Structure-Controllable and Mass-Produced Glycopolymersomes as a Template of the Carbohydrate@Ag Nanobiohybrid with Inherent Antibacteria and Biofilm Eradication.

Glycopolymer-supported silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have demonstrated a promising alternative to antibiotics for the treatment of multidrug-resistant bacteria-infected diseases. In this contribution, we report a class of biohybrid glycopolymersome-supported AgNPs, which are capable of effectively killing multidrug-resistant bacteria and disrupting related biofilms. First of all, glycopolymersomes with controllable structures were massively fabricated through reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) in an aqueous solution driven by complementary hydrogen bonding interaction between the pyridine and amide groups of N-(2-methylpyridine)-acrylamide (MPA) monomers. Subsequently, Ag+ captured by glycopolymersomes through the coordination between pyridine-N and Ag+ was reduced into AgNPs stabilized by glycopolymersomes upon addition of the NaBH4 reducing agent, leading to the formation of the glycopolymersome@AgNPs biohybrid. As a result, they showed a wide-spectrum and enhanced removal of multidrug-resistant bacteria and biofilms compared to naked AgNPs due to the easier adhesion onto the bacterial surface and diffusion into biofilms through the specific protein-carbohydrate recognition. Moreover, the in vivo results revealed that the obtained biohybrid glycopolymersomes not only demonstrated an effective treatment for inhibiting the cariogenic bacteria but also were able to repair the demineralization of caries via accumulating Ca2+ through the recognition between carbohydrates and Ca2+. Furthermore, glycopolymersomes@AgNPs showed quite low in vitro hemolysis and cytotoxicity and almost negligible acute toxicity in vivo. Overall, this type of biohybrid glycopolymersome@AgNPs nanomaterial provides a new avenue for enhanced antibacterial and antibiofilm activities and the effective treatment of oral microbial-infected diseases.

Revealing the phosphate-solubilizing characteristics and mechanisms of the plant growth-promoting bacterium Agrobacterium deltaense C1.

AIMS: This study explores the phosphate (Pi)-solubilizing characteristics and mechanisms of a novel phosphate-solubilizing bacterium, Agrobacterium deltaense C1 (C1 hereafter). METHODS AND RESULTS: The growth-promoting effects of C1 were investigated by gnotobiotic experiments, and the Pi-solubilizing mechanism was revealed by extracellular metabolomics, liquid chromatography analysis, and reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results showed that C1 significantly increased Arabidopsis biomass and total phosphorus (P) content under P deficiency. Under Ca3(PO4)2 condition, the presence of C1 resulted in a significant and negative correlation between available P content and medium pH changes, implying that Pi dissolution occurs through acid release. Metabolomics revealed C1's ability to release 99 organic acids, with gluconic acid (GA), citric acid, and α-ketoglutaric acid contributing 64.86%, 9.58%, and 0.94%, respectively, to Pi solubilization. These acids were significantly induced by P deficiency. Moreover, C1's Pi solubilization may remain significant even in the presence of available P, as evidenced by substantial pH reduction and high gcd gene expression. Additionally, C1 produced over 10 plant growth-promoting substances. CONCLUSIONS: C1 dissolves Pi primarily by releasing GA, which enhances plant growth under P deficiency. Notably, its Pi solubilization effect is not significantly limited by available Pi.

Inhibition of Fusarium graminearum growth and spore germination by a Streptomyces amritsarensis strain capable of killing and growing on Microcystis scum.

AIMS: Developing energy-saving and ecofriendly strategies for treating harvested Microcystis biomass. METHODS AND RESULTS: Streptomyces amritsarensis HG-16 was first reported to effectively kill various morphotypes of natural Microcystis colonies at very high cell densities. Concurrently, HG-16 grown on lysed Microcystis maintained its antagonistic activity against plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum. It could completely inhibit spore germination and destroy mycelial structure of F. graminearum. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that HG-16 attacked F. graminearum in a comprehensive way: interfering with replication, transcription, and translation processes, inhibiting primary metabolisms, hindering energy production and simultaneously destroying stress-resistant systems of F. graminearum. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study provide a sustainable and economical option for resource reclamation from Microcystis biomass: utilizing Microcystis slurry to propagate HG-16, which can subsequently be employed as a biocontrol agent for managing F. graminearum.

Exploring native arsenic (As)-resistant bacteria: unveiling multifaceted mechanisms for plant growth promotion under As stress.

AIMS: This study explores the plant growth-promoting effect (PGPE) and potential mechanisms of the arsenic (As)-resistant bacterium Flavobacterium sp. A9 (A9 hereafter). METHODS AND RESULTS: The influences of A9 on the growth of Arabidopsis thaliana, lettuce, and Brassica napus under As(V) stress were investigated. Additionally, a metabolome analysis was conducted to unravel the underlying mechanisms that facilitate PGPE. Results revealed that A9 significantly enhanced the fresh weight of Arabidopsis seedlings by 62.6%-135.4% under As(V) stress. A9 significantly increased root length (19.4%), phosphorus (25.28%), chlorophyll content (59%), pod number (24.42%), and weight (18.88%), while decreasing As content (48.33%, P ≤ .05) and oxidative stress of Arabidopsis. It also significantly promoted the growth of lettuce and B. napus under As(V) stress. A9 demonstrated the capability to produce ≥31 beneficial substances contributing to plant growth promotion (e.g. gibberellic acid), stress tolerance (e.g. thiamine), and reduced As accumulation (e.g. siderophores). CONCLUSIONS: A9 significantly promoted the plant growth under As stress and decreased As accumulation by decreasing oxidative stress and releasing beneficial compounds.

Real-world community hospital hyperglycemia management in noncritically ill, type 2 diabetic patients: a comparison between basal-bolus insulin and correctional insulin.

Purpose: This study evaluated the safety and efficacy of two insulin regimens for inpatient hyperglycemia management: combination short-plus long-acting insulin (basal-bolus insulin regimen, BBIR) vs. short-acting insulin only (correctional insulin only regimen, CIOR). Methods: Chart reviews identified noncritically ill patients with pre-existing type 2 diabetes mellitus receiving insulin injections. Study participants (N = 138) were divided into BBIR (N = 104) and CIOR (N = 34) groups. Data for the entire duration of each patient's stay were analyzed. Results: The primary outcome of percent hyperglycemic days was higher in BBIR vs. CIOR (3.97 ± 0.33% vs. 1.22 ± 0.38%). The safety outcome of percent hypoglycemic events was not different between BBIR and CIOR (0.78 ± 0.22% vs. 0.53 ± 0.37%). Regarding secondary outcomes, the percentage of euglycemic days was lower in BBIR vs. CIOR (26.74 ± 2.97% vs. 40.98 ± 5.91%). Overall blood glucose (BG) and daily insulin dose were higher in BBIR vs. CIOR (231.43 ± 5.37 vs. 195.55 ± 6.25 mg/dL and 41.36 ± 3.07 vs. 5.02 ± 0.68 units, respectively). Insulin regimen-associated differences in hyperglycemia and daily insulin dose persisted after adjusting for covariates. Conclusion: Our observations linking BBIR to worse glycemic outcomes differ from those reported in the randomized controlled Rabbit 2 and Rabbit 2 Surgery trials. This discrepancy can be partly explained by the fact that BBIR patients displayed worse glycemic baselines. Also, there was no diabetes stewardship team to monitor BG and modify insulin therapy, which is relevant since achieving euglycemia in BBIR patients requires more dose adjustments. This study highlights challenges with standard inpatient glycemic management and calls for further research assessing the benefits of pharmacist-led diabetes stewardship.

Surveillance and management of hepatocellular carcinoma after treatment of hepatitis C with direct-acting antiviral drugs.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) belongs to the Flaviviridae family, and is a single-stranded RNA virus with positive polarity. It is the primary cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) worldwide. The treatment of HCV has entered a new era with the advent of direct-acting antiviral drugs (DAAs) and is associated with cure rates of more than 95 %, making HCV the only curable viral disease. The successful treatment of chronic hepatitis C has greatly reduced, but not eliminated, the risk of HCC. Certain individuals, especially those with cirrhosis already present, remain vulnerable to HCC after achieving a sustained virological response (SVR). This article systematically reviews the recent studies on the risk and mechanisms of HCC development after HCV viral cure, the screening and predictive value of biological markers, and patient surveillance. Factors such as older age, diabetes, hepatic fat accumulation, alcohol use, and lack of fibrosis reversal are linked to increased HCC risk after HCV cure. The mechanism of HCC development after DAAs treatment remains unclear, but the possible mechanisms include immune cell dysfunction during HCV infection, cytokine network imbalance, epigenetic alterations, and host factors. Several biological markers and risk prediction models have been used to monitor the risk of HCC in CHC patients who have achieved SVR, but most still require validation and standardization. The implementation of risk-stratified surveillance programs is becoming urgent from a cost-effective point of view, but the availability of validated biomarkers to predict HCC in cured patients remains an unmet clinical need. Additionally, managing CHC patients who achieve SVR is becoming a growing challenge as an increasing number of HCV patients are cured.

