The Novel Sensor Network Structure for Classification Processing Based on the Machine Learning Method of the ACGAN.

To address the problem of unstable training and poor accuracy in image classification algorithms based on generative adversarial networks (GAN), a novel sensor network structure for classification processing using auxiliary classifier generative adversarial networks (ACGAN) is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the real/fake discrimination of sensor samples in the network has been canceled at the output layer of the discriminative network and only the posterior probability estimation of the sample tag is outputted. Secondly, by regarding the real sensor samples as supervised data and the generative sensor samples as labeled fake data, we have reconstructed the loss function of the generator and discriminator by using the real/fake attributes of sensor samples and the cross-entropy loss function of the label. Thirdly, the pooling and caching method has been introduced into the discriminator to enable more effective extraction of the classification features. Finally, feature matching has been added to the discriminative network to ensure the diversity of the generative sensor samples. Experimental results have shown that the proposed algorithm (CP-ACGAN) achieves better classification accuracy on the MNIST dataset, CIFAR10 dataset and CIFAR100 dataset than other solutions. Moreover, when compared with the ACGAN and CNN classification algorithms, which have the same deep network structure as CP-ACGAN, the proposed method continues to achieve better classification effects and stability than other main existing sensor solutions.

Inhibition of osteosarcoma cell proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo in mice model by alstonine through AMPK-activation and PGC-1α/TFAM up-regulation.

Osteosarcoma, a leading malignant tumor of bones is diagnosed mostly in adolescents and young adults worldwide. The present study investigated alstonine as anti-osteosarcoma agent in vitro as well as in vivo and evaluated the underlying mechanism. Treatment with alstonine led to a significant (P<0.05) reduction in MG63 and U-2OS cell viability. Alstonine treatment of MG63 and U-2OS cells caused a significant reduction in colony formation compared to the control cells. Viability of osteoblasts was not affected by alstonine treatment in 1.25 to 20 µM concentration range. In alstonine treated MG63 and U-2OS cells apoptotic cells increased significantly (P<0.05) compared to the control cells. Moreover, in MG63 and U-2OS cells treatment with alstonine caused a prominent increase in expression of cleaved caspase-9, caspase-3, and PARP. Treatment of MG63 and U-2OS cells with alstonine caused a prominent increase in AMPKα (Thr172) phosphorylation and elevated the count of mtDNA copies compared to the untreated cells. Alstonine treatment of the cells caused a remarkable increase in expression of PGC-1α and TFAM proteins. Treatment of the mice with alstonine at 5 and 10 mg/kg doses for 30 days caused a significant (P<0.05) reduction in xenograft growth. Expression of PGC-1α and TFAM proteins in tumor tissues of the mice treated with alstonine was significantly (P<0.05) raised compared to the control group. Thus, alstonine inhibits osteosarcoma cell growth and activates apoptosis through AMPK dependent pathway. Therefore, alstonine may be considered for treatment of osteosarcoma as it effectively arrests tumor growth in mice.

Integrated Strategy of Network Pharmacological Prediction and Experimental Validation Elucidate Possible Mechanism of Bu-Yang Herbs in Treating Postmenopausal Osteoporosis via ESR1.

Postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOP) is a type of bone metabolism disease-related to estrogen deficiency with an increasing incidence. Traditional Chinese (TCM) has always been used and showed effectiveness in treating PMOP. In the current study, Bu-Yang herbs were considered to be the most frequently used and efficient TCM herbs in PMOP treatment. However, chemical and pharmacological profiles were not elucidated. Network pharmacology was conducted on representative Bu-Yang herbs (Yin-Yang-Huo. Du-Zhong, Bu-Gu-Zhi, Tu-Si-Zi) to investigate the mechanism of Bu-Yang herbs on PMOP. Chemical compounds, potential targets, and disease related genes were available from the corresponding database. Results showed that Bu-Yang herbs could interact with ESR1 and estrogen signaling pathways. For further validation, the Bu-Yang decoction (BYD), formula consisted of the above-mentioned 4 Bu-Yang herbs was presented for experimental validation. In vivo, BYD significantly reversed ovariectomy (OVX)-induced osteoporosis progress in a dose-dependent manner by up-regulation of bone mineral density and amelioration of bone microarchitecture. In vitro, BYD dramatically improved the proliferation and mineral nodules formation of osteoblasts. Both in vitro and in vivo results illustrated that the phenotype change induced by BYD is correlated with up-regulated of ESR1 and activation of the ß-catenin pathway. Meanwhile, inhibition of ESR1 by ICI182, 780 blocked the osteogenic phenotype and ß-catenin pathway activation induced by BYD. In conclusion, the current study suggested that Bu-Yang herbs are the most useful TCM herbs in treating PMOP. Furthermore, the integrated strategy of network pharmacology prediction with experimental validation suggested that BYD exerted its anti-PMOP via ESR1 and the downstream mechanism might be activation of the ß-catenin signaling pathway.

