EVLncRNAs 3.0: an updated comprehensive database for manually curated functional long non-coding RNAs validated by low-throughput experiments.

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as crucial regulators across diverse biological processes and diseases. While high-throughput sequencing has enabled lncRNA discovery, functional characterization remains limited. The EVLncRNAs database is the first and exclusive repository for all experimentally validated functional lncRNAs from various species. After previous releases in 2018 and 2021, this update marks a major expansion through exhaustive manual curation of nearly 25 000 publications from 15 May 2020, to 15 May 2023. It incorporates substantial growth across all categories: a 154% increase in functional lncRNAs, 160% in associated diseases, 186% in lncRNA-disease associations, 235% in interactions, 138% in structures, 234% in circular RNAs, 235% in resistant lncRNAs and 4724% in exosomal lncRNAs. More importantly, it incorporated additional information include functional classifications, detailed interaction pathways, homologous lncRNAs, lncRNA locations, COVID-19, phase-separation and organoid-related lncRNAs. The web interface was substantially improved for browsing, visualization, and searching. ChatGPT was tested for information extraction and functional overview with its limitation noted. EVLncRNAs 3.0 represents the most extensive curated resource of experimentally validated functional lncRNAs and will serve as an indispensable platform for unravelling emerging lncRNA functions. The updated database is freely available at https://www.sdklab-biophysics-dzu.net/EVLncRNAs3/.

Nanowire-in-bowl-shaped piezoelectric cavity structure for SERS directional detection of nanoplastics less than 50†nm.

The accurate detection of nanoplastics is crucial due to their harmful effects on the environment and human beings. However, there is a lack of detection methods for nanoplastics smaller than 50 nm. In this research, we successfully constructed an Ag/CuO nanowire (NW)/BaTiO3@Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) Bowl-shaped substrate with a nanowire-in-Bowl-shaped piezoelectric cavity structure that can modulate surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) by the piezoelectric effect by the virtue of the tip effect of the CuO NW and light focusing effect of the Bowl-shaped cavity. Due to its unique nanowire-in-Bowl-shaped structure and piezoelectrically modifiable ability, nanoplastics less than 50 nm were successfully detected and quantitatively analyzed. We believe that the Ag/CuO NW/BaTiO3@PVDF Bowl-shaped substrate can provide an efficient, accurate, and feasible way to achieve qualitative and quantitative detection of nanoplastics.

EVLncRNAs 2.0: an updated database of manually curated functional long non-coding RNAs validated by low-throughput experiments.

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important functional roles in many diverse biological processes. However, not all expressed lncRNAs are functional. Thus, it is necessary to manually collect all experimentally validated functional lncRNAs (EVlncRNA) with their sequences, structures, and functions annotated in a central database. The first release of such a database (EVLncRNAs) was made using the literature prior to 1 May 2016. Since then (till 15 May 2020), 19 245 articles related to lncRNAs have been published. In EVLncRNAs 2.0, these articles were manually examined for a major expansion of the data collected. Specifically, the number of annotated EVlncRNAs, associated diseases, lncRNA-disease associations, and interaction records were increased by 260%, 320%, 484% and 537%, respectively. Moreover, the database has added several new categories: 8 lncRNA structures, 33 exosomal lncRNAs, 188 circular RNAs, and 1079 drug-resistant, chemoresistant, and stress-resistant lncRNAs. All records have checked against known retraction and fake articles. This release also comes with a highly interactive visual interaction network that facilitates users to track the underlying relations among lncRNAs, miRNAs, proteins, genes and other functional elements. Furthermore, it provides links to four new bioinformatics tools with improved data browsing and searching functionality. EVLncRNAs 2.0 is freely available at https://www.sdklab-biophysics-dzu.net/EVLncRNAs2/.

Comparison of three methods for measuring C0-1 angles and C0-2 angles.

