Caffeic acid phenethyl ester inhibits proliferation and migration, and induces apoptosis in platelet-derived growth factor-BB-stimulated human coronary smooth muscle cells.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Restenosis after a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) during treatment for coronary artery disease is closely related to smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation and migration. In this study, we investigated the effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) and its underlying mechanism on human coronary SMCs (HCSMCs) after platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) stimulation in vitro. METHODS AND RESULTS: The results showed that CAPE inhibited proliferation and migration, and induced apoptosis. Concomitantly, CAPE inhibited activation of AKT1, MEK1 and ERK1/2 signaling molecules at 10-60 min after CAPE treatment. As revealed by flow cytometry, DNA fragmentation and TUNEL assay, the cells accumulated at the sub-G(1) phase, and cell apoptosis was observed after 30 and 90 µM CAPE treatment for 72 h. CAPE triggered the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to cytosol, upregulated the proapoptotic gene Bax and downregulated the antiapoptotic gene Bcl-2. Upregulation of caspase-9 and caspase-3 indicated that CAPE precipitated the mitochondrion-dependent apoptotic signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide a molecular explanation for the antiproliferation, antimigration and proapoptotic effects of CAPE on HCSMCs after PDGF-BB stimulation.

Interaction abolishment between mutant caveolin-1(Δ62-100) and ABCA1 reduces HDL-mediated cellular cholesterol efflux.

Our previous study shows that caveolin-1 colocalizes and interacts with ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), which is intimately involved in cellular cholesterol efflux. In this study, we further clarified the region of caveolin-1 that interacts with ABCA1. We also examined the interaction between mutant caveolin-1 and ABCA1 in HDL-mediated cholesterol efflux. We constructed a panel of mutant caveolin-1 proteins and co-transfected them into rat aortic endothelial and human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells. The co-immunoprecipitation shows that mutant oligomerization domain of caveolin-1, caveolin-1(Δ62-100), is required for the interaction of caveolin-1 with ABCA1. Caveolin-1(Δ62-100) did not colocalize with ABCA1 in the cholesterol-loaded cells after HDL incubation as observed by immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. Concomitantly, caveolin-1(Δ62-100) suppressed HDL-mediated cholesterol efflux. The results suggest that the region of caveolin-1 between amino acids 62 and 100 is an oligomerization domain as well as an attachment site for ABCA1 interaction that regulates HDL-mediated cholesterol efflux.

High glucose impairs EDHF-mediated dilation of coronary arterioles via reduced cytochrome P450 activity.

Endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) is an important vasodilator that regulates the vasomotor function. However, it remains unclear whether diabetes/hyperglycemia-induced vascular impairments extend to the EDHF. The present study aims to determine the effect of high glucose (HG) on EDHF-mediated arteriolar dilation and the underlying mechanism. Porcine coronary arterioles were isolated and pressurized for vasomotor study. Cultured porcine coronary artery endothelial cells (ECs) were used for molecular and biochemical analysis. Our results demonstrate that bradykinin (BK)-simulated arteriolar dilation is mediated by nitric oxide (NO) and EDHF pathways. Direct incubation of HG impaired vasodilation to BK but not to sodium nitroprusside (endothelium-independent vasodilator). In the presence of inhibitors of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) and cyclooxygenase, the EDHF-mediated dilation was reduced by HG incubation. The inhibitory effect of HG was prevented by treating the vessels with superoxide scavenger Tempol. In cultured coronary endothelial cells, HG reduced endothelial epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET) production as well as cytochrome P450 epoxygenase (CYP) activity. Furthermore, the superoxide production was elevated in ECs after HG incubation. Pretreatment with Tempol before HG incubation prevented the increase of cellular superoxide and abolished the decrease of CYP activity. Collectively, our results suggest that, in addition to NO-mediated pathway, HG impairs the EET/EDHF-mediated vasodilation in coronary arterioles via the elevated level of superoxide leading to inhibition of CYP activity in coronary ECs.

ABCA1 modulates the oligomerization and Golgi exit of caveolin-1 during HDL-mediated cholesterol efflux in aortic endothelial cells.

Previously, the authors have shown that the molecular interaction between caveolin-1 and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) is associated with the high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-mediated cholesterol efflux pathway in aortic endothelial cells (ECs). This study analyzed the role ABCA1 plays in caveolin-1-mediated cholesterol efflux in aortic ECs. Knockdown of ABCA1 by siRNA in primary rat aortic ECs after cholesterol treatment did not affect caveolin-1 expression but led to the retention of caveolin-1 in the Golgi apparatus, impaired caveolin-1 oligomerization, and reduced cholesterol efflux. Immunoblotting assay and immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrated that HDL transiently up-regulated ABCA1 expression, induced caveolin-1 oligomerization, and promoted its Golgi exit, thereby enhancing cholesterol efflux. These HDL-induced events, however, were inhibited by down-regulation of ABCA1. It is concluded that HDL up-regulates ABCA1 expression, which in turn modulates the oligomerization and Golgi exit of caveolin-1 to enhance cholesterol efflux in aortic ECs.

