Improving the Accuracy and Efficiency of Abnormal Cervical Squamous Cell Detection With Cytologist-in-the-Loop Artificial Intelligence.

Population-based cervical cytology screening techniques are demanding and laborious and have relatively poor diagnostic accuracy. In this study, we present a cytologist-in-the-loop artificial intelligence (CITL-AI) system to improve the accuracy and efficiency of abnormal cervical squamous cell detection in cervical cancer screening. The artificial intelligence (AI) system was developed using 8000 digitalized whole slide images, including 5713 negative and 2287 positive cases. External validation was performed using an independent, multicenter, real-world data set of 3514 women, who were screened for cervical cancer between 2021 and 2022. Each slide was assessed using the AI system, which generated risk scores. These scores were then used to optimize the triaging of true negative cases. The remaining slides were interpreted by cytologists who had varying degrees of experience and were categorized as either junior or senior specialists. Stand-alone AI had a sensitivity of 89.4% and a specificity of 66.4%. These data points were used to establish the lowest AI-based risk score (ie, 0.35) to optimize the triage configuration. A total of 1319 slides were triaged without missing any abnormal squamous cases. This also reduced the cytology workload by 37.5%. Reader analysis found CITL-AI had superior sensitivity and specificity compared with junior cytologists (81.6% vs 53.1% and 78.9% vs 66.2%, respectively; both with P < .001). For senior cytologists, CITL-AI specificity increased slightly from 89.9% to 91.5% (P = .029); however, sensitivity did not significantly increase (P = .450). Therefore, CITL-AI could reduce cytologists' workload by more than one-third while simultaneously improving diagnostic accuracy, especially compared with less experienced cytologists. This approach could improve the accuracy and efficiency of abnormal cervical squamous cell detection in cervical cancer screening programs worldwide.

Assessing artificial intelligence enabled liquid-based cytology for triaging HPV-positive women: a population-based cross-sectional study.

INTRODUCTION: Cytology-based triaging is commonly used to manage the care of women with positive human papillomavirus (HPV) results, but it suffers from subjectivity and a lack of sensitivity and reproducibility. The diagnostic performance of an artificial intelligence-enabled liquid-based cytology (AI-LBC) triage approach remains unclear. Here, we compared the clinical performance of AI-LBC, human cytologists and HPV16/18 genotyping at triaging HPV-positive women. MATERIAL AND METHODS: HPV-positive women were triaged using AI-LBC, human cytologists and HPV16/18 genotyping. Histologically confirmed cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2/3 or higher (CIN2+/CIN3+) were accepted as thresholds for clinical performance assessments. RESULTS: Of the 3514 women included, 13.9% (n = 489) were HPV-positive. The sensitivity of AI-LBC was comparable to that of cytologists (86.49% vs 83.78%, P = 0.744) but substantially higher than HPV16/18 typing at detecting CIN2+ (86.49% vs 54.05%, P = 0.002). While the specificity of AI-LBC was significantly lower than HPV16/18 typing (51.33% vs 87.17%, P < 0.001), it was significantly higher than cytologists at detecting CIN2+ (51.33% vs 40.93%, P < 0.001). AI-LBC reduced referrals to colposcopy by approximately 10%, compared with cytologists (51.53% vs 60.94%, P = 0.003). Similar patterns were also observed for CIN3+. CONCLUSIONS: AI-LBC has equivalent sensitivity and higher specificity compared with cytologists, with more efficient colposcopy referrals for HPV-positive women. AI-LBC could be particularly useful in regions where experienced cytologists are few in number. Further investigations are needed to determine triaging performance through prospective designs.

[Application of ThinPrep cytology test in the diagnosis of lung cancer].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the diagnostic value of ThinPrep cytology test (TCT) in lung cancer. METHODS: 353 cases of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and(or) bronchial brushing cytology (192 cases from lung cancer patients and 161 cases from benign lung disease patients) were detected with TCT and method of direct smear, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of two methods was compared. RESULTS: The sensitivity and specificity of TCT were 39.6% and 99.4%. And which of direct smear method were 8.3% and 100%, respectively. The sensitivity of TCT was significantly higher than that of method of direct smear in the diagnosis of lung cancer (P < 0.01). There were 71 patients who underwent BALF and bronchial brushing cytology simultaneously, the sensitivity of TCT of BALF was higher than that of bronchial brushing cytology (P < 0.05). Of the 69 cases which had both TCT and histopathological results, TCT and pathology concordance rate was 84.1%. CONCLUSION: TCT has more diagnostic value in lung cancer; BALF is more preponderant than bronchial brushing cytology by TCT in the diagnosis of lung cancer.