BACKGROUND: The mutual compensatory relationship between the upper cervical sagittal alignment and the lower cervical sagittal alignment has been repeatedly reported. However, the evaluation of the upper cervical sagittal parameters are varied in previous studies. This retrospective study was performed to compare three methods for measuring the upper cervical sagittal parameters. METHODS: A total of 263 individuals with standing neutral lateral cervical radiographs were included in this study. The Frankfort horizontal line (FHL), foramen magnum line (FML), and McGregor line (ML) were separately used as the reference lines for measuring the C0-1 angle and C0-2 angle. Intraclass correlation (ICC) values were used to compare the consistency and repeatability of the three methods. Pearson's correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between the sagittal parameters of the upper and lower cervical spine. RESULTS: The interobserver and intraobserver ICC values obtained from using the ML to measure the C0-1 angle and C0-2 angle were both higher than those obtained from using the FML or FHL. The C0-1 angle and C0-2 angle measured by the three methods were negatively correlated with the C2-7 angle. The upper sagittal parameters measured by the FHL were the most correlated with the C2-7 angle. The correlation between the C0-1 angle measured by the three methods and the C0-2 angle measured with the FHL or ML and the C2-7 angle increased with aging. CONCLUSION: Use of the ML to measure the C0-1 angle and C0-2 angle has higher reliability. Use of the FHL to measure the sagittal alignment of the upper cervical spine is more suitable for evaluating the compensation mechanism between the upper and the lower cervical spine.

LSPR optical fiber sensor based on 3D gold nanoparticles with monolayer graphene as a spacer.

Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) optical fiber biosensing is an advanced and powerful label-free technique which gets great attention for its high sensitivity to refractive index change in surroundings. However, the pursuit of a higher sensitivity is still challenging and should be further investigated. In this paper, based on a monolayer graphene/gold nanoparticles (Grm/Au NPs) three-dimensional (3D) hybrid structure, we fabricated a D-shaped plastic optical fiber (D-POF) LSPR sensor using a facile two-step method. The coupling enhancement of the resonance of this multilayer structure was extremely excited by the surface plasmon property of the stacked Au NPs/Grm layer. We found that the number of plasmonic structure layers was of high importance to the performance of the sensor. Moreover, the optimal electromagnetic field enhancement effect was found in three-layer plasmonic structure. Besides, the n*(Grm/Au NPs)/D-POF sensor exhibited outstanding performance in sensitivity (2160 nm/RIU), linearity (linear fitting coefficient R2 = 0.996) and reproducibility. Moreover, the sensor successfully detected the concentration of glucose, achieving a sensitivity of 1317.61 nm/RIU, which suggested a promising prospect for the application in medicine and biotechnology.

Plasmonic enhanced piezoelectric photoresponse with flexible PVDF@Ag-ZnO/Au composite nanofiber membranes.

The coordination of piezoelectric and plasmonic effects to regulate the separation and migration of photo-generated carriers is still a significant method to improve the performance of visible-light photoresponse. Herein, we propose the PVDF@Ag-ZnO/Au composite nanofiber membranes utilizing the piezoelectric and plasmonic effects to promote the photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes. Here, ZnO nanorods can generate a built-in electric field under vibration to separate electron-hole pairs. The Schottky junction formed by noble metal/semiconductor can not only inhibit the recombination of photo-generated carriers and accelerate the migration of carriers, but also enhance the utilization of visible light. In addition, the structure has excellent flexibility and easy recycling characteristics. We demonstrate that the plasmonic effect of noble metal can enhance the light response of membranes and broaden light absorption from ultraviolet to visible light region. With the help of the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), modulation effects of the piezoelectric effect on light response is proved. For catalytic processes, rhodamine B (98.8%) can be almost completely degraded using PVDF@Ag-ZnO/Au within 120 minutes in the piezoelectric photocatalysis process, which is 2.2 and 2.8 times higher than photocatalysis and piezoelectric catalysis, respectively. This work provides a promising strategy for harnessing solar and mechanical energy.

MoS2-based multiple surface plasmonic coupling for enhanced surface-enhanced Raman scattering and photoelectrocatalytic performance utilizing the size effect.