Calcitonin and Bone Physiology: In Vitro, In Vivo, and Clinical Investigations.

Calcitonin was discovered as a peptide hormone that was known to reduce the calcium levels in the systemic circulation. This hypocalcemic effect is produced due to multiple reasons such as inhibition of bone resorption or suppression of calcium release from the bone. Thus, calcitonin was said as a primary regulator of the bone resorption process. This is the reason why calcitonin has been used widely in clinics for the treatment of bone disorders such as osteoporosis, hypercalcemia, and Paget's disease. However, presently calcitonin usage is declined due to the development of efficacious formulations of new drugs. Calcitonin gene-related peptides and several other peptides such as intermedin, amylin, and adrenomedullin (ADM) are categorized in calcitonin family. These peptides are known for the structural similarity with calcitonin. Aside from having a similar structure, these peptides have few overlapping biological activities and signal transduction action through related receptors. However, several other activities are also present that are peptide specific. In vitro and in vivo studies documented the posttreatment effects of calcitonin peptides, i.e., positive effect on bone osteoblasts and their formation and negative effect on osteoclasts and their resorption. The recent research studies carried out on genetically modified mice showed the inhibition of osteoclast activity by amylin, while astonishingly calcitonin plays its role by suppressing osteoblast and bone turnover. This article describes the review of the bone, the activity of the calcitonin family of peptides, and the link between them.

Distribution Pattern of Choroidal Thickness at the Posterior Pole in Chinese Children With Myopia.

Purpose: To determine the relationship between choroidal thickness (ChT) at the posterior pole and refractive error and to explore the difference between the macular and peripapillary regions in children with myopia. Methods: A total of 340 healthy Chinese children underwent a series of comprehensive ocular examinations including cycloplegic refraction. Swept-source optical coherence tomography was used to measure the ChT in the macular and peripapillary regions. The Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study grid was applied to define the sectors. Results: The mean spherical equivalent (SE) of the participants was -1.71 ± 2.22 diopter (D; range from -7.63 to 4.25 D). The mean ChT in the central foveal, parafoveal, and perifoveal regions were 229 ± 65 µm, 227 ± 60 µm, and 215 ± 50 µm, respectively, and the mean global peripapillary choroidal thickness (PPCT) was 136 ± 33 µm. The choroid in the macular region and the global PPCT was thinner in myopes compared to hyperopes. The area between the central fovea and the optic disc underwent the largest change as myopia worsened. SE, uncorrected visual acuity, cornea curvature radius (CR), retinal thickness (RT), and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT, except for the central fovea) were the independent factors of ChT in the macular region. SE, CR, RT, and RNFLT were the independent factors of PPCT temporally, inferiorly, and globally, while only CR, RT, and RNFLT were independently associated with PPCT superiorly and nasally. Conclusions: Choroidal thinning might be uneven during the development of myopia. SE only influenced the macular area and sectors temporal and inferior to the optic disc.

Syntheses and structures of copper complexes of 3-(6-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)pyrazol-1-ide and their excellent performance in the syntheses of nitriles and aldehydes.

Reactions of a pincer ligand 2-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-6-(1H-pyrazol-3-yl)pyridine (pzpypzH) with Cu(NO3)2, Cu(ClO4)2, CuSO4, CuCl2 or CuI produced three dinuclear Cu(ii) complexes [{Cu(NO3)}(µ-pzpypz)]2 (1), [{Cu(ClO4)}(µ-pzpypz)]2 (2), [Cu2(µ-SO4)(µ-pzpypz)2]·2MeOH (3·2MeOH), one mononuclear Cu(ii) complex [CuCl2(pzpypzH)] (4) and one trinuclear Cu(i)/Cu(ii) complex [(ICu)(µ-I)2Cu2(µ-pzpypz)2] (5), respectively. Treatment of 4 with two equiv. of AgNO3 in DMF also gave rise to 1. Complexes 1-5 were characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Complex 1 or 2 has a dimeric structure in which two {Cu(X)} (X = NO3, ClO4) fragments are interconnected by two µ-pzpypz(-) ligands. 3 also adopts a dimeric structure in which two Cu(ii) centers are interconnected by a pair of µ-pzpypz(-) ligands and one µ-SO4(2-) ion. The Cu(ii) center in 4 is five-coordinated by three N atoms of the pzpypzH ligand and two Cl atoms. In 5, two Cu(ii) centers are bridged by two µ-pzpypz(-) ligands and one CuI3(2-) unit, forming a unique trinuclear structure. Complexes 1-5 displayed high catalytic activity toward the ammoxidation of alcohols to nitriles and the aerobic oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes in H2O. The nitrile or aldehyde products could be readily separated from the catalytic system by extraction and the residual aqueous solution containing 1 retained good activity for several cycles.