RESUMEN
Median survival of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) has increased significantly, owing to individualized treatment plans developed from the available multidisciplinary options for disease management. These plans include early evaluation for possible resection of hepatic metastases, and metastasectomy, as well as coordinated chemobiotherapy for unresectable patients. This article focuses on current management of mCRC, including resection of liver metastases, which offers the possibility of cure to selected patients; sequential chemobiotherapy, which has been used effectively to increase median survival of patients with unresectable mCRC; the roles of neoadjuvant, conversion, and adjuvant chemobiotherapy in patients who undergo hepatic resection; and the emerging use of biomarkers to guide therapy. Implications for nurses are summarized, underscoring the important role that the nurse plays in the increasingly complex treatment of mCRC.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias Colorrectales/terapia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/enfermería , Neoplasias Hepáticas/secundario , Metastasectomía/enfermería , Enfermería Oncológica/métodos , Atención Dirigida al Paciente/métodos , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Neoplasias Colorrectales/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Neoplasias Hepáticas/cirugía , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Terapia Neoadyuvante , Rol de la Enfermera , Guías de Práctica Clínica como Asunto , Pronóstico , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
A non-experimental longitudinal prospective study was conducted to examine the relationships between patient-centered nursing interventions (PCNIs), system characteristics, patient characteristics, and desired health outcomes (DHOs) for 173 hematology-oncology patients. Forty-nine nurse participants provided system characteristics data. Confirmatory factor analyses yielded parsimonious scales to operationalize the variables. In the path model, one PCNI-individualization-was positively related to three subsequent DHOs: authentic self-representation, optimism, and sense of well-being. Two additional PCNIs-responsiveness and proficiency-were positively related to subsequent trust in nurses. PCNIs did not vary with patient race, ethnicity, age, gender, or educational level. Patient-centeredness of care for cancer patients may be enhanced by quality improvement activities that measure and monitor these PCNIs and resultant outcomes.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias/enfermería , Investigación en Evaluación de Enfermería/métodos , Evaluación de Procesos y Resultados en Atención de Salud/métodos , Atención Dirigida al Paciente , Proyectos de Investigación , Adaptación Psicológica , Adulto , Recolección de Datos/métodos , Análisis Factorial , Femenino , Estado de Salud , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Modelos Teóricos , New England , Relaciones Enfermero-Paciente , Investigación en Evaluación de Enfermería/estadística & datos numéricos , Evaluación de Procesos y Resultados en Atención de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Satisfacción del Paciente , Estudios ProspectivosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To review the incidence, risk factors, staging, diagnosis, and treatment of colon, rectal, and anal cancers, as well as nursing care associated with managing patients diagnosed with these malignancies. DATA SOURCES: Published research reports, epidemiologic data, published patient management guidelines, and institution-based clinical tools. CONCLUSIONS: Significant advances in the management of colon, rectal, and anal cancers in the past decade have extended patient survival. Further clinical research will refine current therapeutic strategies and treatment decision-making aids while minimizing symptoms of disease and treatment. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Nurses need to be familiar with risk factors, disease course, and current and emerging therapies to assist patients with treatment decision-making, and to anticipate and intervene in managing disease and treatment-induced problems. Early identification and management of distressing symptoms can help to avoid life-threatening effects and promote patient adherence to prescribed therapies; timely patient/family education may minimize anxiety and promote self-management.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias del Ano , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas , Neoplasias del Colon , Neoplasias del Recto , Humanos , Estadificación de Neoplasias , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
Today, personalized cancer therapy with targeted agents has taken center stage, and offers individualized treatment to many. As the mysteries of the genes in a cell's DNA and their specific proteins are defined, advances in the understanding of cancer gene mutations and how cancer evades the immune system have been made. This article provides a basic and simplified understanding of the available (Food and Drug Administration- approved) molecularly and immunologically targeted agents in the USA. Other agents may be available in Asia, and throughout the USA and the world, many more agents are being studied. Nursing implications for drug classes are reviewed.
Asunto(s)
Anilidas/uso terapéutico , Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Carcinoma Basocelular/tratamiento farmacológico , Carcinoma Basocelular/secundario , Piridinas/uso terapéutico , Neoplasias Cutáneas/tratamiento farmacológico , Adulto , Carcinoma Basocelular/inmunología , Contraindicaciones , Interacciones Farmacológicas , Femenino , Proteínas Hedgehog/metabolismo , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Neoplasias Cutáneas/inmunología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To review the evidence base for prevention and intervention of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (PN). DATA SOURCES: Medical and nursing literature. CONCLUSION: Many small studies that reported positive findings have either not been validated in large prospective, randomized controlled trials (RCT), or have not been further studied. Prevention strategies based on RCTs include the use of xaliproden to reduce the incidence of grade 3 PN in patients receiving oxaliplatin-based regimens, and dose reduction or interruption until recovery. There are gaps in the literature of nurse-sensitive outcome studies for nursing assessment and intervention IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Nurses need to be knowledgeable about the evidence, or lack of it, on strategies to prevent and manage chemotherapy-induced PN. Nurses also need to measure the effectiveness of interventions for PN, such as exercise, patient teaching about self-care strategies, and develop and/or participate in well-designed intervention studies regarding the prevention and management of PN.
Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos/efectos adversos , Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso Periférico/inducido químicamente , Humanos , Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso Periférico/enfermería , Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso Periférico/prevención & controlAsunto(s)
Anticuerpos Monoclonales/uso terapéutico , Factores Inmunológicos/uso terapéutico , Melanoma/tratamiento farmacológico , Melanoma/secundario , Enfermería Oncológica/métodos , Neoplasias Cutáneas/tratamiento farmacológico , Humanos , Ipilimumab , Melanoma/inmunología , Educación del Paciente como Asunto , Guías de Práctica Clínica como Asunto , Neoplasias Cutáneas/inmunologíaAsunto(s)
Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Neoplasias de la Mama/tratamiento farmacológico , Furanos/uso terapéutico , Cetonas/uso terapéutico , Microtúbulos/efectos de los fármacos , Moduladores de Tubulina/uso terapéutico , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Femenino , Furanos/metabolismo , Humanos , Cetonas/metabolismo , Metástasis de la Neoplasia/tratamiento farmacológicoAsunto(s)
Anticuerpos Monoclonales Humanizados/uso terapéutico , Neoplasias Óseas/complicaciones , Neoplasias Óseas/secundario , Resorción Ósea/tratamiento farmacológico , Fracturas Óseas/prevención & control , Ligando RANK/antagonistas & inhibidores , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Resorción Ósea/etiología , Contraindicaciones , Denosumab , Interacciones Farmacológicas , Femenino , Fracturas Óseas/etiología , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Embarazo , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal/inducido químicamenteAsunto(s)
Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/uso terapéutico , Neoplasias de la Próstata/tratamiento farmacológico , Taxoides/uso terapéutico , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/administración & dosificación , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/efectos adversos , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/farmacocinética , Humanos , Masculino , Metástasis de la Neoplasia , Educación del Paciente como Asunto , Neoplasias de la Próstata/patología , Taxoides/administración & dosificación , Taxoides/efectos adversos , Taxoides/farmacocinéticaRESUMEN
Recently, major developments in the treatment of colon cancer have emerged. These developments include improvements in surgical technique and staging and the introduction of new molecularly targeted pharmacologic agents. Improvements in surgical management involve enhanced staging techniques, allowing more accurate determination of risk of recurrence. Newer agents, such as oxaliplatin, cetuximab, and bevacizumab, now are approved for the treatment of colon cancer. The data associated with use of oxaliplatin in adjuvant and metastatic settings continue to mature; survival benefits are expected to become more fully apparent in the next two years. Bevacizumab, a monoclonal antibody that neutralizes vascular endothelial growth factor, when combined with irinotecan, 5-fluorouracil, and leucovorin (IFL), was superior to IFL alone in achieving median and progression-free survival. Cetuximab, a monoclonal antibody directed against the epidermal growth factor receptor, when given in combination with irinotecan, achieved an increased objective response and increased time to progression, compared with cetuximab alone, in patients refractory to irinotecan-containing regimens. In addition to surgical and pharmacologic developments, the recognition that genetics and molecular markers play an important role in carcinogenesis has heightened research to integrate this knowledge into practice. Nurses play a pivotal role in the care of patients with colon cancer and must be conversant in the new advances in treatment.
Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos/administración & dosificación , Antineoplásicos/efectos adversos , Neoplasias del Colon/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias del Colon/enfermería , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/efectos adversos , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapéutico , Neoplasias del Colon/patología , Erupciones por Medicamentos/etiología , Erupciones por Medicamentos/enfermería , Humanos , Estadificación de Neoplasias , Síndromes de Neurotoxicidad/etiología , Síndromes de Neurotoxicidad/enfermería , Evaluación en Enfermería , Educación del Paciente como AsuntoAsunto(s)
Carcinoma de Células Renales/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Renales/tratamiento farmacológico , Proteínas Quinasas/efectos de los fármacos , Sirolimus/análogos & derivados , Disponibilidad Biológica , Carcinoma de Células Renales/enfermería , Interacciones Farmacológicas , Everolimus , Humanos , Neoplasias Renales/enfermería , Enfermería Oncológica , Educación del Paciente como Asunto , Sirolimus/metabolismo , Sirolimus/farmacología , Sirolimus/uso terapéutico , Serina-Treonina Quinasas TORAsunto(s)
Sistema Enzimático del Citocromo P-450/efectos de los fármacos , Inhibidores Enzimáticos del Citocromo P-450 , Sistema Enzimático del Citocromo P-450/genética , Sistema Enzimático del Citocromo P-450/metabolismo , Inducción Enzimática , Humanos , Isoenzimas/efectos de los fármacos , Isoenzimas/genética , Isoenzimas/metabolismo , Preparaciones Farmacéuticas/metabolismo , Polimorfismo GenéticoAsunto(s)
Alquilantes/uso terapéutico , Leucemia Linfocítica Crónica de Células B/tratamiento farmacológico , Linfoma no Hodgkin/tratamiento farmacológico , Compuestos de Mostaza Nitrogenada/uso terapéutico , Antineoplásicos/efectos adversos , Antineoplásicos/farmacocinética , Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Clorhidrato de Bendamustina , Fatiga/etiología , Humanos , Infusiones Intravenosas , Leucopenia/inducido químicamente , Compuestos de Mostaza Nitrogenada/efectos adversos , Compuestos de Mostaza Nitrogenada/farmacocinética , Educación del Paciente como AsuntoAsunto(s)
Inhibidores de la Angiogénesis/uso terapéutico , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/uso terapéutico , Carcinoma de Células Renales/tratamiento farmacológico , Glioblastoma/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Renales/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias/tratamiento farmacológico , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/efectos adversos , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/farmacocinética , Anticuerpos Monoclonales Humanizados , Bevacizumab , Neoplasias Encefálicas/tratamiento farmacológico , Semivida , Humanos , Ensayos Clínicos Controlados Aleatorios como Asunto , Factor A de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular/metabolismoRESUMEN
Colon cancer is the third leading cause of cancer death in the United States and the second leading cause in the Northern, Central, and Southern Americas. Appropriate treatment depends on the stage of malignancy, which is determined using the tumor-lymph node-metastases system. In stage III disease, adjuvant chemotherapy increases disease-free and long-term survival following surgery, and chemotherapy is the mainstay of treatment for advanced disease. New therapies are being evaluated, including oxaliplatin, a third-generation platinum analogue approved as first- and second-line therapy for metastatic colorectal cancer in Europe; the drug shows great promise combined with 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin or with irinotecan. The dose-limiting toxicity of oxaliplatin is neurologic, which can be acute or chronic; this can be prevented or reduced in some cases through patient education. Nurses play a critical role in education concerning prevention and management of oxaliplatin-related side effects.