MoS2-based heterostructures have received increasing attention for not only surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) but also for enhanced photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) performance. This study presents a hydrothermal method for preparing vertical MoS2 nanosheets composed of in situ grown AuNPs with small size and chemically reduced AgNPs with large size to achieve the synergistic enhancement of SERS and PEC properties owing to the size effect of the plasmonic structure. Compared with pristine MoS2 nanosheets and unitary AuNPs or AgNPs composited with MoS2 nanosheets, the ternary heterostructure exhibited the strongest electromagnetic field and surface plasmon coupling, which was confirmed by finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulation and absorption spectra. In addition, the experimental results confirmed the outstanding SERS enhancement with an EF of 1.1×109, and the most efficient hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity with a sensitive photocurrent response, attributing to the multiple surface plasmonic coupling effects of the Au-Ag bimetal and efficient charge-transfer process between MoS2 and the bimetal. That is, it provides a robust method for developing multi-size bimetal-semiconductor complex nanocomposites for high-performance SERS sensors and PEC applications.

Using a mixture of local bone dust and morselized bone as graft materials in single- and double-level ACDF.

BACKGROUND: Using a cage filled with local bone in anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) can eliminate morbidities associated with autograft harvest from the iliac crest while achieving high fusion rates. However, there is still no consensus regarding the methods for using local bone grafts. This retrospective study was performed to compare the clinical and radiological outcomes of using a mixture of bone dust and morselized bone versus morselized bone alone in ACDF. METHODS: A retrospective study of 228 patients affected by cervical degenerative disease who had undergone single- or double-level ACDF between January 2014 and June 2018 was performed. Nanohydroxyapatite/polyamide-66 (n-HA/PA66) combined with morselized bone was used in 111 patients (group A: single-level ACDF in 51 patients and double-level ACDF in 60 patients), whereas the n-HA/PA66 cage combined with a mixture of bone dust and morselized bone was used in 117 patients (group B: single-level ACDF in 58 patients and double-level ACDF in 59 patients). The fusion rate, extent of cage subsidence, fusion segmental height (FSH), C2-7 lordosis, segmental sagittal alignment (SSA), 10-point visual analog scale (VAS) score, and Neck Disability Index (NDI) were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: The VAS score and NDI were significantly reduced after the operation in group A and group B. At the final follow-up, the fusion rate was 90.2 % (46/51) and 94.8 % (55/58) in patients treated with single-level ACDF in group A and group B, respectively (p > 0.05). In patients treated with double-level ACDF, bone fusion was achieved in 52 patients (86.7 %) in group A and 55 patients (93.2 %) in group B (p > 0.05). The fusion rate of single- and double-level ACDF was higher in patients in group B than those in group A at the 3-month, 6-month and 12-month follow-ups (p < 0.05). The extent of cage subsidence after single- and double-level ACDF was lower in patients in group B (1.5 ± 0.5 mm and 2.3 ± 0.8 mm, respectively) than in those in group A (1.8 ± 0.7 mm and 2.9 ± 1.4 mm, respectively) (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the two groups in the C2-7 lordosis, FSH, SSA, VAS score, or NDI before or after the operation (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Using a mixture of local bone dust and morselized bone as cage-filling materials yielded comparably good clinical outcomes as using morselized bone alone in single- and double-level ACDF. However, the mixture graft of bone dust and morselized bone was more beneficial in promoting early fusion and reducing cage subsidence.

CVD-Bi2Te3 as a saturable absorber for various solitons in a mode-locked Er-doped fiber laser.

In this work, we report about high energy and various solitons' operation by using high-efficiency topological insulator bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) nanofilms as broadband saturable absorbers in the passively mode-locked Er-doped fiber laser. The Bi2Te3 film was successfully synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Excellent characteristics of the dark-bright pulse pairs, bright pulses, and multiharmonics have been investigated experimentally by adjusting the polarization state. At the same time, the maximum average output power was 40.18 mW, and the single-pulse energy was 20.91 nJ. As we all know, it is the various solitons of the first generation with large pulse energy in an Er-doped fiber laser with Bi2Te3 as saturable absorber. The experimental results show that CVD Bi2Te3 can be used as an excellent candidate in mode-locked fiber lasers.

Ligand Binding Mechanism and Its Relationship with Conformational Changes in Adenine Riboswitch.

