Adamantylidene Addition to M3 N@Ih -C80 (M=Sc, Lu) and Sc3 N@D5h -C80 : Synthesis and Crystallographic Characterization of the [5,6]-Open and [6,6]-Open Adducts.

Additions of adamantylidene (Ad) to M3 N@Ih -C80 (M=Sc, Lu) and Sc3 N@D5h -C80 have been accomplished by photochemical reactions with 2-adamantyl-2,3'-[3H]-diazirine (1). In M3 N@Ih -C80 , the addition led to rupture of the [6,6]- or [5,6]-bonds of the Ih -C80 cage, forming the [6,6]-open fulleroid as the major isomer and the [5,6]-open fulleroid as the minor isomer. In Sc3 N@D5h -C80 , the addition also proceeded regioselectively to yield three major isomeric Ad mono-adducts, despite the fact that there are nine types of C-C bonds in the D5h -C80 cage. The molecular structures of the seven Ad mono-adducts, including the positions of the encaged trimetallic nitride clusters, have been unambiguously determined through single-crystal XRD analyses. Furthermore, results have shown that stepwise addition of Ad to Lu3 N@Ih -C80 affords several Ad bis-adducts, two of which have been isolated and characterized. The X-ray structure of one bis-adduct clearly revealed that the second Ad addition took place at a [6,6]-bond close to an endohedral metal atom. Theoretical calculations have also been performed to rationalize the regioselectivity.

Evaluation of PEEK and zirconia occlusal rest designs for removable partial dentures based on finite element analysis.

Purpose We aimed to assess removable partial denture occlusal rests composed of polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) and zirconia, using finite element analysis.Methods Three-dimensional PEEK and zirconia rest models, including the occlusal rest (1.5 mm thickness at the basal portion, 3.0 mm width) and minor connector (1.5 mm thickness, 6.0 mm height), and rest seat models with mechanical properties of enamel were constructed. The radius of transitional curvature between the rest and minor connector was 0.1-0.5 mm. The rest and rest seat model interfaces were set as frictional contacts (µ = 0.1), and the base of the rest seat model was restrained in all the directions. A 100 N downward load was applied perpendicular to the bottom surface of the minor connector. The maximum value of the first principal stress (Max-S1) was compared to the flexural and fatigue strengths of each material. Occlusal rests with 1.0-2.0 mm thickness, 2.0-3.5 mm width, and 0.5 mm radius of transitional curvature were analyzed.Results Max-S1 was observed at the transitional part and decreased with increasing radius of the transitional curvature, rest width, and thickness. PEEK rests with at least 1.5 mm thicknesses and 3.0 mm widths showed lower Max-S1 than the flexural strength. Max-S1 of all PEEK rests exceeded the PEEK fatigue strength, whereas Max-S1 of the zirconia rests was lower than the zirconia fatigue strength.Conclusions Zirconia occlusal rests with conventional metal rest designs have sufficient fatigue strength. PEEK occlusal rests have insufficient fatigue strength and may not withstand repeated mastication.

Retentive force of a conical crown with CAD/CAM-fabricated PEEK and zirconia secondary crowns on titanium implant abutments.

This study aimed to evaluate the retentive force of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and zirconia secondary crowns on ready-made titanium implant abutments (with height, diameter, and taper as 5.5 mm, 4.5 mm, and 6°, respectively) as the primary crown. PEEK, zirconia, and titanium secondary crowns were fabricated using a CAD/CAM system. Insertion and removal tests of secondary crowns on the primary crown were conducted for 2,000 cycles. The initial retentive forces recorded at the 100th cycle for PEEK, zirconia, and titanium were 13.0±7.9, 2.9±2.6, and 27.6±1.7 N, respectively. The retentive forces of PEEK and zirconia showed no significant difference among all cycles. However, the retentive force of the titanium used as a control decreased (20.3±2.8 N) significantly at the 2,000th cycle. Although the retentive force of PEEK was lower than that of titanium, it was within the range that can provide a suitable retentive force of 5 N for removable dental prostheses.

Morphological Comparison of Residual Ridge in Impression for Removable Partial Denture between Digital and Conventional Techniques: A Preliminary In-Vivo Study.

Although digital impression using an intraoral scanner (IOS) has been applied for removable partial denture (RPD) fabrication, it is still unclear how the morphology of a residual ridge recorded by digital impression would differ from that recorded by conventional impression. This in vivo study investigated the morphological difference in the recorded residual ridge between digital and conventional impressions. Vertical and horizontal displacements (VD and HD) in residual ridges recorded by digital and conventional impressions were assessed in 22 participants (15 female; mean age 78.2 years) based on the morphology of the tissue surface of in-use RPD. Additionally, the mucosal thickness of the residual ridge was recorded using an ultrasound diagnostic device. VD and HD were compared using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and the correlation of mucosal thickness with VD and HD was analyzed using Spearman's ρ. The VD of digital impression was significantly greater than that of a conventional impression (p = 0.031), while no significant difference was found in HD (p = 0.322). Meanwhile, the mucosal thickness showed no significant correlation with the recorded morphology of the residual ridge, regardless of the impression techniques. It was concluded that the digital impression would result in a greater displacement in the height of the residual ridge from the morphology of in-use RPD than the conventional impression.

Case report: Plasmablastic neoplasm with multinucleated giant cells-Analysis of stemness of the neoplastic multinucleated giant cells.

Cancer stem cells have the capability of self-renewal and multipotency and are, therefore, associated with tumor heterogeneity, resistance to chemoradiation therapy, and metastasis. The hypothesis that multinucleated giant cells, which often emerge following chemo- and/or radiotherapy, serve as cancer stem cells has not been fully evaluated. Although a previous study demonstrated that these cells functioned as stem cells, only low levels of Yamanaka factors were expressed, contrasting with the high expression seen from their gestated first-generation mononuclear cells. Herein, we report a case of a plasmablastic neoplasm with multinucleated giant cells that were analyzed for stemness to test the above hypothesis. The patient was a male in his 80s who had a plasmablastic neoplasm that was not easily distinguishable as plasmablastic lymphoma versus plasma cell myeloma of plasmablastic type. Lymph node biopsy showed predominant mononuclear cell proliferation with admixed multinucleated giant cells. Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization showed that both multinucleated and mononuclear cells had the same profile: CD138(+), light chain restriction of κ>λ, cyclin D1(+), CD68(-), EBER-ISH (+). These results suggested that both cell types were neoplastic. In accordance with the previous study, the multinucleated giant cells showed low expression of Yamanaka factors, which were highly expressed in some of the mononuclear cells. Furthermore, the multinucleated giant cells showed a much lower proliferative activity (Mib1/Ki67 index) than the mononuclear cells. Based on these results, the multinucleated giant cells were compatible with cancer stem cells. This case is expected to expand the knowledge base regarding biology of cancer stem cells.

Effect of Scanning Origin Location on Data Accuracy of Abutment Teeth Region in Digital Impression Acquired Using Intraoral Scanner for Removable Partial Denture: A Preliminary In Vitro Study.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of scanning origin location on the data accuracy of removable partial denture (RPD) abutment teeth region in digital impressions acquired by an intraoral scanner. A mandibular partially edentulous model including the following target abutment teeth was used: the left second molar (#37); left first premolar (#34); and right second premolar (#45). The following scanning strategies were tested: the strategy starting from #37 to mesial direction (37M); strategies starting from #34 to mesial (34M) and distal directions (34D), and strategies starting from #45 to mesial (45M) and distal directions (45D). The evaluated measures were trueness, precision, and linear accuracy. One-way and two-way ANOVA were performed for the comparison of trueness and linear accuracy, while Kruskal-Wallis test was performed for the precision comparison (α = 0.05). 45M and 45D showed significantly superior trueness of #34 to 37M and 34D. 45M also showed significantly superior trueness of #45 to 34. 45D showed significantly inferior linear accuracy of #34 and superior linear accuracy of #45 compared to other strategies. It was concluded that scanning origin location would have an impact on data accuracy of RPD abutment teeth region in digital impressions acquired by intraoral scanner.

Fracture resistance of CAD/CAM restorative materials in mismatched removable partial denture rests: An in vitro experimental and finite element analysis.

To evaluate the fracture resistance of computer-aided design and computer-assisted manufacturing restorations as the abutment of removable partial dentures, experimental blocks, with the rest seat made of feldspar, hybrid resin composite, lithium disilicate glass ceramic, or zirconia, were subjected to loading by a metallic occlusal rest. The rest contacted the rest seat with an accurate fit and two mismatch contact conditions: bottom and sidewall contact. Zirconia exhibited the highest fracture load, and the fracture load of the accurate fit was significantly higher than that of the sidewall contact (p<0.05) and insignificantly higher than that of the bottom contact (p>0.05). A finite element analysis of the sidewall contact revealed a higher tensile stress concentration at the bottom of the rest seat than the other contact conditions. The mismatch between the rest and the restoration reduced fracture resistance, while zirconia as the abutment withstood the average occlusal force of the posterior region.

Effect of retention hole designs in artificial teeth on failure resistance of the connection with thermoplastic resin.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of retention hole designs in artificial teeth on failure resistance of the connection with a thermoplastic denture base resin. Artificial teeth with the following retention hole designs were attached to polyester and polyamide resins: no hole, vertical hole, horizontal hole, and vertical and horizontal holes. An artificial tooth with no hole attached to polymethyl methacrylate was prepared as the control. The load was applied until connection failure occurred between the artificial tooth and resin, and failure resistance was detected. Although the control showed the highest resistance, the artificial tooth with vertical and horizontal holes showed higher resistance than those with other retention hole designs in both thermoplastic resins. Providing vertical and horizontal retention holes in artificial teeth may be effective in improving failure resistance of the connection with thermoplastic resins.

