1,2,4-Oxadiazole as a potential scaffold in agrochemistry: a review.

N,O-containing heterocycles have been incorporated into various approved pesticides and pesticide candidates. The persistent challenge in contemporary crop protection lies in the continuous pursuit of novel N,O-heterocycle-containing compounds with pesticidal properties. Among them, the 1,2,4-oxadiazole scaffold is one of the most extensively explored heterocycles in new pesticide discovery and development. This review focuses on elucidating the molecular design strategy employed along with highlighting the bioactivity of 1,2,4-oxadiazole derivatives since 2012. Throughout this time frame, tioxazafen and flufenoxadiazam have emerged as prominent examples in which 1,2,4-oxadiazole derivatives were utilized as the core active structure within numerous applications. Additionally, the preparation methods for substituted 1,2,4-oxadiazole derivatives are elaborated upon, and their potential value within agrochemistry is discussed.

Effects of the cage height and positioning on clinical and radiographic outcome of lateral lumbar interbody fusion: a retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: The proper cage positioning and height in lateral lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF). This study evaluated their effects on clinical and radiographic outcome measures in patients undergoing LLIF. METHODS: This single-center retrospective study analyzed the characteristics and perioperative data of patients who underwent LLIF between January 2019 and December 2020. Radiographic (lumbar lordosis [LL], foraminal height, disc height [DH], segmental angle [SA], cross-sectional area [CSA] of thecal sac) and clinical (Oswestry Disability Index and Visual Analog Scale) outcomes were assessed preoperatively, postoperatively, and at the last follow-up. The effects of cage height and positioning on these parameters were also investigated. RESULTS: With a mean follow-up of 12.8 months, 47 patients with 70 operated level were analyzed. Data demonstrated that postsurgical clinical and radiographic outcome measures were significantly better than before surgery(P < 0.05). Cage height and positioning showed no significant difference with regarding to clinical outcome(P > 0.05). Subgroup analysis of the cage positioning showed that DH and SA were better restored by the final follow-up in patients with anteriorly placed cages than those with posteriorly placed cages (P < 0.05). Cages of posterior position showed significantly upgrading cage subsidence (P = 0.047). Cage height subgroup analysis showed that the preoperative forminal height, DH, and SA in the 11-mm cage group were significantly lower than in the 13-mm cage group; however, these parameters were comparable in the two groups postoperatively and at the final follow-up (P > 0.05). Furthermore, the postoperative and final follow-up degrees of DH, SA, and LL have improved in the 11-mm cage group more than the 13-mm cage group. The preoperative, postoperative, and final follow-up LL values in the 11-mm cage group were lower than in the 13-mm cage group(P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Cage height and positioning did not affect the clinical outcomes in the present study. Cages in anterior position showed better restoration in DH, SA and decreased the incidence of cage subsidence. A comparable radiographic outcome can be achieved by inserting an appropriate cage height based on preoperative radiography.

TBPEH-TBPB Initiate the Radical Addition of Benzaldehyde and Allyl Esters.

Tert-butylperoxy-2-ethylhexanoate (TBPEH) and tert-butyl peroxybenzoate (TBPB) promote the radical acylation of allyl ester with benzaldehyde to synthesize new carbonyl-containing compounds under solvent-free and metal-free conditions. This reaction is compatible with electron-donating and halogen groups and has excellent atom utilization and chemical selectivity. Furthermore, the synthetic compounds can further apply to the preparation of lactone, piperidine, tetrazole and oxazole.

Comparison of Surgical Outcomes Between Staged and Simultaneous Decompression of Discontinuous Thoracic Ossification of the Ligamentum Flavum: A Retrospective Study.

BACKGROUND: Discontinuous thoracic ossification of the ligamentum flavum (TOLF) is diagnosed according to the number and distribution of involved segments seen on magnetic resonance images. When TOLF causes thoracic myelopathy, surgical intervention for these lesions becomes unavoidable. However, there are few reports on the outcomes of surgery for discontinuous TOLF. METHODS: The study included 26 patients of mean age 55.0 years who underwent simultaneous (n = 16) or staged (n = 10) decompression of discontinuous TOLF between July 2006 and June 2016. Final neurologic status was evaluated using the modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score. The surgical data and incidence of complications were compared. The mean follow-up duration was 73.3 months. RESULTS: There was no between-group difference in number of levels decompressed or the amount of intraoperative blood loss. There was a significant improvement in the JOA score from 4.0 before surgery to 8.0 postoperatively, with an average recovery rate of 58.3%. The JOA recovery rate was significantly better in the staged group than simultaneous group (68.4% vs. 52.0%, P < 0.05). However, the incidence of complications was similar between the staged and simultaneous groups including for dural tear (1 vs. 6, P = 0.19), cerebrospinal fluid leak (4 vs. 6, P = 1.00), and transient neurologic deterioration (0 vs. 2, P = 0.51). CONCLUSIONS: The surgical outcome of staged decompression for discontinuous TOLF seems to be better than that of simultaneous decompression. The complication rates of these 2 strategies are similar.