Riboswitches are naturally occurring RNA aptamers that control the expression of essential bacterial genes by binding to specific small molecules. The binding with both high affinity and specificity induces conformational changes. Thus, riboswitches were proposed as a possible molecular target for developing antibiotics and chemical tools. The adenine riboswitch can bind not only to purine analogues but also to pyrimidine analogues. Here, long molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area (MM-PBSA) computational methodologies were carried out to show the differences in the binding model and the conformational changes upon five ligands binding. The binding free energies of the guanine riboswitch aptamer with C74U mutation complexes were compared to the binding free energies of the adenine riboswitch (AR) aptamer complexes. The calculated results are in agreement with the experimental data. The differences for the same ligand binding to two different aptamers are related to the electrostatic contribution. Binding dynamical analysis suggests a flexible binding pocket for the pyrimidine ligand in comparison with the purine ligand. The 18 µs of MD simulations in total indicate that both ligand-unbound and ligand-bound aptamers transfer their conformation between open and closed states. The ligand binding obviously affects the conformational change. The conformational states of the aptamer are associated with the distance between the mass center of two key nucleotides (U51 and A52) and the mass center of the other two key nucleotides (C74 and C75). The results suggest that the dynamical character of the binding pocket would affect its biofunction. To design new ligands of the adenine riboswitch, it is recommended to consider the binding affinities of the ligand and the conformational change of the ligand binding pocket.

Metasurface of deflection prism phases for generating non-diffracting optical vortex lattices.

A functional metasurface of both transparent medium slices and multiple deflection prisms is proposed, where phase retardations for generating non-diffracting vortex lattices are integrated and encoded as rotation angles of nano-apertures. Under plane-wave illumination, the transmitted waves from the thin flat metasurface act analogously as multiple beams, each with a designed propagating direction and pre-scribed phase shift, that generate an optical lattice within their overlapping region of space. By altering the design parameters of the metasurface, lattice type and size can be controlled. Both numerical simulations and experiments were conducted, verifying the possibility of the proposed method and the non-diffracting properties of the generated vortex lattices.

Atomistic Analysis of ToxN and ToxI Complex Unbinding Mechanism.

ToxIN is a triangular structure formed by three protein toxins (ToxNs) and three specific noncoding RNA antitoxins (ToxIs). To respond to stimuli, ToxI is preferentially degraded, releasing the ToxN. Thus, the dynamic character is essential in the normal function interactions between ToxN and ToxI. Here, equilibrated molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to study the stability of ToxN and ToxI. The results indicate that ToxI adjusts the conformation of 3' and 5' termini to bind to ToxN. Steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulations combined with the recently developed thermodynamic integration in 3nD (TI3nD) method were carried out to investigate ToxN unbinding from the ToxIN complex. The potentials of mean force (PMFs) and atomistic pictures suggest the unbinding mechanism as follows: (1) dissociation of the 5' terminus from ToxN, (2) missing the interactions involved in the 3' terminus of ToxI without three nucleotides (G31, A32, and A33), (3) starting to unfold for ToxI, (4) leaving the binding package of ToxN for three nucleotides of ToxI, (5) unfolding of ToxI. This work provides information on the structure-function relationship at the atomistic level, which is helpful for designing new potent antibacterial drugs in the future.

Adsorbable and self-supported 3D AgNPs/G@Ni foam as cut-and-paste highly-sensitive SERS substrates for rapid in situ detection of residuum.

We have proposed a synthetic approach to produce self-supported and bendable surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based 3D chemical sensors with high adsorptivity. Such 3D substrates consist of foam-like graphene macrostructures obtained by template-directed chemical vapour deposition on nickel foams (interconnected 3D scaffold of nickel) and uniform and high-density Ag nanoparticles wrapping around the foam graphene, via seed-mediated in situ growth process. Such 3D AgNPs/G@Ni foam substrates show high-quality SERS performance in terms of Raman signal reproducibility and sensitivity for the analyte, resulting from the high density and homogeneity of "hot spots" on AgNPs/G@Ni foam, multiple cascaded amplication (localized surface plasmon mode and optical standing waves or optical refraction) of incident laser to the 3D foam structures and powerful support from nickel scaffold. Moreover, in virtue of the high adsorptivity and sensitivity of AgNPs/G@Ni foam, the low-concentration crystal violet molecules can be easily traced in the curvilinear fish surface, by simply swabbing the surface to achieve molecules concentration effect in the practical applicability. This work shows promising potential in developing the applications of SERS in the foodstuffs processing and security field.

