FBXL4 defects are common in patients with congenital lactic acidemia and encephalomyopathic mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome.

Mutations in FBXL4 have recently been recognized to cause a mitochondrial disorder, with clinical features including early onset lactic acidosis, hypotonia, and developmental delay. FBXL4 sequence analysis was performed in 808 subjects suspected to have a mitochondrial disorder. In addition, 28 samples from patients with early onset of lactic acidosis, but without identifiable mutations in 192 genes known to cause mitochondrial diseases, were examined for FBXL4 mutations. Definitive diagnosis was made in 10 new subjects with a total of 7 novel deleterious variants; 5 null and 2 missense substitutions. All patients exhibited congenital lactic acidemia, most of them with severe encephalopathic presentation, and global developmental delay. Overall, FBXL4 defects account for at least 0.7% (6 out of 808) of subjects suspected to have a mitochondrial disorder, and as high as 14.3% (4 out of 28) in young children with congenital lactic acidosis and clinical features of mitochondrial disease. Including FBLX4 in the mitochondrial diseases panel should be particularly important for patients with congenital lactic acidosis.

Next-generation sequencing for disorders of low and high bone mineral density.

UNLABELLED: To achieve an efficient molecular diagnosis of osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS), and osteopetrosis (OPT), we designed a next-generation sequencing (NGS) platform to sequence 34 genes. We validated this platform on known cases and have successfully identified the causative mutation in most patients without a prior molecular diagnosis. INTRODUCTION: Osteogenesis imperfecta, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, and osteopetrosis are collectively common inherited skeletal diseases. Evaluation of subjects with these conditions often includes molecular testing which has important counseling and therapeutic and sometimes legal implications. Since several different genes have been implicated in these conditions, Sanger sequencing of each gene can be a prohibitively expensive and time-consuming way to reach a molecular diagnosis. METHODS: In order to circumvent these problems, we have designed and tested a NGS platform that would allow simultaneous sequencing on a single diagnostic platform of different genes implicated in OI, OPT, EDS, and other inherited conditions, leading to low or high bone mineral density. We used a liquid-phase probe library that captures 602 exons (~100 kb) of 34 selected genes and have applied it to test clinical samples from patients with bone disorders. RESULTS: NGS of the captured exons by Illumina HiSeq 2000 resulted in an average coverage of over 900X. The platform was successfully validated by identifying mutations in six patients with known mutations. Moreover, in four patients with OI or OPT without a prior molecular diagnosis, the assay was able to detect the causative mutations. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, our NGS panel provides a fast and accurate method to arrive at a molecular diagnosis in most patients with inherited high or low bone mineral density disorders.

Infantile cardiomyopathy caused by a mutation in the overlapping region of mitochondrial ATPase 6 and 8 genes.

BACKGROUND: Infantile cardiomyopathy is a genetically heterogeneous disorder with significant morbidity and mortality. METHODS: This study aimed to identify the mutation present in four unrelated patients who presented as infants with isolated hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. RESULTS: In all four, a novel mitochondrial m.8528T-->C mutation was identified. This results in a change of the initiation codon in ATPase 6 to threonine and a concurrent change from a highly conserved hydrophobic amino acid, tryptophan, at position 55 of ATPase 8 to a highly basic arginine. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a mutation affecting both mitochondrial genome-encoded complex V subunit proteins. Testing of the relatives of one patient indicated that the mutation is heteroplasmic and correlated with disease. CONCLUSION: Mitochondrial genome sequencing should be considered in patients with infantile hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Expanded clinical and molecular spectrum of guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency.

Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency is a disorder of creatine biosynthesis, characterized by excessive amounts of guanidinoacetate in body fluids, deficiency of creatine in the brain, and presence of mutations in the GAMT gene. We present here 8 new patients with GAMT deficiency along with their clinical, biochemical and molecular data. The age at diagnosis of our patients ranges from 0 to 14 years. The age of onset of seizures usually ranges from infancy to 3 years. However, one of our patients developed seizures at age 5; progressing to myoclonic epilepsy at age 8 years and another patient has not developed seizures at age 17 years. Five novel mutations were identified: c.37ins26 (p.G13PfsX38), c.403G>T (p.D135Y), c.507_521dup15 (p.C169_S173dup), c.402C>G (p.Y134X) and c.610_611delAGinsGAA (p.R204EfsX63). Six patients had the c.327G>A (last nucleotide of exon 2) splice-site mutation which suggests that this is one of the most common mutations in the GAMT gene, second only to the known Portuguese founder mutation, c.59G>C (p.W20S). Our data suggests that the clinical presentation can be variable and the diagnosis may be overlooked due to unawareness of this disorder. Therefore, GAMT deficiency should be considered in the differential diagnosis of progressive myoclonic epilepsy as well as in unexplained developmental delay or regression with dystonia, even if the patient has no history of seizures. As more patients are reported, the prevalence of GAMT deficiency will become known and guidelines for prenatal diagnosis, newborn screening, presymptomatic testing and treatment, will need to be formulated.

Long-term neurodevelopmental effects of early detection and treatment in a 6-year-old patient with argininaemia diagnosed by newborn screening.

Newborn screening makes possible the early identification and treatment of asymptomatic ARG1-deficient patients; however, it is unknown whether early intervention prevents neurological insults. We identified a full-term Hispanic male infant with argininaemia by newborn screening with a serum arginine of 327 µmol/L (reference values 0-140); ARG1 was undetectable on enzyme assay. Sequence analysis of ARG1 revealed a heterozygous nonsense mutation, c.223A>T (p.K75X), and a novel heterozygous missense variant, c.425G>A (p.G142E). Dietary protein restriction began from age 3 months, with addition of sodium benzoate at 4 months, and carnitine from 14 months. For the past 6 years, his serum arginine concentrations were maintained between 268 and 763 µmol/L (reference values 10-140). He has normal development without spastic paraplegia, but with mild hepatomegaly and stable hepatic dysfunction. A full neurodevelopmental assessment was conducted at age 5 years. The BASC-2 rated the patient's behaviours as age-appropriate. The Leiter-R assessed his 'Fundamental Visualization', 'Sequential Order', and 'Picture Concept' at 'Average', 'Form Completion' and 'Matching' at 'Low Average', and 'Figure Ground' and 'Repeated Patterns' in the 'Deficit' range. The full-scale IQ and the functioning ability presented in the 'Borderline' range and in the 'Low Average' range, respectively. The VABS/Survey - Spanish Version showed difficulty in receptive and written language and fine and gross motor skills, and his performance to be at younger than his chronological age. The Short Sensory Profile showed some difficulty with taste and smell sensitivity. Long-term observation over 6 years in a patient with early treated argininaemia shows promising neurodevelopmental results.

A novel homozygous SCO2 mutation, p.G193S, causing fatal infantile cardioencephalomyopathy.

Cytochrome c oxidase (COX) deficiency is a frequent cause of mitochondrial disease in infants. Mutations in the COX assembly gene SCO2 cause fatal infantile cardioencephalomyopathy. All patients reported to date with SCO2 deficiency share a common p.E140K mutation in at least 1 allele. In order to further the understanding of the genotype-phenotype spectrum associated with fatal infantile cardioencephalomyopathy, we describe a novel homozygous SCO2 mutation p.G193S in a patient with fatal infantile cardioencephalomyopathy born to consanguineous parents of Indian ancestry.

Clinical and molecular features of mitochondrial DNA depletion due to mutations in deoxyguanosine kinase.

Published mutations in deoxyguanosine kinase (DGUOK) cause mitochondrial DNA depletion and a clinical phenotype that consists of neonatal liver failure, nystagmus and hypotonia. In this series, we have identified 15 different mutations in the DGUOK gene from 9 kindreds. Among them, 12 have not previously been reported. Nonsense, splice site, or frame-shift mutations that produce truncated proteins predominate over missense mutations. All patients who harbor null mutations had early onset liver failure and significant neurological disease. These patients have all died before 2-years of age. Conversely, two patients carrying missense mutations had isolated liver disease and are alive in their 4th year of life without liver transplant. Five subjects were detected by newborn screening, with elevated tyrosine or phenylalanine. Consequently, this disease should be considered if elevated tyrosine is identified by newborn screening. Mitochondrial DNA content was below 10% of controls in liver in all but one case and modestly reduced in blood cells. With this paper a total of 39 different mutations in DGUOK have been identified. The most frequent mutation, c.763_c.766dupGATT, occurs in 8 unrelated kindreds. 70% of mutations occur in only one kindred, suggesting full sequencing of this gene is required for diagnosis. The presentation of one case with apparent viral hepatitis, without neurological disease, suggests that this disease should be considered in patients with infantile liver failure regardless of the presence of neurological features or apparent infectious etiology.

