Asymmetric Nitrogen-Containing Dimer from Aerial Parts of Mercurialis leiocarpa and Its Synthesis by Mimicking Generation Process through Radical Intermediates.

An asymmetric nitrogen-containing dimer, leiocarpanine A, was isolated from the aerial part of Mercurialis leiocarpa as a new compound. The new generation process of leiocarpanine A was estimated and a concise synthesis of leiocarpanine A could be detailed based on mimicking the generation process through the radical intermediates. In general, a lot of reaction step and organic reagents are required for the synthesis of asymmetric nitrogen-containing dimers. However, our new synthesis method enables a concise synthesis of asymmetric nitrogen-containing dimers through radical intermediates by only liquid-separation. This synthetic method provides a rapid and concise pathway to construct a library of nitrogen-containing dimers that might be useful for drug discovery. In addition, it is useful to elucidate the generation process of leiocarpanine A.

Ecklonia cava Polyphenol Has a Protective Effect against Ethanol-Induced Liver Injury in a Cyclic AMP-Dependent Manner.

Previously, we showed that Ecklonia cava polyphenol (ECP) treatment suppressed ethanol-induced increases in hepatocyte death by scavenging intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and maintaining intracellular glutathione levels. Here, we examined the effects of ECP on the activities of alcohol-metabolizing enzymes and their regulating mechanisms in ethanol-treated hepatocytes. Isolated hepatocytes were incubated with or without 100 mM ethanol. ECP was dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide. ECP was added to cultured cells that had been incubated with or without ethanol. The cells were incubated for 0-24 h. In cultured hepatocytes, the ECP treatment with ethanol inhibited cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) expression and activity, which is related to the production of ROS when large quantities of ethanol are oxidized. On the other hand, ECP treatment with ethanol increased the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase. These changes in activities of CYP2E1 and ADH were suppressed by treatment with H89, an inhibitor of protein kinase A. ECP treatment with ethanol enhanced cyclic AMP concentrations compared with those of control cells. ECP may be a candidate for preventing ethanol-induced liver injury via regulating alcohol metabolic enzymes in a cyclic AMP-dependent manner.

Ecklonia cava polyphenol protects the liver against ethanol-induced injury in rats.

BACKGROUND: The development of alcoholic liver disease is a complex process that involves both the parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells of the liver. We examined the effect of an Ecklonia cava extract on ethanol-induced liver injury. METHODS: Isolated hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) were incubated with ethanol. Ecklonia cava polyphenol (ECP) was added to the cultures that had been incubated with ethanol. Male Wistar rats were fed a diet that included 0.02% or 0.2% ECP or no ECP. For a period of 3 weeks, the animals were given drinking water containing 5% ethanol and were also treated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) (0.1 ml/kg of body weight). RESULTS: In the cultured hepatocytes, the ECP treatment suppressed the ethanol-induced increase in cell death by maintaining intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels. In HSCs, ECP treatment suppressed the ethanol-induced increases in type I collagen and α-smooth muscle actin expression by maintaining intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species and GSH. We examined the effects of ECP on serum AST and ALT activity, as well as the progression of liver fibrosis in rats treated with ethanol and CCl4. ECP treatment suppressed plasma AST and ALT activities in the ethanol- and CCl4-treated rats. ECP treatment fully protected the rats against ethanol- and CCl4-induced liver injury. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE: ECP may be a candidate for preventing ethanol-induced liver injury.

Analysis of the possible cytogenetic mechanism for overcoming hybrid lethality in an interspecific cross between Nicotiana suaveolens and Nicotiana tabacum.

Hybrid lethality is a type of reproductive isolation in which hybrids die before maturation, due to the interaction between the two causative genes derived from each of the hybrid parents. The interspecific hybrid of Nicotiana suaveolens × Nicotiana tabacum is a model plant used in studies on hybrid lethality. While most of the progeny produced from such a cross die, some individuals grow normally and mature. Separately, a technique for producing mature hybrids by artificial culture has been developed. However, the mechanism by which hybrids overcome lethality, either spontaneously or by artificial culture, remains unclear. In the present study, we found that some hybrids that overcome lethality, either spontaneously or by artificial culture, lack the distal part of the Q chromosome, a region that includes the gene responsible for lethality. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction results suggested that the distal deletion of the Q chromosome, detected in some hybrid seedlings that overcome lethality, is caused by reciprocal translocations between homoeologous chromosomes. The results showed that chromosomal instability during meiosis in amphidiploid N. tabacum as well as during artificial culturing of hybrid seedlings is involved in overcoming hybrid lethality in interspecific crosses of the genus Nicotiana.

Principal points analysis via p-median problem for binary data.

Analysis with principal points is a useful statistical tool for summarizing large data. In this paper, we propose a subgradient-based algorithm to calculate a set of principal points for multivariate binary data by the formulating it as a p-median problem. This enables us to find a globally optimal set of principal points or an ε-optimal solution in the middle of the calculation by combining an upper bound found using the greedy method. This algorithm is an iterative procedure where each iteration can be calculated in an efficient manner. We investigate the applicability of the proposed framework with questionnaire data and arXiv co-authors data.