Ag gyrus-nanostructure supported on graphene/Au film with nanometer gap for ideal surface enhanced Raman scattering.

The physical phenomenon, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), is mainly based on the local electromagnetic fields enhancement located at the nano-gaps between metal nanostructures attributed to localized surface plasmon resonance. Therefore, nano-gaps are very important for obtaining high-density hot spots and optimal and uniform SERS signals. However, it remains a challenge to form the three-dimensional ultra-narrow nano-gaps. Here, a gyrus-inspired Gyrus-SERS substrate was fabricated with the nanostructure of Ag gyrus/graphene/Au film using an extremely simple method. The lateral and vertical hot spots respectively were obtained from the dense nano-gaps (~3 nm) between gyrus and the coupling of Ag gyrus and Au film in bilayer graphene nano-gaps (0.68 nm), which were demonstrated in experiment and theory. The proposed Gyrus-SERS platform performs an excellent SERS activity (EF~5 × 109), high sensitivity (the minimum detected concentration of R6G and CV respectively is 10-13 and 10-12 M), and outstanding reproducibility (RSD~7.11%). For practical application, the in situ detection of Malachite green (MG) residue on prawn skin was executed using the prepared flexible Gyrus-SERS substrate, which shows the wide potential in food safety field.

Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Based on Controllable-Layer Graphene Shells Directly Synthesized on Cu Nanoparticles for Molecular Detection.

Graphene shells with a controllable number of layers were directly synthesized on Cu nanoparticles (CuNPs) by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) to fabricate a graphene-encapsulated CuNPs (G/CuNPs) hybrid system for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). The enhanced Raman spectra of adenosine and rhodamine 6G (R6G) showed that the G/CuNPs hybrid system can strongly suppress background fluorescence and increase signal-to-noise ratio. In four different types of SERS systems, the G/CuNPs hybrid system exhibits more efficient SERS than a transferred graphene/CuNPs hybrid system and pure CuNPs and graphene substrates. The minimum detectable concentrations of adenosine and R6G by the G/CuNPs hybrid system can be as low as 10(-8) and 10(-10) M, respectively. The excellent linear relationship between Raman intensity and analyte concentration can be used for molecular detection. The graphene shell can also effectively prevent surface oxidation of Cu nanoparticles after exposure to ambient air and thus endow the hybrid system with a long lifetime. This work provides a basis for the fabrication of novel SERS substrates.

Direct growth of graphene on quartz substrates for label-free detection of adenosine triphosphate.

We demonstrate that continuous, uniform graphene films can be directly synthesized on quartz substrates using a two-temperature-zone chemical vapor deposition system and that their layers can be controlled by adjusting the precursor partial pressure. Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy confirm the formation of monolayer graphene with a grain size of ∼100 nm. Hall measurements show a room-temperature carrier mobility above 1500 cm2 V(-1) s(-1). The optical transmittance and conductance of the graphene films are comparable to those of transferred metal-catalyzed graphene. The method avoids the complicated and skilled post-growth transfer process and allows the graphene to be directly incorporated into a fully functional biosensor for label-free detection of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). This device shows a fast response time of a few milliseconds and achieves a high sensitivity to ATP molecules over a very wide range from 0.002 to 5 mM.

[Study on artificial compound feed for Buthus martensii].

OBJECTIVE: To solve the problem that the single feed causing malnutrition, extension of the life cycle and low survival rates of Buthus martensii. METHODS: By using Minitab (R) 15.1.1.0.0., 7 different kinds of compound feed were designed, including minced meat mud (pork,chicken and rabbit), bran (fried yellow), sugar, milk, vegetable paste and multivitamin as raw material. RESULTS: Different proportions of compound feed that taking the yellow mealworm as main component had a significant effect on the growth, mortality and birth number of Buthus martensii. Compound feed 5 significantly reduced mortality of youth scorpion. The compound feed 4 was the best in improving the weight of scorpion larvae and youth scorpion, and the farrowing number of mother scorpion. Other indicators were also good. Proportions in meatmud (pork, chicken and rabbit), bran (fried yellow), sugar, milk, vegetable paste and multivitamin was 30.00%, 25.00%, 20.08%, 15.58%, 8.08% and 1.25%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The growth of Buthus martensii is significantly influenced by the type of feed. In the production of compound feed, the yellow mealworm with compound feed 4 can be popularized.

