RESUMEN
To investigate the mediating role of rumination in the association between childhood maltreatment and suicidal behavior, and the moderating role of regulatory emotional self-efficacy, university students (N = 1,458) from 5 universities in China completed questionnaires in classrooms. Path analyses showed emotional maltreatment had the greatest positive association with suicidal behavior and rumination compared with other types of childhood maltreatment. Rumination partly mediated the relationship between childhood maltreatment and suicidal behavior. High regulatory emotional self-efficacy moderated the relation between ruminating childhood maltreatment and suicidal behavior.
Asunto(s)
Maltrato a los Niños , Ideación Suicida , Niño , Humanos , Autoeficacia , Emociones , UniversidadesRESUMEN
A new and controllable method for the preparation of unsymmetrical and symmetrical fluorinated benzothiadiazole (FBT)-arene structures that can be applied in organic optoelectronic materials has been developed. The reaction proceeds under mild reaction conditions with high efficiency and shows excellent functional group compatibility, even toward bromide. Fluorinated benzotriazoles also take part in the reaction.
RESUMEN
The development of GABAergic inhibitory circuits is shaped by neural activity, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here, we demonstrate a novel function of GABA in regulating GABAergic innervation in the adolescent brain, when GABA is mainly known as an inhibitory transmitter. Conditional knockdown of the rate-limiting synthetic enzyme GAD67 in basket interneurons in adolescent visual cortex resulted in cell autonomous deficits in axon branching, perisomatic synapse formation around pyramidal neurons, and complexity of the innervation fields; the same manipulation had little influence on the subsequent maintenance of perisomatic synapses. These effects of GABA deficiency were rescued by suppressing GABA reuptake and by GABA receptor agonists. Germline knockdown of GAD67 but not GAD65 showed similar deficits, suggesting a specific role of GAD67 in the maturation of perisomatic innervation. Since intracellular GABA levels are modulated by neuronal activity, our results implicate GAD67-mediated GABA synthesis in activity-dependent regulation of inhibitory innervation patterns.
Asunto(s)
Glutamato Descarboxilasa/fisiología , Isoenzimas/fisiología , Inhibición Neural/fisiología , Transducción de Señal/fisiología , Sinapsis/fisiología , Corteza Visual/citología , Ácido gamma-Aminobutírico/metabolismo , Animales , Axones/fisiología , Glutamato Descarboxilasa/genética , Proteínas Fluorescentes Verdes/metabolismo , Isoenzimas/genética , Ratones , Ratones Transgénicos , Neuronas/clasificación , Neuronas/citología , Neuronas/fisiología , Técnicas de Cultivo de Órganos , Parvalbúminas/metabolismo , Fosfopiruvato Hidratasa/metabolismo , Factores de Tiempo , Transfección/métodos , Corteza Visual/metabolismo , Vías Visuales/citología , Vías Visuales/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Functional maturation of GABAergic innervation in the developing visual cortex is regulated by neural activity and sensory inputs and in turn influences the critical period of ocular dominance plasticity. Here we show that polysialic acid (PSA), presented by the neural cell adhesion molecule, has a role in the maturation of GABAergic innervation and ocular dominance plasticity. Concentrations of PSA significantly decline shortly after eye opening in the adolescent mouse visual cortex; this decline is hindered by visual deprivation. The developmental and activity-dependent regulation of PSA expression is inversely correlated with the maturation of GABAergic innervation. Premature removal of PSA in visual cortex results in precocious maturation of perisomatic innervation by basket interneurons, enhanced inhibitory synaptic transmission, and earlier onset of ocular dominance plasticity. The developmental and activity-dependent decline of PSA expression therefore regulates the timing of the maturation of GABAergic inhibition and the onset of ocular dominance plasticity.
Asunto(s)
Período Crítico Psicológico , Regulación del Desarrollo de la Expresión Génica/fisiología , Inhibición Neural/fisiología , Plasticidad Neuronal/fisiología , Ácidos Siálicos/metabolismo , Factores de Edad , Análisis de Varianza , Anestésicos Locales/farmacología , Animales , Animales Recién Nacidos , Potenciales Evocados Visuales/fisiología , Regulación del Desarrollo de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Regulación del Desarrollo de la Expresión Génica/efectos de la radiación , Glutamato Descarboxilasa/metabolismo , Glicósido Hidrolasas/farmacología , Proteínas Fluorescentes Verdes/metabolismo , Técnicas In Vitro , Ratones , Moléculas de Adhesión de Célula Nerviosa/metabolismo , Estimulación Luminosa/métodos , Privación Sensorial/fisiología , Ácidos Siálicos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Tetrodotoxina/farmacología , Corteza Visual/crecimiento & desarrollo , Vías Visuales/fisiología , Ácido gamma-Aminobutírico/metabolismoRESUMEN
A methyl(phenyl)sulfane-promoted direct olefination of polyfluoroarenes catalyzed by palladium has been reported. With use of this new thioether ligand, a high reaction efficiency and excellent E/Z ratio of desired olefinated polyfluoroarenes were obtained. This represents a first example of thioether promoted oxidative Heck reaction.
Asunto(s)
Alquenos/química , Alquenos/síntesis química , Hidrocarburos Fluorados/química , Compuestos Organometálicos/química , Paladio/química , Sulfuros/química , Catálisis , Estructura MolecularRESUMEN
Anatomical, electrophysiological and molecular diversity of basket cell-like interneurons in layers II-IV of rat somatosensory cortex were studied using patch-clamp electrodes filled with biocytin. This multiparametric study shows that neocortical basket cells (BCs) are composed of three distinct subclasses: classical large (LBC) and small (SBC) basket cells and a third subclass, the nest basket cell (NBC). Anatomically, NBCs were distinct from LBCs and SBCs in that they formed simpler dendritic arbors and an axonal plexus of inter-mediate density, composed of a few long, smooth axonal branches. Electrophysiologically, NBCs exhibited diverse discharge responses to depolarizing current injections including accommodation, non-accommodation and stuttering. Single-cell multiplex RT-PCR revealed distinct mRNA expression patterns for the calcium binding proteins parvalbumin (PV), calbindin (CB) and calretinin (CR), and the neuropeptides somatostatin (SOM), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), cholecystokinin (CCK) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) for each BC-subclass. SBCs lacked NPY expression but invariably expressed VIP, whereas neither VIP, CR nor SOM expression was detected in LBCs, and VIP and CR expression was absent in NBCs. Electro-physiologically distinct types of NBCs formed GABAergic synapses with specific dynamics onto pyramidal cells (PCs) and received either strongly facilitating or depressing synaptic inputs from PCs. Finally, NBCs were found to be the most common basket cell in layers II/III, while LBCs were the most common in layer IV. These data provide multiparametric distinguishing features of three major subclasses of basket cells and indicate that NBCs are powerful interneurons that provide most of the (peri-)somatic inhibition in the supragranular layers.