[The clinical characteristics of hepatic failure with aspergillosis].

OBJECTIVES: To study the clinical characteristics of hepatic failure with aspergillosis. METHODS: The data of hepatic failure patients with fungal infection hospitalized in our hospital form January 1985 to June 2006 were collected. This research mainly focused on the clinical characteristics of the patients co-infected with aspergillosis. RESULTS: The occurrence of aspergillosis was 20.5% (104 cases) among 507 hepatic failure patients with fungal infection. Compared with other fungal infection in hepatic failure patients, the effective rate of antifungal therapy and the improvement rate of underlying disease were worse in patients with aspergillus infection (36.5% vs 57.8%, P = 0.000; 26.0% vs 36.7%, P = 0.049). Aspergillus fumigatus was the most common species among 108 fungal species. The species next to Aspergillus fumigatus were Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus. The mainly infected organ was lung and its clinical manifestation was atypical. Liver function could be improved with effective anti-fungus therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Diagnosis and treatment of aspergillosis is difficult in hepatic failure patients co-infected with aspergillosis. Early and effective antifungal therapy is helpful to the recovery of liver function in the hepatic failure patients suspected with aspergillosis co-infection.

Ascending colon adenocarcinoma with tonsillar metastasis: a case report and review of the literature.

Metastatic palatine tonsil cancer is extremely rare, with nearly 100 such tumors reported in the English literature. The prognosis of metastatic palatine tonsil cancer is poor. A 53-year-old man presented with painless left palatine tonsillar swelling and a cervical mass following right hemicolectomy for an ascending colon adenocarcinoma. Physical examination showed an ulcerated mass located on the upper pole of the left palatine tonsil. A punch biopsy was taken for histological examination which showed a moderately-differentiated adenocarcinoma. The patient was treated with palliative radiotherapy and chemotherapy. He was still alive when we wrote this paper. Our case shows that immunohistochemical diagnosis of metastatic palatine tonsil cancer is essential.

Atractylodes lancea rhizome water extract reduces triptolide-induced toxicity and enhances anti-inflammatory effects.

The present study was designed to explore the influence of water extracts of Atractylodes lancea rhizomes on the toxicity and anti-inflammatory effects of triptolide (TP). A water extract was prepared from A. lancea rhizomes and co-administered with TP in C57BL/6 mice. The toxicity was assayed by determining serum biochemical parameters and visceral indexes and by liver histopathological analysis. The hepatic CYP3A expression levels were detected using Western blotting and RT-PCR methods. The data showed that the water extract of A. lancea rhizomes reduced triptolide-induced toxicity, probably by inducing the hepatic expression of CYP3A. The anti-inflammatory effects of TP were evaluated in mice using a xylene-induced ear edema test. By comparing ear edema inhibition rates, we found that the water extract could also increase the anti-inflammatory effects of TP. In conclusion, our results suggested that the water extract of A. lancea rhizomes, used in combination with TP, has a potential in reducing TP-induced toxicity and enhancing its anti-inflammatory effects.

A rare case of pulmonary sclerosing hemagioma with lymph node metastasis and review of the literature.

Pulmonary sclerosing hemagioma (SH) is an uncommon tumor with malignance potential. Clinically this disease is regarded as benign but extremely rare cases can have lymph node metastasis. Up to date, there have been only very few reports concerning SH with lymph node metastasis. In this paper we reported one pulmonary SH case with lymph node metastasis and additionally overviewed the clinical and pathological features of SH. A young-aged female was found incidentally to have a nodule in the right upper lung. This patient presented no cough, no hemoptysis and chest pain. Computed tomography (CT) scan indicated a large mass in the right upper lung and enlarged lymph nodes in the right hilum. The patient underwent lobectomy of the right upper lung. Histologically, the tumor demonstrated typical features of SH and was consisted of angiomatoid areas, sclerosis, papillary structures lined with cuboidal cells and sheets of round to polygonal cells. Polygonal cells in some solid areas presented abnormal enlarged nuclei and increased karyoplasmic ratio; tumor giant cells were noted; whereas mitosis was not observed. One peribronchial lymph node was noted for SH metastasis and the metastatic tissue were consisted of polygonal cells. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) revealed that both surface-lining cuboidal and polygonal cells expressed EMA and thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1), but were negative for CD34, VIII factor, CD68 and Claratinin. The polygonal cells showed relatively higher expression of Ki-67 and p53 than the surface-lining cells. Postoperatively, the patient received no chemotherapy or radiotherapy and no recurrence 2 years after surgery was noted.

Feasibility of fine-needle aspiration biopsy and its applications in superficial cervical lesion biopsies.

The aim of the study was to investigate the feasibility and value of clinical application of fine-needle aspiration histological biopsy via ultrasound-guided thyroid nodule and enlarged cervical lymph node fine-needle aspiration histological biopsy. Fine-needle aspiration cytological and histological biopsies and surgical treatments were performed on 982 patients with thyroid nodule and 1435 patients with enlarged cervical lymph nodes. A comparative study of the histological and cytological examination results and post-surgical etiology results was subsequently conducted. Among the 982 thyroid nodule patients, the acquisition rates were 89.8% (882/982) for fine-needle aspiration histological biopsy and 96.2% (945/982) for cytological biopsy, while among the 1435 patients with enlarged cervical lymph nodes, the acquisition rate for fine-needle aspiration cytological biopsy was slightly higher than that for histological biopsy, with values of 95.7% (1374/1435) and 91.4% (1312/1435), respectively. For the thyroid nodule patients, when the acquired histological and cytological biopsy results were compared with the post-surgical etiology results, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the histological results were 98.5%, 100%, and 98.9%, respectively, whereas those of the cytological results were 86.8%, 82.9%, and 85.6%, respectively; the differences between the 2 biopsy methods were statistically significant (P < 0.05). For the patients with enlarged cervical lymph nodes, when the acquired histological and cytological biopsy results were compared with the post-surgical etiology results, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the histological results were 96.3%, 99.8%, and 97.6%, respectively, whereas the those of the cytological results were 76.8%, 92.1%, and 82.2%, respectively; again, the differences between the 2 methods were statistically significant (P < 0.05). In conclusion, Fine-needle aspiration histological biopsy is a reliable and highly accurate examination method. It is simple and feasible, thus facilitating the discrimination of malignant and benign thyroid nodules and enlarged cervical lymph nodes and playing an important role in the establishment of reasonable clinical therapeutic regimens.

[Retrospective study of liver failure complicated with bacterium and fungous infection].

OBJECTIVE: To study clinic character of liver failure complicated with bacterium and fungous infection. METHODS: The patients with liver failure complicated with bacterial and fungous infection who were treated in our hospital from January 1986 to June 2006 were studied. All patients had clinical manifestation and positive of bacterium. The data were statistical analysis. RESULTS: 507 patients diagnosed with fungous infection were found from January 1986 to June 2006 in which 132 patients were diagnosed with bacterial and fungous infection. There were 85 patients (64.39%) with chronic severe hepatitis and 40 patients (30.3%) with decompensation cirrhosis. Bacterial infection happened in 153 cases in which the rate of nosocomial infections was 54.90%. 204 bacterial strains were separated in which 143 strains (70.10%) were gram-negative bacterium and 61 (29.90%) strains were gram-positive bacterium. The main sites of bacterial infection were abdominal cavity (122 cases) and lung (30 cases). Fungous infection happened in 143 cases in which the rate of nosocomial infections was 86.71%. 155 fungous strains were separated in which 90 strains (58.06%) were Candida albicans, 17 strains (10.97%) were Aspergillus fumigatus and 25 (16.13%) strains were non-Candida albicans. The main sites of fouguns infection were lung (94 cases) and mouth (53 cases). 84 patients (63.64%) were ineffective and died after treatment. CONCLUSION: The patients with decompensation cirrhosis and chronic severe liver hepatitis were easy to be infected by bacterial and fungous. the rate of fungous nosocomial infections is higher than that of bacterium. The prognosis is bad in patients who had secondary fungous infection.