Laboratory-developed Droplet Digital PCR Assay for Quantification of the JAK2 V617F Mutation.

Precise quantification of the JAK2 V617F mutation using highly sensitive assays is crucial for diagnosis, treatment process monitoring, and prognostic prediction in myeloproliferative neoplasms' (MPNs) patients. Digital droplet polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) enables precise quantification of low-level mutations amidst a high percentage of wild type alleles without the need for external calibrators or endogenous controls. The objective of this study was to optimize a ddPCR assay for detecting the JAK2 V617F mutation and establish it as a laboratory-developed ddPCR assay in our center. The optimization process involved fine-tuning five key parameters: primer/probe sequences and concentrations, annealing temperature, template amount, and PCR cycles. Our ddPCR assay demonstrated exceptional sensitivity, and the limit of quantification (LoQ) was 0.01% variant allele frequency with a coefficient of variation of approximately 76%. A comparative analysis with quantitative PCR on 39 samples showed excellent consistency (r = 0.988). In summary, through rigorous optimization process and comprehensive analytic performance validation, we have established a highly sensitive and discriminative laboratory-developed ddPCR platform for JAK2 V617F detection. This optimized assay holds promise for early detection of minimal residual disease, personalized risk stratification, and potentially more effective treatment strategies in MPN patients and non-MPN populations.

Influence of starch silylation on the structures and properties of starch/epoxidized soybean oil-based bioplastics.

The present work systematically investigated the influence of starch silylation on the structures and properties of starch/epoxidized soybean oil-based bioplastics. Silylated starch was synthesized using starch particles (SP-ST) or gelatinized starch (SG-ST) under different silane hydrolysis pHs. Due to the appearance of -NH2 groups and lower OH wavenumbers, SP-ST obtained at pH 5 showed higher silylation degree and stronger hydrogen bond interaction with epoxidized soybean oils (ESO) than that at pH 11. The morphology analysis revealed better interfacial compatibility of ESO and SP-ST. The tensile strength of the samples containing SP-ST increased by 51.91 % than the control, emphasizing the enhanced interaction within the bioplastics. However, tensile strength of the bioplastics with SG-ST decreased by 59.56 % due to their high moisture contents from unreacted silanes. Additionally, the bioplastics with SG-ST exhibited an obvious reduction of thermal stability and an increase in water solubility because of the presence of unreacted APMS. The bioplastic degradation was not prevented by starch silylation except high pH. The bioplastics showed the most desirable tensile properties, thermal stability, and water solubility when starch was surface-modified with silanes hydrolyzed at pH 5. These outcomes made the fabricated bioplastics strong candidates for petroleum-based plastics for packaging applications.

Smart windows based on ultraviolet-B persistent luminescence phosphors for bacterial inhibition and food preservation.

Herein, ultraviolet B (UVB) persistent luminescence phosphors containing SrAl12O19: Ce3+, Sc3+ nanoparticles were reported. Thermoluminescence (TL) spectrum analysis reveals that the shallow trap induced by Sc3+ co-doping plays an important role in photoluminescence persistent luminescence (PersL) development, while the deep trap dominates the generation of optical stimulated luminescence (OSL). Owing the appearance of deep trap, the OSL is observed under light (700 nm - 900 nm) excitation. UVB luminescence exerts good bactericidal effects on pathogenic bacteria involved in the process of food spoilage. Thus, the smart window with SrAl12O19: Ce3+, Sc3+/PDMS produces UVB PersL to efficiently inactivate Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. In addition, the presence of the smart window delays the critical point of pork decay, and greatly reduces the time of pork spoilage. It maximizes the convenience of eradicating bacteria and preserving food, thus offering a fresh perspective on the use of UV light for food sterilization and preservation.