Valorizing waste activated sludge incineration ash to S-doped Fe2+@Zeolite 4A catalyst for the treatment of emerging contaminants exemplified by sulfamethoxazole.

The global attention towards waste management and valorization has led to significant interest in recovering valuable components from sludge incineration ash (SIA) for the synthesis of functional environmental materials. In this study, the SIA was converted to an S-doped Fe2+-zeolite type catalyst (FZA) for the treatment of emerging contaminants (ECs), exemplified by sulfamethoxazole (SMX). Results demonstrate that FZA effectively catalyzed the activation of peracetic acid (PAA), achieving a remarkable degradation of 99.8% under optimized conditions. Mechanistic investigations reveal that the FZA/PAA system can generate ·OH, 1O2, O2·ï¼, and Fe(Ⅳ), with ·OH playing a dominant role in ECs degradation. Additionally, the doped S facilitated electrochemical performance, Fe2+ regeneration and fixation in FZA. Practical application elucidated that the FZA/PAA system can work in complex environments to degrade various ECs without generating high-toxicity ingredients. Overall, valorizing SIA to FZA provides dual achievement in waste management and ECs removal.

Whole-genome sequencing uncovers the structural and transcriptomic landscape of hexaploid wheat/Ambylopyrum muticum introgression lines.

Wheat is a globally vital crop, but its limited genetic variation creates a challenge for breeders aiming to maintain or accelerate agricultural improvements over time. Introducing novel genes and alleles from wheat's wild relatives into the wheat breeding pool via introgression lines is an important component of overcoming this low variation but is constrained by poor genomic resolution and limited understanding of the genomic impact of introgression breeding programmes. By sequencing 17 hexaploid wheat/Ambylopyrum muticum introgression lines and the parent lines, we have precisely pinpointed the borders of introgressed segments, most of which occur within genes. We report a genome assembly and annotation of Am. muticum that has facilitated the identification of Am. muticum resistance genes commonly introgressed in lines resistant to stripe rust. Our analysis has identified an abundance of structural disruption and homoeologous pairing across the introgression lines, likely caused by the suppressed Ph1 locus. mRNAseq analysis of six of these introgression lines revealed that novel introgressed genes are rarely expressed and those that directly replace a wheat orthologue have a tendency towards downregulation, with no discernible compensation in the expression of homoeologous copies. This study explores the genomic impact of introgression breeding and provides a schematic that can be followed to characterize introgression lines and identify segments and candidate genes underlying the phenotype. This will facilitate more effective utilization of introgression pre-breeding material in wheat breeding programmes.

Palladium/Norbornene Cooperative-Catalyzed Cascade Decarboxylative Cyclization of 4-Iodoisoquinolin-1(2H)-ones with o-Bromobenzoic Acids: Access to Diverse Fused Phenanthridinones and Hepta[1,2-c]isoquinolinones.

A novel three-component Pd/norbornene cooperative catalysis cascade decarboxylative [2+2+2]/[2+2+3]cyclization of 4-iodoisoquinolin-1(2H)-ones and o-bromobenzoic acids or 8-bromo-1-naphthoic acid has been developed. The method affords a range of fused phenanthridinones and hepta[1,2-c]isoquinolinones and displays unique regioselectivity and broad substrate scope. Palladium/norbornene (Pd/NBE)-catalyzed C-H activation and subsequent decarboxylative coupling reactions were involved, and NBE acts as a building block for the construction of rigid nonplanar molecular architectures.

Efficient removal of heavy metals by endophytic bacteria Staphylococcus succinus H3.

AIMS: Heavy metal pollution is a serious and difficult environmental problem. With increasing heavy metal content in industrial wastewater, an environmentally friendly and efficient treatment method must be identified. METHODS AND RESULTS: Considering the ability of endophytic bacteria to adsorb metal ions, this paper explored the heavy metal resistance, adsorption, and adsorption mechanisms and performance of S. succinus H3, an endophytic bacterium. S. succinus H3 exhibited metal resistance at 4 mM Cu2+ and 5 mM Mg2+. The adsorption rate of Cu2+ and Mg2+ ions by the live/dead strain was approximately 70%, and the adsorption capacity was positively correlated with the metal ion concentration. The kinetics and isothermal models were used to study the process of S. succinus H3 adsorption on Cu2+. It exhibits a good correlation with the Freundlich isothermal model. The N-H group, protein C=O group, polysaccharide C-O group, O-H group and some lipids are the main functional groups in the cell wall. S. succinus H3 may bond with the amine group to adsorb Mg2+ through complexation/coordination and may form a copper complex after adsorbing Cu2+. S. succinus H3 has a live adsorption rate of 15% in eight mixed metal ion systems at a 50 mg/L concentration. The study results can lay a foundation for expanding the bacterial resource pool of pollutant treatment and improving the efficiency for sewage treatment. The high heavy metal adsorption capacity of microorganisms has a decisive role in industrial wastewater treatment by microorganisms. Such microorganisms with high metal resistance and adsorption capacity to heavy metals can thrive in industrial wastewater, remove heavy metals efficiently, and greatly improve the efficiency of wastewater treatment. CONCLUSION: The study results can lay a theoretical foundation for the use of S. succinus H3 to biologically treat heavy metal wastewater in the future.

Novel Synthesis of Dihydroisoxazoles by p-TsOH-Participated 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of Dipolarophiles withα-Nitroketones.

This article reports in detail a method for the synthesis of 3-benzoxoxazoline by the reaction of alkenes (alkynes) and a variety of α-nitroketones in the presence of p-TsOH. The scope of alkenes is broad, including different alkenes and the alkyne. This reaction provides a convenient and efficient synthetic method of 3-benzoylisoxazolines.

Are risk-need-responsivity principles golden? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of community correction programs.

Objectives: Using meta-analysis to determine the effect size of the recidivism rate of participants in community correction programs that are conducted entirely in community settings. Methods: Following the Preferred Reported Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA), 25 qualified studies contributed 35 independent effect sizes. Results: Full participation in a program significantly reduced the recidivism rate. Participant age was a significant moderator of heterogeneity. Those aged over 18 have lower recidivism rates. Interventions that fully follow the Risk-Need-Responsivity (RNR) design principles achieved similar results to those that did not. Recidivism rates increase more than 12 months after the program ends. Conclusions: The effectiveness of community correctional programs varies depending on the participant's age. The RNR principles are not golden. The above factors should be carefully considered when conducting intervention design in the future. Results should be interpreted with caution due to the literature's high heterogeneity and low quality. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11292-022-09550-w.

The antifungal activity of a serine protease and the enzyme production of characteristics of Bacillus licheniformis TG116.

The growth of Phytophthora capsica, Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium oxysporum and Botrytis cinerea were all inhibited by the fermentation supernatant of Bacillus licheniformis TG116, a biocontrol strain isolated from Typhonium giganteum Engl. previously with broad-spectrum resistance to plant pathogens. The fermentation supernatant of the TG116 has a great stability on temperature and UV, and shows the biological activity of protease and cellulase. The antifungal protease produced by B. licheniformis TG116 was purified to homogeneity by ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow column chromatography and Sephadex G-50 column chromatography. The inhibition of protease by the three surfactants increased with increasing concentration inhibition. Among these surfactants, EDTA showed the strongest inhibition, with only 25% protein activity at a concentration of 1.1 mmol·L-1. Gene amplification verified the presence of a gene fragment of serine protease in the strain TG116. The antimicrobial substance isolated from the fermentation broth of TG116 is a serine protease component.

Plant endophytic bacteria: A potential resource pool of electroactive micro-organisms.

AIMS: Electroactive micro-organisms play a significant role in microbial fuel cells. It is necessary to discover potential resources in plant endophytes. In this study, plant tissues were selected to isolate endophytic bacteria, and the electrochemical activity potential was evaluated. METHODS AND RESULTS: The microbial fuel cell (MFC) is used to evaluate the electricity-producing activity of endophytic bacteria in plant tissues, and the species distribution of micro-organisms in the anode of the MFC after inoculation of plant tissues is determined by high-throughput sequencing. Twenty-six strains of bacteria were isolated from plant tissues belonging to Angelica and Sweet Potato, of which 17 strains from six genera had electrochemical activity, including Bacillus sp., Pleomorphomonas sp., Rahnella sp., Shinella sp., Paenibacillus sp. and Staphylococcus sp. Moreover, the electricity-producing micro-organisms in the plant tissue are enriched. Pseudomonas and Clostridioides are the dominant genera of MFC anode inoculated with angelica tissue. Staphylococcus and Lachnoclostridium are the dominant genera in MFC anode inoculated with sweet potato tissue. And the most representative Gram-positive strain Staphylococcus succinus subsp. succinus H6 and plant tissue were further analysed for electrochemical activity. And a strain numbered H6 and plant tissue had a good electrogenerating activity. CONCLUSION: This study is of great significance for expanding the resource pool of electricity-producing micro-organisms and tapping the potential of plant endophytes for electricity-producing. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY: This is the first study to apply plant endophytes to MFC to explore the characteristics of electricity production. It is of great significance for exploring the diversity of plant endophytes and the relationship between electricity producing bacteria and plants.

Enhancement of triterpene production via in situ extractive fermentation of Sanghuangporus vaninii YC-1.

There have been many studies on the activities and polysaccharide production of Sanghuangporus vaninii. However, few studies have looked at triterpene production from S. vaninii using liquid-state fermentation. A method for enhancing the production of triterpenes by in situ extractive fermentation (ISEF) was studied. Eight solvents were investigated as extractants for triterpene production in the ISEF system. The results showed that using vegetable oil as an extractant significantly increased the yield of total triterpenes and biomass of S. vaninii YC-1, reaching 18.98 ± 0.71 and 44.67 ± 2.21 g/L, respectively. In 5 L fermenter experiments, the added vegetable oil improved the dissolved oxygen condition of the fermentation broth and promoted the growth of S. vaninii YC-1. Furthermore, adding vegetable oil increased the expression of fatty acid synthesis-related genes such as FAD2 and SCD, thereby increasing the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids in the cell membrane of S. vaninii YC-1. Therefore, the cell membrane permeability of S. vaninii YC-1 increased by 19%. Our results indicated that vegetable oil increased the permeability of S. vaninii YC-1 cell membranes to promote the production of total triterpenes. The use of vegetable oil as an extractant was thus effective in increasing the yield of triterpenes in the ISEF system.

Isolation, Identification and Characteristic Analysis of Plant Endophyte Electrogenic Bacteria Shinella zoogloeoides SHE10.

Electroactive microorganisms play a significant role in microbial fuel cells (MFCs). These devices are environmentally friendly and can turn large quantities of organic material into renewable energy based on microbial diversity. Based on broad microbial diversity, it is necessary to obtain a comprehensive understanding of their resource distribution and to discover potential resources. In this study, sweet potato tissues were selected to isolate endophytic bacteria, and the electrochemical activity potential of those bacteria was evaluated by high-throughput screening with a WO3 nanoprobe. This study was screened and obtained a strain SHE10 with electrochemical performance from the rhizome of sweet potato by a WO3 nanoprobe, which was identified as Shinella zoogloeoides. After nearly 600 h of voltage monitoring and cyclic voltammetry analysis, the results showed that the average voltage of S. zoogloeoides SHE10 reached 122.5 mV in stationary period. The maximum power density is 78.3 ± 1.8 mW/m2, and the corresponding current density is 223.0 mA/m2. The good redox reaction also indicated that the strain had good electrical activity. Its electron transfer mode was diverse, but its power generation mechanism still needs to be further discussed. The study of S. zoogloeoides SHE10 provides scientific theoretical reference for expanding the resource pool of electroproducing bacteria and the types of electroproducing microorganisms.

The inhibitory effect of volatile organic compounds produced by Bacillus subtilis CL2 on pathogenic fungi of wolfberry.

Bacillus subtilis strain CL2 is antagonistic to wolfberry postharvest pathogenic fungi. In this study, we isolated and screened this strain for in vitro experiments. The result of the two-sealed-base-plates method revealed that volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from the strain CL2 inhibited the hyphal growth of four pathogenic fungi Mucor circinelloides LB1, Fusarium arcuatisporum LB5, Alternaria iridiaustralis LB7, and Colletotrichum fioriniae LB8. After exposure to VOCs for 5 days, the hyphal growth of the pathogen C. fioriniae LB8 was inhibited by 73%. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the VOCs produced by B. subtilis CL2 caused the mycelium morphology of the pathogenic fungi to deform, twist, fold, and shrink. In the in vivo experiments, we noticed that VOCs could significantly reduce the weight loss rate of wolfberry fruits caused by the pathogenic fungus M. circinelloides LB1 and that the decay incidence rate were caused by the pathogenic fungi F. arcuatisporum LB5, A. iridiaustralis LB7, and C. fioriniae LB8. On the basis of the headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry analysis, seven VOCs produced by strain CL2 were identified. Among them, 2,3-butanedione and 3-methylbutyric acid are the main antifungal active substances. This study investigated the antifungal properties of VOCs produced by the strain CL2 on postharvest pathogenic fungi isolated from wolfberry fruits both in vivo and in vitro, thereby providing the theoretical basis for its future applications.

Rapid identification of homozygosity and site of wild relative introgressions in wheat through chromosome-specific KASP genotyping assays.

For future food security, it is important that wheat, one of the most widely consumed crops in the world, can survive the threat of abiotic and biotic stresses. New genetic variation is currently being introduced into wheat through introgressions from its wild relatives. For trait discovery, it is necessary that each introgression is homozygous and hence stable. Breeding programmes rely on efficient genotyping platforms for marker-assisted selection (MAS). Recently, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based markers have been made available on high-throughput Axiom® SNP genotyping arrays. However, these arrays are inflexible in their design and sample numbers, making their use unsuitable for long-term MAS. SNPs can potentially be converted into Kompetitive allele-specific PCR (KASP™) assays that are comparatively cost-effective and efficient for low-density genotyping of introgression lines. However, due to the polyploid nature of wheat, KASP assays for homoeologous SNPs can have difficulty in distinguishing between heterozygous and homozygous hybrid lines in a backcross population. To identify co-dominant SNPs, that can differentiate between heterozygotes and homozygotes, we PCR-amplified and sequenced genomic DNA from potential single-copy regions of the wheat genome and compared them to orthologous copies from different wild relatives. A panel of 620 chromosome-specific KASP assays have been developed that allow rapid detection of wild relative segments and provide information on their homozygosity and site of introgression in the wheat genome. A set of 90 chromosome-nonspecific assays was also produced that can be used for genotyping introgression lines. These multipurpose KASP assays represent a powerful tool for wheat breeders worldwide.

Exploiting the genome of Thinopyrum elongatum to expand the gene pool of hexaploid wheat.

KEY MESSAGE: One hundred and thirty four introgressions from Thinopyrum elongatum have been transferred into a wheat background and were characterised using 263 SNP markers. Species within the genus Thinopyrum have been shown to carry genetic variation for a very wide range of traits including biotic and abiotic stresses and quality. Research has shown that one of the species within this genus, Th. elongatum, has a close relationship with the genomes of wheat making it a highly suitable candidate to expand the gene pool of wheat. Homoeologous recombination, in the absence of the Ph1 gene, has been exploited to transfer an estimated 134 introgressions from Th. elongatum into a hexaploid wheat background. The introgressions were detected and characterised using 263 single nucleotide polymorphism markers from a 35 K Axiom® Wheat-Relative Genotyping Array, spread across seven linkage groups and validated using genomic in situ hybridisation. The genetic map had a total length of 187.8 cM and the average chromosome length was 26.8 cM. Comparative analyses of the genetic map of Th. elongatum and the physical map of hexaploid wheat confirmed previous work that indicated good synteny at the macro-level, although Th. elongatum does not contain the 4A/5A/7B translocation found in wheat.

The characteristics and algicidal mechanisms of cyanobactericidal bacteria, a review.

Cyanobacterial blooms are a worldwide problem, especially in freshwaters. As one of the most abundant co-existing organisms of algae, bacteria play critical roles in cyanobacteria growth, particularly the cyanobactericidal bacteria which can efficiently kill cyanobacteria. Recent years, cyanobactericidal bacteria are highly recognized as a method that could potentially block cyanobacterial blooms. Many studies have been conducted to assess their effects on the termination of cyanobacteria blooms and explore their cyanobactericidal mechanisms, e.g., attacking by cell to cell or releasing specific compounds, the physiological, metabolic, and transcriptional disturbance on cyanobacteria. In this review, the present state of research on cyanobactericidal bacteria for the bloom-causing cyanobacteria species is summarized. The challenges in applying cyanobactericidal bacteria in the control of natural cyanobacterial blooms are discussed.