a bilateral fixed-angle plate-device is surgically and anatomically feasible without difficulties. Further studies have to depict whether the bilateral fixed-angle plate-osteosynthesis of the patella displays advantages over the established operative procedures.

[Platelet-rich plasma combined with autologous cancellous bone : An alternative therapy for persistent non-union?]. / Platelet-rich-Plasma in Kombination mit autologer Spongiosa : Eine Alternative bei therapierefraktären Pseudarthrosen?

BACKGROUND: In addition to a stabile osteosynthesis autologous cancellous bone graft remains an essential therapy option in persistent non-union. Despite this therapy regimen persistent non-union can occasionally occur. The aim of this study was to evaluate the treatment of persistent non-union with a combination of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and autologous cancellous bone. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this prospective study 17 patients with persistent non-union of long bones were treated by a combination of PRP and autologous iliac crest bone. Inclusion criteria were a minimum of one previously failed cancellous bone transplantation and an atrophic non-union persisting for 6-14 months (mean 9 months). The patients were examined clinically and radiologically at intervals of 3, 6 and 9 months postoperatively. RESULTS: After an average time of 17 months (range 15-23 months) the patients were treated by a combination of PRP and autologous cancellous bone. In all cases the non-union was successfully treated and osseous bridging was found radiologically after an average of 5 months (range 4-7 months) without any complications. CONCLUSION: The combination of PRP and autologous cancellous bone appears to be a safe and effective method for treatment of persistent non-union. The use of PRP does not result in substantial additional costs. Allergies and graft versus host reactions are not expected because of the autologous origin.

Dependence of T cell antigen recognition on the dimensions of an accessory receptor-ligand complex.

The T cell antigen receptor (TCR) and its ligand peptide-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) are small (approximately 7 nm) compared with other abundant cell surface molecules such as integrins, CD43, and CD45 (23-50 nm). We have proposed that molecules at the T cell/antigen-presenting cell (APC) interface segregate according to size, with small "accessory" molecules (e.g., CD2, CD4, CD8, CD28, and CD154) contributing to the formation of a close-contact zone, within which the TCR engages peptide-MHC, and from which large molecules are excluded (Davis, S.J., and P.A. van der Merwe. 1996. Immunol. Today. 17:177-187). One prediction of this model is that increasing the size of these small accessory molecules will disrupt their function. Here, we test this prediction by varying the dimensions of the CD2 ligand, CD48, and examining how this affects T cell antigen recognition. Although the interaction of CD2 on T cells with wild-type or shortened forms of CD48 on APCs enhances T cell antigen recognition, the interaction of CD2 with elongated forms of CD48 is strongly inhibitory. Further experiments indicated that elongation of the CD2/CD48 complex inhibited TCR engagement of peptide-MHC, presumably by preventing the formation of sufficiently intimate contacts at the T cell/APC interface. These findings demonstrate the importance of small size in CD2/CD48 function, and support the hypothesis that T cell antigen recognition requires segregation of cell surface molecules according to size.

The progress of early phase bone healing using porous granules produced from calcium phosphate cement.

OBJECTIVE: Bone grafting is a vital component in many surgical procedures to facilitate the repair of bone defects or fusions. Autologous bone has been the gold standard to date in spite of associated donor-site morbidity and the limited amount of available donor bone. The aim of this study was to investigate the progress of bone regeneration and material degradation of calcium phosphate granules (CPG) produced from a calcium phosphate self-setting cement powder compared to the use of autologous bone grafting in the treatment of "critical size defects" on load-bearing long bones of minipigs. METHODS: A critical size defect in the tibial metaphysis of 16 mini-pigs was filled either with autologous cancellous graft or with micro- and macroporous carbonated, apatic calcium phosphate granules (CPG) produced from a calcium phosphate self-setting cement powder. After 6 weeks, the specimens were assessed by X-ray and histological evaluation. The amount of new bone formation was analysed histomorphometrically. RESULTS: The semi-quantitative analysis of the radiological results showed a complete osseous bridging of the defect in three cases for the autograft group. In the same group five animals showed a beginning, but still incomplete bridging of the defect, whereas in the CPG group just two animals developed this. All other animals of the CPG group showed only a still discontinuous new bone formation. Altogether, radiologically a better osseous bridging was observed in the autograft group compared to the CPG group. Histomorphometrical analysis after six weeks of healing revealed that the area of new bone was significantly greater in the autograft group concerning the central area of the defect zone (p<0.001) as well as the cortical defect zone (p<0.002). All defects showed new bone formation, but only in the autograft group defects regenerated entirely. CONCLUSIONS: Within the limits of the present study it could be demonstrated that autologous cancellous grafts lead to a significantly better bone regeneration compared to the application of calcium phosphate granules (CPG) produced from a calcium phosphate self-setting cement powder after 6 weeks. In the early phase of bone-healing, the sole application of CPG appears to be inferior to the autologous cancellous grafts in an in vivo critical size defect on load-bearing long bones of mini-pigs.

Detection of the abnormal isoform of the prion protein associated with chronic wasting disease in the optic pathways of the brain and retina of Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni).

Eyes and nuclei of the visual pathways in the brain were examined in 30 Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) representing 3 genotypes of the prion protein gene PRNP (codon 132: MM, ML, or LL). Tissues were examined for the presence of the abnormal isoform of the prion protein associated with chronic wasting disease (PrP(CWD)). Nuclei and axonal tracts from a single section of brain stem at the level of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve were scored for intensity and distribution of PrP(CWD) immunoreactivity and degree of spongiform degeneration. This obex scoring ranged from 0 (elk with no PrP(CWD) in the brain stem) to 10 (representing elk in terminal stage of disease). PrP(CWD) was detected in the retina of 16 of 18 (89%) elk with an obex score of > 7. PrP(CWD) was not detected in the retina of the 3 chronic wasting disease-negative elk and 9 elk with an obex score of < 6. PrP(CWD) was found in the nuclei of the visual pathways in the brain before it was found in the retina. Within the retina, PrP(CWD) was first found in the inner plexiform layer, followed by the outer plexiform layer. Intracytoplasmic accumulation of PrP(CWD) was found in a few neurons in the ganglion cell layer in the PRNP 132ML elk but was a prominent feature in the PRNP 132LL elk. Small aggregates of PrP(CWD) were present on the inner surface of the outer limiting membrane in PRNP 132LL elk but not in PRNP 132MM or 132ML elk. This study demonstrates PrP(CWD) accumulation in nuclei of the visual pathways of the brain, followed by PrP(CWD) in the retina.

[Fractures of the patella]. / Patellafrakturen.

Fractures of the patella account for approximately 0.5% to 1.5% of all skeletal injuries. The diagnosis is made by means of the mechanism of injury, physical and radiological findings. The kind of treatment of patella fractures depends on the type of fracture, the size of the fragments, the integrity of the extensor mechanism and the congruity of the articular surface. Independent of the kind of treatment an early rehabilitation is recommended. Modified tension band wiring is the most commonly used surgical treatment for patella fractures and can be used for almost every type of fracture. Due the superior stability in biomechanical studies two parallel cannulated lag screws combined with a tension band wiring are the treatment of choice for horizontally displaced two-part fractures. In comminuted fractures a partial or total patellectomy may be necessary. However, since the loss of quadriceps muscle power and the poor outcome total patellectomy should be considered as a salvage procedure.

[Unidirectional versus multidirectional palmar locking osteosynthesis of unstable distal radius fractures: comparative analysis with LDR 2.4 mm versus 2.7 mm matrix-Smartlock]. / Unidirektionale vs. multidirektionale palmare winkelstabile Osteosynthese bei instabilen distalen Radiusfrakturen : Vergleichende Analyse mit der 2,4-mm-LDR- vs. 2,7-mm-Matrix-Smartlock-Platte.

INTRODUCTION: Due to advances in the development of the unidirectional locking plates there is now an increased use of multidirectional palmar locking plates in the treatment of distal radius factures. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a possible improvement of the treatment and results. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This prospective cohort study investigated 40 patients with C1 and C2 Colles' fractures who had been treated with unidirectional and multidirectional locking plates. The average time for the follow-up examinations was 12.3 months (range 12-15 months) after surgery. The intra-operative functional (neutral-zero method), radiological and subjective (DASH score, VAS) results were evaluated. RESULTS: The intra-operative fluoroscopy time of the unidirectional group was 58 s shorter compared to the multidirectional group. All fractures healed without any complication. The radiological, subjective (DASH score) and objective results for both groups were good and showed no differences. CONCLUSION: Unidirectional palmar locking plates are equally suited for the therapy of C1 and C2 fractures as multidirectional palmar locking plates but multidirectional plates require a longer fluoroscopy time.

[Bilateral injuries of the internal mammary artery following blunt thoracic trauma]. / Bilaterale Verletzung der A. thoracica interna nach stumpfem Thoraxtrauma.

Injuries of the internal mammary artery after blunt thoracic trauma are rare but potentially fatal. A specific characteristic of these injuries is that they can become symptomatic even after a delay of several weeks. This article reports on the diagnosis and treatment of a 41-year-old motorcycle rider who suffered bilateral injuries of the internal mammary artery after a motorcycle accident without any additional bony lesions.

Switch of CD8 T cells to noncytolytic CD8-CD4- cells that make TH2 cytokines and help B cells.

CD8+ T cells are a major defense against viral infections and intracellular parasites. Their production of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and their cytolytic activity are key elements in the immune response to these pathogens. Mature mouse CD8+ T cells that were activated in the presence of interleukin-4 (IL-4) developed into a CD8-CD4- population that was not cytolytic and did not produce IFN-gamma. However, these CD8- cells produced large amounts of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10 and helped activate resting B cells. Thus, CD8 effector functions are potentially diverse and could be exploited by infectious agents that switch off host protective cytolytic responses.

Reconstruction of the articular surface of the humeral head after locked posterior shoulder dislocation: a case report.

Posterior dislocations of the glenohumeral joint are extremely rare (2-4% of all shoulder dislocations) and often associated with bone or ligamentary injuries. Though the reverse Hill-Sachs lesion is a common injury associated with posterior shoulder dislocation, there have been only few articles describing specific treatments for this type of humeral head defect. This article describes the successful operative treatment of an acute locked posterior shoulder dislocation by reconstructing the articular surface of the humeral head with the use of autologous bone graft taken from the iliac crest. The patient was doing quite well with no complaints, good range of shoulder motion and no recurrence of posterior shoulder dislocation despite several epileptic seizures, 1.5 years after surgical reconstruction of the anatomy of the humeral head. His right shoulder function revealed to be "excellent" or "good", assessed with an absolute Constant Score of 76 points and a relative Score of 88% when compared with an age- and sex-matched normal population.

[Femoral fracture in congenital femoral deficiency. A therapeutic challenge?]. / Femurfraktur bei kongenitalem Femurdefekt. Eine therapeutische Herausforderung?

There are no reports in the literature about femoral fractures in adults with congenital femoral deficiency. We report on a femoral fracture in a 60-year-old patient with congenital femoral deficiency. Despite early difficulties in mobilisation and delayed union after an angle-stable plate osteosynthesis, full weight bearing was reached after 8 months. The treatment of fractures in combination with congenital femoral deficiency remains difficult and depends on the extent of the defect, the complexity of the fracture, and associated anomalies. The objective of the often demanding operative treatment of a femoral fracture in combination with a congenital femoral deficiency should be reestablishment of the patient's walking ability.

[Functional and subjective results following subtalar dislocations]. / Funktionelle und subjektive Ergebnisse nach subtalaren Luxationen.

BACKGROUND: The objective of our study is to evaluate the functional and subjective results following subtalar dislocations without any associated bone injuries and to examine whether the direction of dislocation has any effect on the post-traumatic results. METHODS: Over the period from February 1998 to May 2006, 56 patients with a subtalar dislocation were enrolled in the study. A subtalar dislocation without any associated bone injuries was only present in 13 patients. Follow-up examination after an average of 39.8 months was performed using the AOFAS Ankle-Hindfoot scale. The adapted classification developed by Altman was used to assess the post-traumatic degree of arthrosis radiologically. RESULTS: The average AOFAS score was 81, with good results in 11 patients and satisfactory results in 2 patients. The range of motion (ROM) for the ankle-hindfoot joint was 39.2 degrees . CONCLUSION: Despite the severity of the injury, the functional and subjective results of subtalar dislocations without any bone injuries are good. Generally, no early post-traumatic arthrosis occurs if there are no associated bone injuries. No differences were established between medial and lateral subtalar dislocations.

Combined Early and Late [68Ga]PSMA-HBED-CC PET Scans Improve Lesion Detectability in Biochemical Recurrence of Prostate Cancer with Low PSA Levels.

PURPOSE: Our aim was to evaluate the benefit of early (1 h post-injection (p.i.)) and late (3 h p.i.) [68Ga]PSMA-HBED-CC positron emission tomography (PET)/x-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging for detection of biochemical recurrence (BCR) of prostate cancer (PCa). PROCEDURES: Seventy patients with BCR of the PCa and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels of less than 2.0 µg/l were subjected to [68Ga]PSMA-HBED-CC PET (mean injected activity 180 MBq). While early imaging contained whole body scans, late imaging was confined to the pelvis and the lower abdomen. Uptake in suspicious lesions was analyzed by peak and maximum standardized uptake values (SUVpeak/max). Tumor-to-background ratios were calculated for all lesions in which the liver served as reference organ. The Wilcoxon matched-pair signed-rank test was used to compare the uptake in suspicious lesions between early and late imaging. Follow-up data were used to validate the existence of the additionally detected lesions. RESULTS: Forty-four of the 70 patients thus examined were interpreted as PSMA-positive in early and/or late scans while 26 remained without suspicion of PSMA tracer uptake. A total of 70 suspicious lesions were analyzed. Ten tumor-suspicious lesions from seven different patients were better or exclusively visible in the late measurements while three tumor-suspicious lesions from three different patients were better or exclusively visible in the early images. A validation by follow-up data was possible for 11 of these 13 additionally detected lesions. In direct comparison between early and late imaging, the mean SUVmax in PSMA-positive lesions was 74 % higher (p < 0.001) and the mean SUVpeak was 36 % higher (p = 0.001) in the late scans. The SUVmean in the reference regions was decreasing in the late measurements, whereas the mean TBR increased by a factor of 3 (p < 0.001). Taking confirmed lesions only into account, we estimated a 10 % gain in additionally detected PSMA-positive lesions (7/70) within the patient cohort. CONCLUSIONS: The time period between injection and data acquisition influences the detection rate of [68Ga]PSMA-HBED-CC PET/CT. In biochemical recurrence with low PSA levels, late [68Ga]PSMA-HBED-CC PET/CT imaging offers frequent advantages with regard to lesion contrast.

Primary cemented bipolar radial head prostheses for acute elbow injuries with comminuted radial head fractures: mid-term results of 37 patients.

BACKGROUND: Radial head arthroplasty represents a widely accepted treatment for elbow injuries with non-reconstructible radial head fractures. The aim of this retrospective multicenter study was to assess mid-term results of patients with clearly defined elbow injuries including type III fractures of the radial head according to Mason's classification type III after primary arthroplasty using a cemented bipolar design. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 45 cases a primary cemented bipolar arthroplasty of the radial head was implanted for elbow injuries combined with an acute Mason type III radial head fracture. In all patients associated fractures were detected with preoperative CT scans and ligamentous injuries were evaluated and both were addressed intraoperatively based on a standardized algorithm. Patients with associated injuries other than coronoid fractures and collateral ligament tears were excluded from this study to obtain a more homogenous sample. Clinical and radiological assessment was performed on thirty-seven patients at an average of 5.6 years postoperatively. RESULTS: DASH Score, functional rating index of Broberg and Morrey, Mayo Elbow Performance Score, and Mayo Modified Wrist Score confirmed good-to-excellent results in most of the patients. Compared to the unaffected arm range of motion and grip strength were slightly reduced. No elbow instability or loosening of the prosthesis, and minor degenerative changes were detected in a few cases. CONCLUSION: Primary cemented bipolar arthroplasty for type III fractures according to Mason's classification in an elbow injury pattern only including associated coronoid fractures and/or ligamentous tears resulted in good-to-excellent mid-term results. These results suggest that primary bipolar radial head arthroplasty combined with distinct treatment of all associated injuries provides good functional outcomes concerning range of motion, elbow stability, and strength in this cohort. However, the associated injuries may influence clinical and radiological outcome and need to be detected, classified, and treated carefully.