Epidemiology and Pattern of Pediatric Maxillofacial Trauma: A 5-Year Retrospective Study.

PURPOSE: To analyze the epidemiology, pattern, and prevent measurement of pediatric maxillofacial trauma in Xinjiang, China. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Clinical records of patients aged 0 to 18 years with maxillofacial trauma over the 5 years were reviewed. Epidemiological features of data were collected for the cause of injury, age and sex distribution, frequency and type of injury, localization and frequency of soft tissue injuries, facial bone fractures, and presence of associated injuries. Statistical analyses performed included descriptive analysis, χ 2 test, and logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: Among the 450 patients, 333 were male and 117 were female, with a male-to-female ratio of 3.8:1, the mean age was 9.2±5.4 years; 223 cases were soft tissue injuries and 227 cases were maxillofacial fractures. The 16 to 18-year-old group was the highest, with the prevalence of maxillofacial fractures. The most common cause of pediatric maxillofacial trauma was traffic injuries. CONCLUSION: The incidence of maxillofacial trauma in pediatric patients correlates with a number of factors, including age, sex, and etiology of trauma. The 16 to 18-year-old group is the most prevalent group for maxillofacial trauma in pediatric patients, and traffic accidents are the leading cause of maxillofacial trauma in pediatric patients.

Epidemiology and Pattern of Oral and Maxillofacial Trauma.

PURPOSE: Maxillofacial trauma represents a serious public health problem and their epidemiology is extremely variable.The objective of the present study was to analyze and discuss the epidemiological characteristics of 2492 patients with oral and maxillofacial trauma over a 5-year period. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This retrospective study was conducted at different hospitals of Xinjiang from 2012 to 2016. Data were collected for the cause of injury, age and gender distribution, frequency and type of injury, localization and frequency of soft tissue injuries, dentoalveolar trauma, facial bone fractures, presence of associated injuries, nerve injury, different treatment protocols. All the data were analyzed using statistical analysis that is chi squared test.Statistical analyses performed included descriptive analysis, chi square test, and logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: A total of 2492 maxillofacial trauma patients were seen in 1981 patients with a male to female ratio of 3.88:1. The age group 21 to 30 years accounted for the largest subgroup in both sexes. The most common etiology of the trauma was traffic accident, accounted for 41.8%. The mandible (31.97%) was the most common site of fracture followed by the zygoma (25.3%). The common type associated injuries was limb injury (27.5%), it was followed by brain (24.5%) and eye (21.4%) injuries. The common nerve injury was the facial nerve injury, accounting for 62.9%. CONCLUSION: The incidence of oral and maxillofacial trauma is related to gender, age, and the cause of trauma. Young adults are the most likely group (P < 0.05). Maxillofacial trauma is often associated with limb, craniocerebral, and eye injuries. Traffic accident is the main cause of maxillofacial injury (P < 0.5).

Management of Mandibular Angle Fractures Using One Miniplate or Two Miniplate Fixation System: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

PURPOSE: The management of mandibular angle fractures is controversial. The present study proposed to determine the superiority between the 1 miniplate and 2 miniplate fixation system and evaluated the best option for patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A systematic review was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, examining Medline-Ovid, Embase, and PubMed databases for relevant reports in English without date restrictions in October 2018. The inclusion criteria were studies of humans, including randomized controlled trials, controlled clinical trials, and retrospective studies, with the aim of comparing the 2 techniques. The incidence of postoperative complications and operative times were evaluated, and the relative risk and corresponding 95% confidence intervals were assessed to measure the effect size. Subgroup analyses of the different fracture regions and different miniplate sizes were performed. Publication bias was measured using a funnel plot. RESULTS: Thirteen reports were enrolled for analysis. The results showed that the 1 miniplate fixation system reduced the overall complication rate compared with the 2 miniplate fixation system (P = .02). The incidence of wound dehiscence, hardware failure, scarring, and paresthesia showed statistically significant differences in favor of the 1 miniplate system (P < .05). The subgroup analyses indicated that 1 miniplate with isolated fractures caused a lower incidence rate of wound dehiscence, scarring, and hardware failure compared with the 2 miniplate fixation technique (P < .05). CONCLUSION: The results of the present study suggest that the 1 miniplate system is superior to 2 miniplates with a reduction in postoperative complication rates for the management of mandibular angle fractures.

Management of Mandibular Fractures Using Locking and Nonlocking Miniplates.

PURPOSE: The study proposed to determine the superiority between locking plate and nonlocking miniplate for mandibular fractures (MFs) treatment. METHODS: A comprehensive electronic search examining Medline-Ovid, Embase, and PubMed databases language without date was performed in February 2018. Inclusion criteria were studies in humans, including randomized controlled trials, controlled clinical trials, with the aim of comparing the 2 techniques. The quality of studies was assessed, and the relative risk (RR) with its corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) was assessed to measure the effect size. RESULTS: Thirteen publications were enrolled into the analysis. The results showed that there were significant differences in overall complications (RR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.351-1.094; P = 0.06), postoperative infection (RR, 0.503, 95% CI, 0.223-1.136) when comparing locking miniplates with nonlocking miniplates in treating mandible fractures. The incidence of malocclusion showed a statistically significant difference in the outcome favoring locking miniplates (fixed: RR, 0.503; 95% CI, 0.125-2.030; P = 0.06). In addition, the use of locking miniplates had a lower postoperative maxillomandibular fixation rate than the use of nonlocking miniplates (RR, 0.414; 95% CI, 0.196-0.872; P = 0.002). CONCLUSION: The result of meta-analysis revealed that use of locking plate is superior to the nonlocking plate in the reducing of postoperative complication rates in the management of MFs.

Surgical Management of Mandibular Angle Fractures.

PURPOSE: The study proposed to determine the superiority between different fixation methods in the mandibular angle fractures (MAFs) and to evaluate best option for surgeon and patient. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines, examining Medline-Ovid, Embase, and Pubmed databases. The quality of studies was assessed, and the odds risk (OR) with its corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) was assessed to measure the effect size. Subgroup analyses by different fracture regions and different miniplate sizes were performed. Publication bias was measured by a funnel plot. RESULTS: Twenty-one articles were enrolled in this review: 8 randomized controlled trials , 2 controlled clinical trials, and 11 retrospective studies. There were significant advantages for 3-dimensional (3D) miniplate (OR = 0.48, P = 0.003, 95% CI, 0.35-0.67) and 1 miniplate (OR 0.38, 95% CI 0.25-0.58, P < 0.00001). The cumulative OR for locking miniplate was 0.45, showing that the utilizing of locking mini-plate in management of MAFs decreases postoperative complications risk by 55% over the use of nonlocking mini-plate. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this review indicated that the use of 3D miniplate, locking plate, and 1 plate were more advanced to 2 miniplates technique in low incidence of postoperative complications in the treatment of MAFs.

Locking Plate System Versus Standard Plate Fixation in the Management of Mandibular Fractures: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

PURPOSE: The aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the efficacy of the 2.0-mm locking miniplate system in comparison with the standard miniplate system in treatment of mandible fractures. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines, examining Medline-Ovid, Embase, and PubMed databases, eligible studies were restricted to comparative controlled trials. Inclusion criteria were based on humans randomized controlled trials, controlled clinical trials, with the aim of comparing 2 fixation techniques, namely locking miniplate and standard miniplate (nonlocking miniplate) techniques. In addition, the incidence of complications was evaluated. RESULTS: Nine studies with 380 patients and 551 fracture sites were enrolled into the analysis. The results showed that there were no significant differences in overall complications (odds ratio [OR], 0.64; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.34-1.22; P = 0.2), postoperative infection (OR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.23-1.23, P = 0.15), and occlusion discrepancy (P > 0.05) when comparing 2.0-mm locking miniplates with 2.0-mm nonlocking miniplates in treating mandible fractures. However, the use of 2.0-mm locking miniplates had a lower postoperative maxillomandibular fixation rate than the use of 2.0-mm nonlocking miniplates (OR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.22-0.83; P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Mandible fractures treated with 2.0-mm locking miniplates and standard 2.0-mm miniplates present similar short-term complication rates, and the low postoperative maxillomandibular fixation rate of using 2.0-mm locking miniplates also indicates that the 2.0-mm locking miniplate has a promising application in treatment of mandibular fractures.

Three-dimensional versus standard miniplate, lag screws versus miniplates, locking plate versus non-locking miniplates: Management of mandibular fractures, a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: The aims of the present study were to 1) evaluate the clinical outcomes between different fixation methods in the management of mandibular fractures (MFs) and 2) determine which fixation method is the best option for the treatment of mandibular fractures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines, examining Medline-Ovid, Embase, and Pubmed databases. Inclusion criteria were studied in humans, including randomized controlled trials, controlled clinical trials, and retrospective studies, with the aim of comparing the two techniques. In addition, the incidence of complications was evaluated. RESULTS: Thirty-two publications were included: 20 randomized controlled trials, 4 controlled clinical trials, and 8 retrospective studies. There were statistically significant advantages for 3-dimensional miniplate and lag screws. There was no statistically significant difference between locking plates and standard miniplates (P = 0 0.2). The cumulative odds ratio was 0.64, meaning that the use of locking miniplate in the fixation of MFs decreases the risk for postoperative complications by 36% over the use of standard miniplates. CONCLUSION: The results of the three-Dimensional Versus Standard miniplate showed that 3-dimensional miniplate is the best option for mandibular fractures. Regarding Lag Screws Versus Miniplates results of the meta-analysis found that the use of lag screws is superior to using miniplates in reducing the incidence of postoperative complications. And in regards to locking miniplates versus non-locking miniplate, the analysis indicates that the 2.0-mm locking miniplate is a prospective fixation system in the treatment of maxillofacial fractures.

Management of mandibular angle fractures using 3- dimensional or standard miniplates: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: This study proposed to compare clinical outcomes between three-dimensional (3D) plate and standard miniplate fixation systems for the management of mandibular angle fractures (MAFs). METHODS: A systematic review search of several databases, including MEDLINE-Ovid, Embase, Springer Link, and PubMed, for relevant articles in English and without date restrictions was performed in February 2018. The quality of studies was assessed, and the relative risk (RR) with its corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) was assessed to measure postoperative complications. RESULTS: Eleven publications were enrolled in the analysis. The results showed that there were significant differences in overall complications (RR, 0.453; 95% CI, 0.311-0.660; P = 0.007). The incidence of hardware failure showed a statistically significant difference in the outcome, favoring 3D miniplates (fixed: RR 0.156; 95% CI, 0.042-0.581; P = 0.0006). Subgroup analyses indicated that the 3D miniplate caused a lower incidence rate of malunion and hardware failure than the standard miniplate with 8 or 10 holes (P = 0.006, P = 0.03, respectively). In addition, the use of standard miniplates had a shorter operation time than the use of 3D miniplates (P = 0.002). CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrates that the three-dimensional miniplate was a better fixation system than the standard miniplate technique in reducing postoperative complications in the management of mandibular angle fracture (P = 0.007).

Three dimensional versus standard miniplate fixation in the management of mandibular fractures: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

The aim of this meta-analysis is to evaluate the efficacy of the 3-dimensional miniplate system in comparison with the standard miniplate system for the treatment of mandibular fractures (MFs). A systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines, examining Medline-Ovid, Embase, and PubMed databases. The primary search objective was to identify all papers reporting the results of randomized control trials (RCTs) for the treatment of adults with mandibular fractures, with the aim of comparing the different techniques. The incidence of complications was evaluated; nine studies including 283 patients with different fracture sites were enrolled in the analysis. The results showed no significant differences in overall complications (odds ratio [OR], 0.92; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.552-1.542; P = 0.81), postoperative infections (OR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.40-2.48; P = 0.89), wound dehiscence (OR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.13-7.37; P = 0.96), paresthesia (OR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.20-1.07; P = 0.11), or malocclusion (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 0.39-8.32; P = 0.47) between standard miniplates and 3-dimensional miniplates for treating mandibular fractures. Mandibular fractures treated with 3-dimensional miniplates and standard miniplates presented similar short-term complication rates, and the low postoperative maxillomandibular fixation rate of using standard miniplates also indicated that the standard miniplate has a promising application in the treatment of mandibular fractures.

Three dimensional versus standard miniplate fixation in management of mandibular fractures: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: The aims of the present study were to 1) evaluate clinical outcomes between standard and three-dimensional (3D) miniplate fixation in the management of mandibular fractures and 2) determine which fixation method is the best option for the treatment of mandibular fractures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A comprehensive electronic search language without date was performed in July 2015. Inclusion criteria were studies in humans, including randomized controlled trials, controlled clinical trials, and retrospective studies, with the aim of comparing the two techniques. In addition, the incidence of complications was evaluated. RESULTS: Seventeen publications were included: nine randomized controlled trials, three controlled clinical trials, and five retrospective studies. The meta-analyses showed statistically significant differences for the incidence of hardware failure, malocclusion, and postoperative trismus. There were no significant differences in the incidence of postoperative infection, wound dehiscence, non-union/malunion, and paresthesia. The cumulative odds ratio was 0.48, meaning that the use of 3D miniplates in the fixation of mandibular fractures decreases the risk of the event (postoperative complication) by 52%. CONCLUSION: The results of this meta-analysis showed that the use of 3D miniplates was superior to the two-miniplate technique in reducing the incidence of postoperative complications in the management of mandibular fractures.

Middle and Lower Face Soft Tissue Reconstruction: A 10-Year Retrospective Study.

Retrospectively analyze the reconstruction methods and surgical outcomes of patients with middle and lower face soft tissue defects treated at our hospital over the past 10 years. 200 patients with middle and lower face soft tissue defects were surgically reconstructed at our hospital. Medical charts were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed to abstract the pertinent information. The lesion was mainly at the eyelid, lips, chin and nasal-cheek region. There were 41 (63.08 %) men and 24 (36.92 %) women. In our study, male to female ratio = 1.7:1. We used direct closure for night patients, local flap for 141 patients, free flap for 38 patients, combined flap for 12 patients involving extensive mid face and lower face defects. Most patients had their tumor resected and reconstructed in single stage procedure mostly with local advancement flap, and no flap failure was presented post-operatively. Middle and lower face soft tissue defects can be successfully treated with local flap in a single stage approach and step-by-step approach.