Integrable Atomtronic Interferometry.

High sensitivity quantum interferometry requires more than just access to entangled states. It is achieved through the deep understanding of quantum correlations in a system. Integrable models offer the framework to develop this understanding. We communicate the design of interferometric protocols for an integrable model that describes the interaction of bosons in a four-site configuration. Analytic formulas for the quantum dynamics of certain observables are computed. These expose the system's functionality as both an interferometric identifier, and producer, of NOON states. Being equivalent to a controlled-phase gate acting on 2 hybrid qudits, this system also highlights an equivalence between Heisenberg-limited interferometry and quantum information. These results are expected to open new avenues for integrability-enhanced atomtronic technologies.

[The first clinical use of an Dynamic Registration Tool for Navigation in FESS]. / Der erste klinische Einsatz einer dynamischen (Nach-) Registrierung für die Navigation in der FESS.

BACKGROUND: The effective register accuracy in an situs issues a challenge to the employment of instrument navigation in the ENT Surgery. The idea of the initially determined process Dynamic Registration Supply (DRS) is to improve the register accuracy by the automatic, and interoperability of the register. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The aim was to determine clinical use of DRS. Opto-electrical system Navigation Panel Unit, vs. 4.0.0 with the functionality DRS was used. Experiments were carried out on 95 patients who had so called FESS. The data of a control group were available to researchers. The measuring log includes among other things following parameters: retooling time, cutting-suture time, frequency of use of the navigated pointer, frequency of additional registration. RESULTS: At least once during the procedure DRS has been activated in 85 of 95 interventions (89.5). The time required increased by 15% accumulated 189 s per intervention. The most frequently used additional registration was in the region of sphenoid sinus. The surgeons underlined that out of 95 surveys in 75 cases the DRS rendered the instrument navigation more precise, while 1% of 93 cases considered this function as unwanted. CONCLUSION: The first clinical study for use of an automatic algorithm for recognition and reduction of faulty registration of a CT, navigation was successful. The findings suggest that by using automatic intraoperative registration DRS consisting inaccuracy can be reduced. In practice this means an efficient quality improvement of the Navigation.

Interacting bosons in a triple well: Preface of many-body quantum chaos.

Systems of interacting bosons in triple-well potentials are of significant theoretical and experimental interest. They are explored in contexts that range from quantum phase transitions and quantum dynamics to semiclassical analysis. Here, we systematically investigate the onset of quantum chaos in a triple-well model that moves away from integrability as its potential gets tilted. Even in its deepest chaotic regime, the system presents features reminiscent of integrability. Our studies are based on level spacing distribution and spectral form factor, structure of the eigenstates, and diagonal and off-diagonal elements of observables in relationship to the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis. With only three sites, the system's eigenstates are at the brink of becoming fully chaotic, so they do not yet exhibit Gaussian distributions, which resonates with the results for the observables.

Y1-receptors regulate the expression of Y2-receptors in distinct mouse forebrain areas.

Y-receptor-knockout mice have become an important tool to elucidate specific physiological roles of individual Y-receptors. However, their phenotypes are not always confirmatory to results obtained by pharmacological investigations in vivo or in vitro. These discrepancies may, at least in part, be due to compensatory changes in the expression of remaining Y-receptor types. To determine whether deletion of individual Y-receptors results in altered mRNA expression and/or binding toward other Y-receptor types, we applied in-situ hybridization and radioligand-binding studies on brain slices of Npy1r-, Npy2r- or Npy5r-knockout mice. Significant changes were seen in Y1-receptor-deficient mice. Thus, Y2-receptor mRNA and (125)I-peptide YY(3-36) binding in the hippocampus proper were increased by up to 55% and 89%, respectively. Similar increases in (125)I-peptide YY(3-36) binding were observed in the caudo-dorsal extension of the lateral septum, an area heavily targeted by hippocampal projections and involved in Y1-receptor-regulated anxiety. Increased (125)I-peptide YY(3-36) binding and Y2-receptor mRNA levels were also observed in the medial amygdaloid nucleus. In contrast, (125)I-peptide YY(3-36) binding was reduced in the central amygdaloid nucleus. Y2-receptor mRNA in the intermediate part of the lateral septum was reduced by 42%. Only minimal changes were observed in Y2- or Y5-receptor-deficient mice. Our results demonstrate that compensatory changes in the expression of Y2-receptors occur in Y1-receptor-deficient mice. These adaptations are likely to contribute to changed physiological function. Thus, alterations in Y2-receptors have to be taken in account upon discussion of Y1-receptor function, especially in emotional aspects like anxiety and aggression, but also alcoholism.