Flexural and fatigue properties of polyester disk material for milled resin clasps.

To evaluate the flexural and fatigue properties of a polyester disk material used in milled resin clasps of removable partial dentures, experimental polyester disk (mPE), injection-molded polyester (iPE), and polymethyl methacrylate disk (mPMMA) were examined by three-point bending tests and cyclic fatigue tests at 0.75 or 1.50 mm deflection. The mPE exhibited significantly higher flexural strength than the iPE (p<0.05). Meanwhile, the mPMMA displayed higher flexural modulus and strength than the polyesters. The mPE exhibited a significantly lower residual strain than the iPE at the cyclic 0.75 mm deflection (p<0.05); however, microcracks were observed in the mPE at the 1.50 mm deflection. The mPMMA showed a high residual strain at the 0.75 mm deflection and fractured within 1,000 cycles at the 1.5 mm deflection. The higher flexural strength and lower residual strain of the mPE compared with the iPE suggest the advantages of milled resin clasps within a limited deflection.

Influence of block-out on retentive force of thermoplastic resin clasps: an in vitro experimental and finite element analysis.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of block-out preparation, used to eliminate the undercut area, on the retentive force and stress distribution of resin clasps. METHODS: A total of 72 polyester and polyamide resin clasps were fabricated on a premolar abutment crown following six block-out preparations. A combination of two types of vertical block-outs and three types of horizontal block-outs (on the missing side) was used on the abutment tooth. Each clasp was subjected to an in vitro removal test using a universal testing machine. The retentive force and traces of the clasp on the abutment tooth were recorded and analyzed with one-way analysis of variance and post hoc comparisons (α=0.05). Non-linear finite element analysis was performed to assess the stress distributions of the resin clasps. RESULTS: Resin clasps with a vertical block-out of 0.75mm undercut showed significantly higher retentive force than those with the 0.5mm undercut. Resin clasps with horizontal block-out showed significantly lower retentive force than those without horizontal block-out. There was no significant difference between the two thermoplastic resins. The maximum first principal stress of the resin clasp was concentrated under the shoulder of the clasp and strongly influenced by the width of horizontal block-out in the finite element analysis. CONCLUSIONS: This in vitro experiment suggested that a horizontal block-out is necessary even for a 0.5-mm undercut. The design of the resin clasp should be considered from two aspects: retentive force and deformation risk.

The ball-on-disk cyclic wear of CAD/CAM machinable dental composite and ceramic materials.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the wear volume and the principal strain of machinable dental composite and ceramics in simulated mastication. A ball-on-disk wear test was performed for 3,000 cycles in water, using nine ball/disk combinations of three commercial CAD/CAM materials: feldspathic, lithium disilicate glass ceramics, and a highly loaded composite material (n = 7 for each combination). The wear volume was optically measured using a digital scanner and analyzed for statistical differences based on the materials (α = 0.05). We used non-linear finite element analysis to calculate the principal strain. The wear volume of the ball was significantly larger than that of the disk when hardness and fracture toughness of the former was lower than that of the latter and vice versa (P < 0.05). The lithium disilicate glass ceramic constantly showed lower wear volume than the opposing antagonist. Except for the same material pairs of feldspathic and composite, the ball or disk specimen that showed a larger wear in the occluding pair coincided with the one with higher maximum strain. It was not possible to predict the magnitude of wear, whereas the result suggested a strong association between the maximum strain and wear volume of the ceramic surface.

Formation of oligovesicular vesicles by micromanipulation.

Cell-sized lipid bilayer membrane vesicles (giant vesicles, GVs) or semi-vesicles were formed from egg yolk phosphatidylcholine on a platinum electrode under applied electric voltage by electroformation. Micromanipulation of the semi-vesicle by first pressing its membrane with a glass microneedle and then withdrawing the needle left a GV in the interior of the vesicle. During the process, an aqueous solution of Ficoll that filled the needle was introduced into the newly formed inner vesicle and remained encapsulated. Approximately 50% of attempted micromanipulation resulted in the formation of an inner daughter vesicle, "microvesiculation". By repeating the microvesiculation process, multiple inner GVs could be formed in a single parent semi-vesicle. A semi-vesicle with inner GVs could be detached from the electrode by scraping with a microneedle, yielding an oligovesicular vesicle (OVV) with desired inner aqueous contents. Microvesiculation of a GV held on the tip of a glass micropipette was also possible, and this also produced an OVV. Breaking the membrane of the parent semi-vesicle by micromanipulation with a glass needle after microvesiculation, released the inner GVs. This protocol may be used for controlled formation of GVs with desired contents.