The Cell Death and Signal Transduction Mechanisms in Colorectal Carcinogenesis: Recent Advances.

In underdeveloped nations, colorectal carcinogenesis (CRC) is a significant health issue. It is the third most common outcome of cancer death. Despite a variety of therapy options, new medications are needed to lessen the severity of this condition. In the colon, adenomatous polyps are the most common cause of CRC, occurring in 45 percent of cases, particularly in patients over 60 years old. Inflammatory polyps are acquiring popularity in CRC, as well as inflammation appears to exert a function in the disease, according to mounting research. The azoxymethane, dimethyl hydrazine, APCmin/+ mouse model, and a combination of sulfated polysaccharides composed of dextran and sulfated and dimethylhydrazine are among the experimental models used to study CRC in animals. Numerous signal transduction pathways are engaged as CRC progresses. The p53, TGF-ß, Delta-Notch, Salvador-Warts-Hippo (SWH), and Kelch-like ECH associated protein 1 pathways are among the key signal transduction pathways. To decide cell destiny, several signalling pathways work in tandem with the death of cell modalities, such as autophagy, necroptosis, and apoptosis. In our lab, we have spent a lot of time looking into the cell signalling and mechanisms of cell death in CRC. The pathogenesis of CRC, as well as the associated cell death and cell signalling pathways, are summarised in this study.

Evaluation of Patterns of Trauma Reporting to the Emergency Department During the First COVID-19 Lockdown in India.

Background On March 24, 2020, the Government of India declared a nationwide lockdown and a series of measures aimed at limiting the spread of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. This led to dynamic changes in patient inflow and management in the emergency department.This study aims to evaluate the impact of the pre-lockdown and lockdown periods on the demography of trauma in a tertiary care teaching hospitaland to compare it with the homologous period of 2019. Methods The trauma caseloads between March 25, 2020, and April 14, 2020, and that of the homologous period of 2019 were thoroughly analyzed and compared retrospectively. Results There was an overall decrease in trauma patients. Elderly male patients had an increased incidence of injury during the lockdown period with a significant p-value (0.0009). There was a significant increase in the number of minor orthopedic procedures while there was a significant decrease in the number of major orthopedic procedures. Fractures of the proximal femur were significantly increased during the lockdown period (p-value0.011) and fractures of the femur and tibia shaft were significantly decreased during the lockdown period (p-value0.002). Fractures of the distal radius were significantly increased during the lockdown period (p-value0.005) and fractures of the shaft of humerus, radius, and ulna were significantly decreased during the lockdown period (p-value0.028). Injuries following fall, trivial trauma, and animal-induced trauma were significantly increased (p-values <0.0001, <0.0001, 0.014, respectively), whereas injuries following sports and motor vehicle accidents were significantly decreased (p-value 0.006, <0.0001, respectively). The number of patients reaching within the golden hour (<1 hour) was significantly increased (p-value 0.0003). The total number of patients presenting under the influence of alcohol during the lockdown period was significantly decreased (p-value- <0.0001). The use of government-sponsored ambulances for transport to the hospital was significantly increased during the lockdown period (p <0.0001). Conclusion Strict administrative measures had a high impact on the number and epidemiology of trauma with remarkable changes. There was a decreased number of trauma cases but the mechanism, type, and management of these cases were significantly altered from the homologous period of the previous year.

Gingival Overgrowth Leading to the Diagnosis of Familial Tuberous Sclerosis Complex.

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), a neurocutaneous syndrome, is characterized by the development of benign tumours affecting different body systems. We herein present a report of a 40-year-old female patient presenting with dental enamel pits and localized gingival overgrowth that eventually lead to the diagnosis of a case of familial TSC. Diagnosis of familial TSC by comprehensive oral examination and detection of oral manifestations proved to be inevitable as it resulted in institution of appropriate treatment strategies and genetic counselling of the affected family.