Molecular interaction between caveolin-1 and ABCA1 on high-density lipoprotein-mediated cholesterol efflux in aortic endothelial cells.

OBJECTIVE: Caveolin-1 and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) are proteins that are involved in cellular cholesterol efflux. In this study, we analyzed the relationships between caveolin-1 and ABCA1 on high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-mediated cholesterol efflux in rat aortic endothelial cells. METHODS AND RESULTS: Overexpression of caveolin-1 by transfection with caveolin-1 cDNA in aortic endothelial cells up-regulated ABCA1 expression and enhanced cholesterol efflux. Suppression of caveolin-1 by siRNA decreased ABCA1 expression and reduced cholesterol efflux. The number of caveolae increased after transfection with caveolin-1 into cells. Immunoprecipitation assays revealed a molecular interaction between caveolin-1 and ABCA1 in the plasma membrane and in the cytoplasm after HDL incubation. Immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated that caveolin-1 colocalized with ABCA1 in the caveolae and in the cytoplasmic vesicles; it was also found that caveolin-1 and ABCA1 colocalized with cellular cholesterol by immunofluorescence microscopy. Blocking of intracellular lipid transport by inhibitors disrupted the interaction between caveolin-1 and ABCA1 and reduced cholesterol to methyl-beta-cyclodextrin and HDL. CONCLUSIONS: The molecular interaction between caveolin-1 and ABCA1 is associated with the HDL-mediated cholesterol efflux pathway in aortic endothelial cells.

Use of RAPD to detect sodium arsenite-induced DNA damage in human lymphoblastoid cells.

Inorganic arsenic is a known human carcinogen, yet its mechanism of action remains unclear. Our previous study showed that arsenite significantly induces oxidative DNA adducts and DNA-protein cross-links in several mammalian cell lines. In the present study, we used the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay to evaluate the possible target in the genomic DNA of human lymphoblastoid cells that were exposed to sodium arsenite. Treatment with both 10 and 80 microM arsenite for 4h induced significant changes in RAPD profiles compared with the control pattern. Two 10-mer RAPD primers (D11 and F1) produced the most distinguishable banding profiles between arsenite-treated and control genomic DNA. The sequencing of four arsenite-sensitive RAPD bands showed that the RB1CC1 and PACE4 genes might be the DNA targets of sodium arsenite treatment. We propose that arsenite may induce sequence- or gene-specific damage and then change the RAPD profile in human lymphoblastoid cells. The results of our study also show that RAPD combined with other techniques is a good tool for detecting alterations in genomic DNA and for the direct screening of new molecular markers related to arsenite-induced carcinogenesis.

Caveolin-1 expression is associated with plaque formation in hypercholesterolemic rabbits.

Caveolin-1, the major structural protein of caveolae, is present in several cell types known to play a role in the development of atherosclerosis. In this study, the distribution and expression of caveolin-1 in the arterial walls were studied in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Immunohistochemical results indicated that the staining intensity of caveolin-1 reached a high level in the arterial intima at 5 weeks after high-cholesterol-diet treatment and decreased to a very low level at 8 weeks when atheromatous plaques appeared. Western blot analysis showed that in rabbits fed a high-cholesterol diet for 5 weeks, the expression of caveolin-1 reached its highest level and then decreased from 8 to 12 weeks. The proliferative activity of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) decreased to the lowest level at 5 weeks and then increased at 8 and 12 weeks. Nitric oxide synthase activity gradually decreased in animals fed a high-cholesterol diet throughout the experiment. These studies demonstrate that the change in abundance of caveolin-1 is associated with SMC proliferation in the formation of atheromatous plaque after hypercholesterolemia insult.

Propagation and phenotypic preservation of rabbit limbal epithelial cells on amniotic membrane.

PURPOSE: To describe the phenotypic characteristics of a limbal epithelial cell sheet outgrowth from a limbal explant cultured on amniotic membrane. METHOD: Immunofluorescent staining and confocal microscopy were used to examine the expressions of p63, Ki-67, keratins 3 and 14, connexin 43, and the integrin alpha6/beta4 and alpha3/beta1 subunits in corneal and limbal tissues in a limbal explant and epithelial outgrowth cultured for 2 weeks on amniotic membrane. RESULTS: The expression patterns of p63, Ki-67, keratins, integrins, and connexin 43 in a limbal explant with an epithelial outgrowth cultured for 2 weeks on amniotic membrane resembled those in freshly prepared limbus. Moreover, the distribution of integrin subunits in positive cells of the limbal explant and its epithelial outgrowth was similar to that of the corneal epithelial cells during wound repair. CONCLUSIONS: The epithelial cell sheet grown from a limbal explant on amniotic membrane exhibited a phenotype similar to that of the limbus, suggesting that amniotic membrane is a substrate capable of supporting the propagation and preservation of p63-positive limbal epithelial cells.

A prototype tissue engineered blood vessel using amniotic membrane as scaffold.