Evidence for impaired glucose effectiveness in cirrhotic patients after liver transplantation.

To evaluate the impact of acute and chronic liver disease and single immunosuppression (cyclosporine A [CSA] or FK506) on insulin sensitivity and glucose effectiveness in liver-grafted patients, we performed a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test (FSIGTT) in nondiabetic patients after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) with acute liver failure ([ALF] group, n = 9, with CSA therapy), in patients after OLT with chronic liver disease (CSA group, n = 8; FK506 group, n = 8), and in 9 healthy control subjects. Insulin sensitivity and glucose effectiveness were determined by analyzing glucose and insulin data from the FSIGTT with Bergman's minimal model technique for glucose. The intravenous glucose tolerance index ([KG] ie, the slope of the regression of the logarithm of blood glucose concentration) was not different between the ALF group (2.17 +/- 0.16 min(-1)) and controls (2.29 +/- 0.13 min(-1)), but was lower (P < .05) in both groups with chronic liver disease (CSA group, 1.46 +/- 0.1; FK506 group, 1.61 +/- 0.11 min(-1)) compared with the ALF group (P < .05). A positive relation for the KG and glucose effectiveness was found in all liver-grafted patients and controls. Insulin sensitivity was not different between all liver-grafted patients and controls. The body mass index (BMI) was the overall determinant of insulin sensitivity in all groups. Single immunosuppressive therapy does not impair insulin sensitivity in liver-grafted patients. The lower glucose effectiveness in liver-grafted patients with chronic liver disease but not in patients after ALF points to a defect in the regulation of glucose-mediated glucose uptake in peripheral tissue.

The legacy of Friedrich Loeffler--the Institute on the Isle of Riems.

When starting the experiments on foot and mouth disease on the Isle of Riems in October 1910, Friedrich Loeffler could continue investigations that had been interrupted in 1907 by ministerial order. Loeffler's appointment to Berlin in 1913 and his sudden death in 1915 lead to the temporary cessation of work on the Riems. With high personal creativity and many years of seminal influence, Otto Waldmann carried Loeffler's ideas further, in the selection of themes and research strategy, making the Riems a world famous place of research. Some essential elements have determined life and research on the island for decades: the development of measures against epidemics, the conception of their application, the extension of research to new diseases of economic significance, the close contacts with the veterinary practice at all times, the presentation of results to experts and the stimulating discussions in the laboratory. I will try to briefly draw a bow covering the decades of different social conditions to the present and to suggest that Loeffler's ideas, which have been improved with the years, can affect many a current decision, even though differentiated individually.

Antibody production against BLV-p24 in calves following application of cell extracts from tumorous lymph nodes of cattle with enzootic bovine leukosis.

In the cell extract from tumorous lymph nodes of bovine leukosis virus (BLV)-infected cattle (tumour cell extract) and from lymph nodes of BLV-free cattle (control cell extract) neither the gp51 nor the p24 antigens were detectable. The tumour cell extract contained receptors for the BLV antigens gp51 and p24. The immunogenicity of the cell extracts was tested in calves. All calves treated with the tumour cell extract developed antibodies against p24 but not against gp51. Administration of the control cell extract, in contrast, induced no antibodies against p24.

The male bias in the number of Purkinje cells and the size of the murine cerebellum may require Müllerian inhibiting substance/anti-Müllerian hormone.

There is a male bias in the size of the cerebellum, with males, on average, having more Purkinje cells than females. The critical periods in cerebellum development occur when the immature testes secrete Müllerian inhibiting substance (MIS; synonym anti-Müllerian hormone) but only trace levels of testosterone. This suggests that the male bias in the cerebellum is generated by a different mechanism to the testosterone-sensitive reproductive nuclei. Consistent with this, in the present study, we report that Purkinje cells and other cerebella neurones express receptors for MIS, and that MIS(-/-) male mice have female-like numbers of Purkinje cells and a female-like size to other parts of their cerebellum. The size of the cell bodies of Purkinje cells was also dimorphic, although only a minority of this was a result of MIS. This suggests that MIS induces the initial male bias in the cerebellum, which is then refined by pubescent testosterone and/or other sex-specific factors.

[Enzootic leukosis in cattle (author's transl)]. / Enzootische Rinderleukose.

Enzootic bovine leukosis is a virus-associated disease. In some countries high losses are induced in animal farms by bovine leukosis. New Results of experimental leukosis research are the basis of improved methods in diagnosis and for eradication programs. Some of these are summarized in this report.

[Severe hypoglycemia in diabetics with impaired renal function]. / Schwere Hypoglykämien bei Diabetikern mit eingeschränkter Nierenfunktion.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Reduction of renal function in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes is associated with a clearly increased risk of hypoglycemia. Main causes are an altered pharmacokinetics of insulin and oral antidiabetics and/or impaired renal glucose production. A knowledge of renal function is, therefore, essential for preventing hypoglycemia caused by antidiabetic treatment. But serum creatinine, most commonly used in general practice, is an imprecise indication of renal function. This investigation assessed the significance of a false estimation of renal function as a partial cause of severe hypoglycemia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study group consisted of 35 diabetics (21 females, 14 males; average age 61 years) who had been hospitalized because of an episode of severe hypoglycemia accompanied by loss of consciousness. Renal function was measured by serum creatinine and by creatinine clearance as calculated by the formula of Cockcroft and Gault. Also taken into account were HBA1c the antidiabetic treatment before and after discharge, and any additional medication. RESULTS: Impaired renal function was established by the serum creatinine level in 9 patients and by calculated creatine clearance in 24. Compared with patients with normal renal function, those with renal failure were older (74.3 vs. 32.8 years), had more rarely undergone intensive insulin treatment (5 of 24 vs. 9 of 11) and had more commonly received ACE inhibitors (10/24 vs. 1/11). The insulin dosage at discharge had been reduced in 16 off 22 insulin-dependent patients in renal failure, and long-acting sulfonylurea preparation were discontinued or changed to gliquidone in the others. CONCLUSION: This investigation indicates that false estimation of renal function from the level of serum creatinine is an important partial cause of hypoglycemia requiring treatment, especially in elderly persons with reduced muscle mass in whom renal function should be determined by calculating or measuring creatinine clearance.

[Cost-benefit analysis of the control and cure of enzootic bovine leukosis, described in the example of a selected territory]. / Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse zur Bekämpfung und Sanierung der enzootischen Rinderleukose, dargestellt am Beispiel eines ausgewählten Territoriums.

Severe economic damage had been inflicted upon numerous industrialised dairy farms by enzootic bovine leucosis in a selected region with predominance of stepwise production. Initial contamination at the beginning of control action and sanitation had been as high as 98 percent. The annual damage, in monetary terms, had been 3,205,041. - Marks, according to calculations. Now, after eleven years of control and sanitation, eradication of enzootic bovine leucosis has come into sight. Even during these eleven years, control action yielded a benefit of 19,005,451. - Marks, that is 1,727,768.20 Marks per annum or 69. - Marks per cow and annum. It will be possible in forthcoming years to bring the cost factor down and, consequently, to further increase the benefit.

[The reasons for the occurrence of non-specific reactions in the immunodiffusion test for enzootic bovine leukosis]. / Zu Ursachen für das Auftreten unspezifischer Reaktionen im Immundiffusionstest bei enzootischer Rinderleukose.

A batch of enzootic bovine leucosis antigen earmarked for immunodiffusion testing exhibited unspecific responses to cattle sera, which prompted an investigation of the underlying causes. Evidence was produced, for the first time ever, that such reactions were attributable to an antigen-antibody reaction caused by Mycoplasma arginini.

On palmar and plantar pattern variability of the two baboon genera Papio and Theropithecus.

In general the results of the investigators Biegert (1961) and Gladkova (1958), concerning the palm and sole skin patterns in baboons can be confirmed, and some features can serve to distinguish some of the species in a very characteristic manner. The findings of our investigations of the papillary system substantiate the proposed taxonomic classification for baboons by Buettner-Janusch in 1966. The value and significance of the inter- and intra-species differences in baboons, with regard to morphological and quantified pattern analysis, could be fully evaluated when further comparisons of the presented data are accomplished and compared with those of other primate species and families.

[Use of the latex test in the serodiagnosis of enzootic leukosis of cattle]. / Untersuchungen zur Verwendbarkeit des Latextestes als serologisches Diagnostikum bei der enzootischen Rinderleukose

Two antigenic extracts, prepared by different methods, were tried on 317 serum samples in the microscope-slide agglutination, sedimentation and tube agglutination tests. In comparison with the haematological findings, both antigens and all the tests gave a proportion of non-specific positive results, which made it impossible to obtain specific results. Various ways of reducing the proportion of non-specific reactions were tried, without success.

[Does there exist a correlation between the number of whorls of the finger tips and birth order of sibs? (author's transl)]. / Besteht ein Zusammenhang zwischen der Wirbelzahl auf den Fingerbeeren und der Stellung in der Geschwisterfolge?

It was stated by Birdsong and Rashad (1972) that the child of birth order number six of Korean families has significantly more true whorls on the finger tips than older brothers and sisters. To verify this assertion we studied a sample of all members of 43 normal German families with 5 or more legitimate children. The findings of the epidermal finger pattern types and those of the toe patterns were analysed. Results indicate a different conclusion regarding the number of digital whorls which were not increased statistically with increasing number of sibs. The number of whorls were randomly distributed within the heritable range of variability of the particular family. It appears of importance that, due to our analyses, the value of information of the characteristic "number of whorls" is not reduced and does not require a specific consideration regarding birth order. Furthermore, it can be stated preliminarly that there is no hint pointing to an influence of the maternal age on the number of whorls in their offspring.

[Evaluation of change by patients and staff and specialist physicians in psychosomatic rehabilitation--a catamnestic comparison]. / Veränderungsbeurteilungen von Patienten und von Haus- und Fachärzten nach psychosomatischer Rehabilitation--Ein katamnestischer Vergleich.

Considering three single outcome criteria reflecting the change of a) physical state, b) general condition and c) ability to work catamnestic ratings of patients and of external doctors are compared. The ratings were assessed by questionnaires 12 months after the end of inpatient psychosomatic treatments ("direct measurement of change"). Mayor findings are: a) the judgements of both data sources indicated positive change or improvement for a majority of patients, b) the ratings of the external doctors were more favourable than the patients' self-ratings, c) moderate but statistically significant correlations between the ratings of the two groups of judges were to be observed. From a more methodological point of view it will be attempted to analyze the meaning of these correlations somewhat more in detail.

Bovine leucosis virus challenge infection of calves following application of BL-3 cells.

8 calves were vaccinated 3 times with 1.5.10(7) BL-3 cells. 2 and 6 weeks, respectively, after the 3rd vaccination each 4 calves were subjected to a challenge infection with 2.5.10(5) blood lymphocytes of a BLV-infected cow. For control a challenge infection was performed on 3 non-vaccinated calves. The vaccination caused in all calves the appearance of complement-dependent cytotoxic antibodies against BL-3 cells but not of antibodies against BLV-gp51. After the challenge infection there occurred in the sera of all vaccinated calves and of all non-vaccinated control animals antibodies against gp51, and BLV could be demonstrated in the cultivated blood lymphocytes of all animals. Consequently, the application of BL-3 cells had no protective effect against the BLV infection.