A novel mutation in the mitochondrial tRNA(Ser(AGY)) gene associated with mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, and complex I deficiency.

PURPOSE: To identify molecular defects in a girl with clinical features of MELAS (mitochondrial encephalomyopathy and lactic acidosis) and MERRF (ragged-red fibres) syndromes. METHODS: The enzyme complex activities of the mitochondrial respiratory chain were assayed. Temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis was used to scan the entire mitochondrial genome for unknown mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) alterations, which were then identified by direct DNA sequencing. RESULTS: A novel heteroplasmic mtDNA mutation, G12207A, in the tRNA(Ser(AGY)) gene was identified in the patient who had a history of developmental delay, feeding difficulty, lesions within her basal ganglia, cerebral atrophy, proximal muscle weakness, increased blood lactate, liver dysfunction, and fatty infiltration of her muscle. Muscle biopsy revealed ragged red fibres and pleomorphic mitochondria. Study of skeletal muscle mitochondria revealed complex I deficiency associated with mitochondrial proliferation. Real time quantitative PCR analysis showed elevated mtDNA content, 2.5 times higher than normal. The tRNA(Ser(AGY)) mutation was found in heteroplasmic state (92%) in the patient's skeletal muscle. It was not present in her unaffected mother's blood or in 200 healthy controls. This mutation occurs at the first nucleotide of the 5' end of tRNA, which is involved in the formation of the stem region of the amino acid acceptor arm. Mutation at this position may affect processing of the precursor RNA, the stability and amino acid charging efficiency of the tRNA, and overall efficiency of protein translation. CONCLUSION: This case underscores the importance of comprehensive mutational analysis of the entire mitochondrial genome when a mtDNA defect is strongly suggested.

Sequence complexity and abundance classes of nuclear and polysomal polyadenylated RNA in Neurospora crassa.

The sequence complexity of nuclear and polysomal polyadenylated RNA in Neurospora crassa has been investigated by an analysis of the kinetics of RNA : cDNA hybridizations. There are about 2000 different messenger RNAs organized into three abundance classes of low, medium and high complexity which contain approx. 10, 150 and 1800 sequences, respectively. Taking 1300 nucleotides as the average length of mRNA, the total sequence complexity of polyadenylated polysomal RNA was calculated to represent 2.4 . 10(6) nucleotide pairs, which is 9% of the genome. Hybridization of polysomal polyadenylated RNA with nuclear DNA yielded results in good agreement and revealed that about 12% of the genome was transcribed into mRNA. Analysis of RNA : cDNA hybridizations with nuclear polyadenylated RNA gave results similar to that observed with polysomal RNA, and indicated that nuclear RNAs were also present in discrete abundance classes. Cross-hybridization experiments showed that all mRNA sequences are present in nuclear RNA, and that the sequence complexity detected in polysomal and nuclear polyadenylated RNA is identical or very similar. In total, approx. 15 to 20% of the Neurospora genome is transcribed into various RNA species, including messenger and ribosomal RNA, in cells growing vegetatively on minimal medium.

Inactivation of Escherichia coli acetate kinase by N-ethylmaleimide. Protection by substrates and products.

Acetate kinase (ATP:acetate phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.2.1) from Escherichia coli exhibited a time-dependent loss of activity when incubated with N-ethylmaleimide at micromolar concentrations. However, prolonged incubation did not eliminate all catalytic activity and generally about 15% of its initial activity remained. When incubated with 7.2 microM N-ethylmaleimide, acetate kinase was inactivated with a rate constant of 0.063 min-1. Adenine nucleotides, ATP, ADP and AMP, protected the enzyme against such inactivation, but acetate up to 3.0 M and in the presence of 0.2 M MgCl2 and acetyl phosphate at 24 mM did not interfere with the rate of inactivation. While both acetate and acetyl phosphate did not affect the protection rendered by AMP, the presence of acetyl phosphate altered ADP protection. However, both substrates prevented ATP from protecting the enzyme. These data suggest that the binding sites for acetate and acetyl phosphate are different from that of the adenosine binding domain, but are in close vicinity to the phosphoryl binding regions of the nucleotides.

Evidence for an essential arginine residue at the active site of Escherichia coli acetate kinase.

Escherichia coli acetate kinase (ATP: acetate phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.2.1.) was inactivated in the presence of either 2,3-butanedione in borate buffer or phenylglyoxal in triethanolamine buffer. When incubated with 9.4 mM phenylglyoxal or 5.1 mM butanedione, the enzyme lost its activity with an apparent rate constant of inactivation of 0.079 min-1, respectively. The loss of enzymatic activity was concomitant with the loss of an arginine residue per active site. Phosphorylated substrates of acetate kinase, ATP, ADP and acetylphosphate as well as AMP markedly decreased the rate of inactivation by both phenylglyoxal and butanedione. Acetate neither provided any protection nor affected the protection rendered by the adenine nucleotides. However, it interfered with the protection afforded by acetylphosphate. These data suggest that an arginine residue is located at the active site of acetate kinase and is essential for its catalytic activity, probably as a binding site for the negatively charged phosphate group of the substrates.

Somatic instability of the DNA sequences encoding the polymorphic polyglutamine tract of the AIB1 gene.

BACKGROUND: AIB1 contains a polymorphic polyglutamine tract (poly Q) that is encoded by a trinucleotide CAG repeat. Previously there have been conflicting results regarding the effect of the poly Q tract length on breast cancer. Since poly Q is not encoded by a perfect CAG repeat, the heterozygous polymorphic alleles need to be resolved, to understand the exact DNA sequences encoding poly Q. METHODS: Poly Q encoding sequences of AIB1 from 107 DNA samples, including breast cancer cell lines, sporadic primary breast tumours, and blood samples from BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation carriers and the general population, were resolved by PCR/cloning followed by sequencing of each individual clone. RESULTS: 25 distinct poly Q encoding sequence patterns were found. More than two distinct sequence patterns were found in a significantly higher proportion of tumours and cell lines than that of the general population, suggesting somatic instability. A significantly higher proportion of cancer cell lines or primary breast tumours than that of the general population contained rare sequence patterns. The proportion of sporadic breast tumours having at least one allele < or =27 repeats is significantly higher than that in the blood of BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation carrier breast cancer patients or the general population. CONCLUSION: The poly Q encoding DNA sequences are somatically unstable in tumour tissues and cell lines. A missense mutation and a very short glutamine repeat in primary tumours suggests that AIB1 activity may be modulated through poly Q, which in turn plays a role in the cotransactivation of gene expressions in breast cancers.

MNGIE with lack of skeletal muscle involvement and a novel TP splice site mutation.

Mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy (MNGIE) is an autosomal recessive multisystem disorder caused by thymidine phosphorylase (TP) deficiency, resulting in severe gastrointestinal dysmotility and skeletal muscle abnormalities. A patient is reported with a classical MNGIE clinical presentation but without skeletal muscle involvement at morphological, enzymatic, or mitochondrial DNA level, though gastrointestinal myopathy was present. MNGIE was diagnosed by markedly raised plasma thymidine and reduced thymidine phosphorylase activity. Molecular genetic analysis showed a homozygous novel splice site mutation in TP. On immunohistochemical studies there was marked TP expression in the CNS, in contrast to what has been observed in rodents. It is important to examine the most significantly affected tissue and to measure TP activity and plasma thymidine in order to arrive at an accurate diagnosis in this condition.

Pathologic Variants of the Mitochondrial Phosphate Carrier SLC25A3: Two New Patients and Expansion of the Cardiomyopathy/Skeletal Myopathy Phenotype With and Without Lactic Acidosis.

Variants in the SLC25A3 gene, which codes for the mitochondrial phosphate transporter (PiC), lead to a failure of inorganic phosphate (Pi) transport across the mitochondrial membrane, which is required in the final step of oxidative phosphorylation. The literature described two affected sibships with variants in SLC25A3; all cases had skeletal myopathy and cardiomyopathy (OMIM 610773). We report here two new patients who had neonatal cardiomyopathy; one of whom did not have skeletal myopathy nor elevated lactate. Patient 1 had a homozygous splice site variant, c.158-9A>G, which has been previously reported in a Turkish family. Patient 2 was found to be a compound heterozygote for two novel variants, c.599T>G (p.Leu200Trp) and c. 886_898delGGTAGCAGTGCTTinsCAGATAC (p.Gly296_Ser300delinsGlnIlePro). Protein structure analysis indicated that both variants are likely to be pathogenic. Sequencing of SLC25A3 should be considered in patients with isolated cardiomyopathy, even those without generalized skeletal myopathy or lactic acidosis.

Improved detection of CFTR mutations in Southern California Hispanic CF patients.

Mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene cause cystic fibrosis (CF), a common autosomal recessive disease in Caucasians. The broad mutation spectrum varies among different patient groups. Current molecular diagnoses are designed to detect 80-97% of CF chromosomes in Caucasians and Ashkenazi Jews but have a much lower detection rate in Hispanic CF patients. Grebe et al. [1994] reported a 58% detection rate in Hispanic patients. Since then, there has been no large-scale, complete mutational analysis of Hispanic CF patients. In this study, the mutations in 62 Hispanic patients from southern California were investigated. The entire coding and flanking intronic regions of the CFTR gene were analyzed by temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TTGE) followed by sequencing to identify the mutations. Eleven novel mutations were discovered in this patient group: 3876delA, 406-1G>A, 935delA, 663delT, 3271delGG, 2105-2117del13insAGAAA, 3199del6, Q179K, 2108delA, 3171delC, and 3500-2A>T. Among the mutations, seven were out-of-frame insertions and deletions that result in truncated proteins, two were splice-site mutations, one was an in-frame 6 bp deletion, and one was a missense mutation that involved the non-conservative change of glutamine-179 to lysine. All patients presented severe classical clinical course with pancreatic insufficiency and poor growth, consistent with the nature of truncation mutation. The results indicate that TTGE screening following the analysis of recurrent mutations will substantially improve the mutation detection rate for Hispanic CF patients from southern California.

Combinations of variations in multiple genes are associated with hypertension.

The genetic analysis of hypertension has revealed complex and inconsistent results, making it difficult to draw clear conclusions regarding the impact of specific genes on blood pressure regulation in diverse human populations. Some of the confusion from previous studies is probably due to undetected gene-gene interactions. Instead of focusing on the effects of single genes on hypertension, we examined the effects of interactions of alleles at 4 candidate loci. Three of the loci are in the renin-angiotensin-system, angiotensinogen, ACE, and angiotensin II type 1 receptor, and they have been associated with hypertension in at least 1 previous study. The fourth locus studied is a previously undescribed locus, named FJ. In total, 7 polymorphic sites at these loci were analyzed for their association with hypertension in 51 normotensive and 126 hypertensive age-matched individuals. There were no significant differences between the 2 phenotypic classes with respect to either allele or genotype frequencies. However, when we tested for nonallelic associations (linkage disequilibrium), we found that of the 120 multilocus comparisons, 16 deviated significantly from random in the hypertensive class, but there were no significant deviations in the normotensive group. These findings suggest that genetic interactions between multiple loci rather than variants of a single gene underlie the genetic basis of hypertension in our study subjects. We hypothesize that such interactions may account for the inconsistent findings in previous studies because, unlike our study, prior studies almost always examined single-locus effects and did not consider the effects of variation at other potentially interacting loci.

CAG repeat size and clinical presentation in Huntington's disease.

The specific mutation in Huntington's disease (HD) is an expansion of the unstable CAG trinucleotide repeat in the IT15 gene in chromosome 4p. We examined the relationship between the CAG repeat size and clinical presentation in 36 patients with suspected diagnosis of HD. Twelve patients had no relatives with documented HD, and five of them failed to show the expanded (>37) CAG repeats. The remaining 31 patients, including seven patients with atypical clinical features for HD (three without and four with family history of documented HD), were heterozygotes for the CAG repeat expansion. There were large CAG repeats (50 copies) in paternally transmitted HD cases with early onset (age 30 or earlier). The rate of disease progression was faster in paternally transmitted cases regardless of the CAG repeat length or age of onset. We conclude that (1) patients lacking the family history of HD frequently show no expansion of the CAG repeats, and (2) the sex of the affected parent influences both the CAG repeat size and the phenotypic expression of the HD gene in the offspring.

Effects of substrates on the thermal stability of nuclear histone acetyltransferase.

Calf thymus nuclear histone acetyltransferase was found to have an optimal activity at about 30 degrees C with an energy of activation of 13.2 +/- 0.4 kcal/mol. The enzyme, however, is thermally unstable. At 38, 42, and 46 degrees C, the enzyme was inactivated with rate constants of 0.01, 0.033 and 0.097 min-1, respectively. High salt concentrations and histones accelerated the rate of thermal inactivation. Bovine serum albumin while alone having no effect on the inactivation process, decreased the exacerbation of heat inactivation caused by histones. Acetyl-CoA, on the other hand, protected the enzyme from heat denaturation. The acetyl-enzyme intermediate also underwent heat inactivated but at a much slower rate. The first order rate constant for the process at 42 degrees C decreased from 0.033 min-1 for the native enzyme to 0.013 min-1 for the acetyl-enzyme, corresponding to an increase in Arrhenius energy of inactivation from 55 kcal/mol to 82 kcal/mol. The distinct effects of acetyl-CoA and histones on the thermal stability of the enzyme suggest that interactions of the enzyme with these two substrates are different and thereby result in different enzyme substrate complexes. This observation further supports our previously proposed two-site ping-pong kinetic reaction mechanism which suggests that the two structurally and electrostatically different substrates bind to separate sites on the enzyme.

Yield of mtDNA mutation analysis in 2,000 patients.

The multiplex polymerase chain reaction-allele specific oligonucleotides (PCR/ASO) dot blot hybridization method was used to detect 44 mitochondrial DNA point mutations in 2,000 patients suspected as having mitochondrial DNA disorders. These point mutations are classified into four categories. Category I consists of primary disease-causing, heteroplasmic point mutations. Homoplasmic nucleotide substitutions that have been reported to be possibly disease associated are in Category II. Homoplasmic nucleotide substitutions that are thought to be benign polymorphism are included in category III. The novel nucleotide substitutions recently discovered in our laboratory by single strand conformation polymorphism analysis are in category IV. Frequencies of these 44 nucleotide substitutions in 2,000 patients and 262 control individuals were studied. The results indicated that analysis of 12 recurrent disease-causing point mutations in category I identified 5.4% of the patients suspected as having mitochondrial DNA disorders. Since the mitochondrial disorders are a group of complex, heterogeneous, and multisystemic diseases, it is often difficult to confirm clinical diagnosis without molecular studies. Thus, the multiplex PCR/ASO method is an effective approach for initial screening of mtDNA mutations in patients suspected as having mitochondrial DNA disorders.

Novel SNP at the common primer site of exon IIIa of FGFR2 gene causes error in molecular diagnosis of craniosynostosis syndrome.

Most mutations in Crouzon, Pfeiffer, and Apert syndromes are in the extracellular, third immunoglobulin-like domain and adjacent linker regions (exons IIIa and IIIc) of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) gene. Using the published primers for PCR, a patient with Crouzon syndrome was found to be homozygous for a mutation that results in a Q289P amino acid substitution in FGFR2. Two additional patients; one with Apert syndrome and P253R mutation, the other with Pfeiffer syndrome and S267P mutation, also appeared to be homozygous. Using a new primer located 146 bp 5' of exon IIIa for PCR followed by sequencing revealed an A to G polymorphism at -62 [corrected] position of exon IIIa. All three patients were heterozygous for both the mutation and the polymorphism. These results indicate that the polymorphism and the mutation are not on the same chromosome. The single nucleotide polymorphism is located at the second to the last base of the 3' end of the published primer. This primer mismatch caused the failure of amplification of the normal chromosome and thus, the apparent homozygosity. The frequency of this novel polymorphism was determined to be 0.03 by studying 326 chromosomes from the general population. We propose that a new primer should be used for mutational analysis of exon IIIa of FGFR2 to avoid misdiagnosis caused by primer mismatch.