In this study, we used amniotic membrane (AM), a natural extracellular matrix, as a scaffold for the fabrication of tissue engineered blood vessels (TEBVs). The inner surface of the denuded glutaraldehyde cross-linked AM tube was endothelialized with porcine vascular endothelial cells (ECs) and subjected to a physiological (12 dynecm(-2)) shear stress (SS) for 2 and 4 days. The results showed that after applying SS, an intact EC monolayer was maintained in the lumen surface of the TEBV. The ECs were aligned with their long axis parallel to the blood flow. The immunofluorescent microscopy showed that the intercellular junctional proteins, PECAM-1 and VE-cadherin, were surrounding the EC periphery and were better developed and more abundant in SS-treated TEBVs than the static controls. The Western blot indicated that the expressions of PECAM-1 and VE-cadherin were increased by 72 ± 9% and 67 ± 7%, respectively, after shear stress treatment. The distribution pattern of integrin ß1 was mainly at the interface of ECs and AM in static TEBVs but it was extended to the cell-cell junctions after SS treatment. The SS promoted the expression of integrin α(v)ß(3) without altering its distribution in TEBV. The results suggest that glutaraldehyde cross-linked AM tube can potentially be used as a scaffold biomaterial for TEBV fabrication. Most importantly, the use of an AM tube shortened the TEBV fabrication.

Characterization of porcine arterial endothelial cells cultured on amniotic membrane, a potential matrix for vascular tissue engineering.

The existing of basement membrane improves the development of endothelium while constructing blood vessel equivalent. The amniotic membrane (AM) provides a natural basement membrane and has been used in ocular surface reconstruction. This study evaluated the molecular and cellular characteristics of porcine vascular endothelial cells (ECs) cultured on AM. ECs cultured on AM expressed the endothelial marker vWF and exhibited normal endothelial morphology. Here, we demonstrated that AM enhanced the expression of intercellular molecules, platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1), and adhesion molecule VE-cadherin at the intercellular junctions. The expression level of integrin was markedly higher in ECs cultured on AM than on plastic dish. Furthermore, the AM downregulated the expression of E-selectin and P-selectin in both LPS-activated and non-activated ECs. Consistently, adhesion of leukocytes to both activated and non-activated cells was decreased in ECs cultured on AM. Our results suggest that AM is an ideal matrix to develop a functional endothelium in blood vessel equivalent construction.

Cellular localization and interaction of ABCA1 and caveolin-1 in aortic endothelial cells after HDL incubation.

The goal of this study was to investigate the cellular localization and the interaction between caveolin-1 and ABCA1 in cholesterol-loaded aortic endothelial cells after HDL incubation. Immunofluorescence confocal microscopy showed that ABCA1 was found primarily on the cell surface, whereas caveolin-1 was revealed on the cell surface and in the cytoplasm. The HDL appeared to colocalize with ABCA1 and caveolin-1 on the cell surface. No free HDL was revealed in the cytoplasm. The HDL was colocalized neither with early endosome marker (CD71) nor with late endosome marker (LAMP2). The chemical cross-linking and immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that ABCA1 binds directly to both HDL and caveolin-1, whereas HDL does not bind directly to caveolin-1. The studies provide evidence for a direct interaction between ABCA1 and HDL, ABCA1 and caveolin-1, but not HDL and caveolin-1, indicating that ABCA1 may act as a structural platform between HDL and caveolin-1 on the cell surface during cellular cholesterol efflux.

Visualization of the uptake of high-density lipoprotein by rat aortic endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells in vitro.

High-density lipoproteins (HDL) were conjugated to Fluorescein 1,1'-dioctadecyl 3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI) or colloidal gold for the investigation of ultrastructural aspects of binding and uptake of HDL by cholesterol-loaded cultured endothelial and smooth muscle cells from rat aorta. When cells were incubated for 2 h at 4 degrees C, HDL-DiI and HDL-gold conjugates were seen only on the cell surface. When cells were returned to incubation at 37 degrees C for 5 min, HDL-DiI appeared in the cytoplasm and colocalized with the fluorescent cholesteryl ester tag BODIPY-FL-C12. HDL-gold conjugates appeared in the plasmalemmal invaginations and plasmalemmal vesicles. After incubation for 15 min, most of the HDL-gold conjugates reappeared on the cell surface. After incubation for 30 min, only a few conjugates were observed and they localized in lysosomal-like bodies. Quantitative data indicated that when the cholesterol-loaded cells were incubated at 4 degrees C for 2 h, the numbers of HDL-gold associated in clusters on the endothelial cell surface was 1.18 clusters/microm. When cells were returned to incubation at 37 degrees C for 5 min, this value decreased to 0.7, increased again to 1.13 at 15 min, and decreased to 0.29 at 30 min. The numbers of clusters in the plasmalemmal invaginations were 0.06 clusters/microm at 4 degrees C for 2 h, increased to 0.34 at 37 degrees C for 5 min and decreased gradually to 0.19 and 0.04 at 15 and 30 min, respectively. The incidence of clusters in the plasmalemmal vesicles per non-nuclear cytoplasm was 0.01 clusters/microm2 at 4 degrees C for 2 h, increased significantly to 1.08 at 37 degrees C for 5 min, and decreased to 0.43 and 0.14 at 15 and 30 min, respectively. This work supports that the plasmalemmal invaginations and plasmalemmal vesicles are linked to the HDL uptake in cholesterol-loaded aortic endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells.