Practical semi-quantum key distribution with one-way key and one basis.

Semi-quantum key distribution (SQKD) protocols are used to distribute secret keys between a quantum party and a classical party. However, existing SQKD protocols rely on two-way communication, and may still be vulnerable to Trojan horse side-channel attacks where Eve sends her own photon into a receiver's apparatus and measures the reflected photon to estimate the key. In this paper, we propose a practical SQKD with one-way key. This requires that the single photons travelling through the one-way channel are used to encode bit information, and the returned photons are used to quantify Eve's information, thus reducing the security analysis of the Trojan horse attack in SQKD. Meanwhile, our protocol with one basis enjoys security advantage in practical SQKD systems when source flaws are taken into account. In particular, the present protocol is secure under practical conditions when weak coherent pulses (WCP) are used. Our simulation results show that the protocol using WCP can distribute secret keys over a distance of 110 km without decoy states.

Construction of a diagnostic classifier for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer based on XGBoost feature selection and random forest model.

BACKGROUND: The pathological phenotype of early-stage cervical cancer (CC) is similar to that of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), which provides a challenge for the diagnosis of cervical precancerous lesions. Meanwhile, the existing diagnostic methods have certain subjectivity and limitations, resulting in the possibility of misdiagnosis or missed diagnosis. Hence, some methods are needed to assist diagnosis of CC and CIN. METHODS: Based on the data of CIN and CC in gene expression omnibus (GEO) dataset, the eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) algorithm was used to screen the feature genes between CIN and CC for constructing the classifier. Incremental feature selection (IFS) curve was also used for screening. The classifier was validated for reliability using principal component analysis (PCA) dimensionality reduction analysis and heat map analysis of gene expression. Then, differentially expressed genes of CIN and CC were intersected with the classifier genes. Genes in the intersection were used as seeds for protein-protein interaction network construction and restart random walk analysis. And the genes with the top 50 affinity coefficients were selected for gene ontology (GO) and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genome (KEGG) enrichment analyses to observe the biological functions with differences between CIN and CC. RESULTS: The peripheral blood genes of CIN and CC were analyzed, and seven genes were screened. Using this gene for classifier construction, IFS curve screening revealed that the three-feature gene classifier constructed according to the random forest model had the best effect. The results of PCA dimensionality reduction analysis and gene expression heat map analysis showed that the three-gene classifier could effectively distinguish CIN from CC. CONCLUSION: A three-gene diagnostic classifier can effectively distinguish CIN patients from CC patients and provide a reference for the clinical diagnosis of early CC.

Novel risk prediction models, involving coagulation, thromboelastography, stress response, and immune function indicators, for deep vein thrombosis after radical resection of cervical cancer and ovarian cancer.

This study aimed to investigate the predictive value of coagulation, thromboelastography, stress response, and immune function indicators for the occurrence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) following radical resection of cervical cancer and ovarian cancer. We conducted a prospective, single-centre, case-control study that included 230 cervical cancer patients and 230 ovarian cancer patients. In the testing cohort, the final predictive model for cervical cancer patients was: Logit(P)=9.365-0.063(R-value)-0.112(K value) +0.386(α angle)+0.415(MA)+0.276(FIB)+0.423(D-D)+0.195(IL-6)+0.092(SOD). For ovarian cancer patients, the final model was: Logit(P)= -2.846-0.036(R-value)-0.157(K value) +0.426(α angle) +0.172(MA) +0.221(FIB)+0.375(CRP) -0.126(CD4+/CD8+). In the validation cohort, these models exhibited good predictive efficiency, with a false-positive rate of 12.5% and a false-negative rate of 2.9% for cervical cancer patients, and a false-positive rate of 14.3% and a false-negative rate of 0% for ovarian cancer patients. In conclusion, the risk prediction models developed in this study effectively improve the predictive accuracy of DVT following radical resection of cervical and ovarian cancer.

The Numerical Investigation of the Performance of a Newly Designed Sediment Trap for Horizontal Transport Flux.

Marine sediment transport is closely related to seafloor topography, material transport, marine engineering safety, etc. With a developed time-series vector observation device, the sediment capture and transport process can be observed. The structure of the capture tube and the internal filter screen can significantly affect the flow field during the actual observation, further influencing the sediment transport observation and particle capture process. This paper presents a numerical model for investigating the effect of device structure on seawater flow to study the processes of marine sediment transport observation and sediment particle capture. The model is based on the solution of both porous media and the Realizable k-ε turbulence in Fluent software. The flow velocity distribution inside and outside the capture tube with different screen pore sizes (0.300, 0.150, and 0.075 mm) is analyzed. To enhance the reliability of the numerical simulation, the simulation calculation results are compared with the test results and have good coincidence. Finally, by analyzing the motion law of sediment in the capture tube, the accurate capture of sediment particles is achieved, and the optimal capture efficiency of the sediment trap is obtained.

Potential of biogenic methane for pilot-scale fermentation ex situ with lump anthracite and the changes of methanogenic consortia.

Pilot-scale fermentation is one of the important processes for achieving industrialization of biogenic coalbed methane (CBM), although the mechanism of biogenic CBM remains unknown. In this study, 16 samples of formation water from CBM production wells were collected and enriched for methane production, and the methane content was between 3.1 and 21.4%. The formation water of maximum methane production was used as inoculum source for pilot-scale fermentation. The maximum methane yield of the pilot-scale fermentation with lump anthracite amendment reached 13.66 µmol CH4/mL, suggesting that indigenous microorganisms from formation water degraded coal to produce methane. Illumina high-throughput sequencing analysis revealed that the bacterial and archaeal communities in the formation water sample differed greatly from the methanogic water enrichment culture. The hydrogenotrophic methanogen Methanocalculus dominated the formation water. Acetoclastic methanogens, from the order Methanosarcinales, dominated coal bioconversion. Thus, the biogenic methanogenic pathway ex situ cannot be simply identified according to methanogenic archaea in the original inoculum. Importantly, this study was the first time to successfully simulate methanogenesis in large-capacity fermentors (160 L) with lump anthracite amendment, and the result was also a realistic case for methane generation in pilot-scale ex situ.

[Transformation of biphenyl intermediate metabolite by manganese peroxidase from a white rot fungus SQ01].

Objective: To understand the biochemical role of white rot fungus Trametes sp. SQ01 manganese peroxidase (MnP) towards 2-hydroxy-6-oxo-6-phenylhexa-2,4-dienoates (HOPDA)/HOPDA derivatives and to reveal the new catalytic features of MnP, white rot fungus Trametes sp. SQ01 MnP was extracted, and the purified enzymes were used in the oxidation of HOPDAs. Methods: UV-vis spectrophotometry was used to study the transformation of 10 substituted HOPDAs by manganese peroxidase and measure the steady-state kinetics parameters of manganese peroxidase against parts of HOPDAs. The molecular structures of HOPDA and HOPDA oxidation product were analyzed by infrared spectroscopy. Results: Manganese peroxidase exhibited catalytic activity towards both HOPDA and halogenated HOPDA. Especially, our manganese peroxidase used 3,8,11-3Cl HOPDA as substrate, while biphenyl hydrolase (2-hydroxy-6-oxo-6-phenylhexa-2,4-dienoate hydrolase) and Rhodococcus sp. R04 showed negligible activity towards this substrate. The steady-state kinetic analysis indicated that HOPDA displayed the lowest Km among 5 HOPDAs, the catalytic efficiency (Kcat/Km) of 3, 10-2F HOPDA was the highest. UV-visible spectroscopy analysis indicated that the maximum absorption of products of HOPDA showed blue-shift with increasing the reaction time in the visible region. Infrared analysis showed that MnP converted conjugated diene of HOPDA to monoethylenically, and cause hydroxyl on Cß to disappear. Conclusion: Manganese peroxidase can effectively degrade HOPDA and its derivatives. Such catalytic properties of manganese peroxidase provide a new strategy for successfully degrading biphenyl and its intermediate metabolites.

[Transcriptomic and benzoate metabolic pathways of Rhodococcus sp. R04 cultured in biphenyl].

OBJECTIVE: Studying transcriptional characteristics of Rhodococcus sp. R04 is to find the genes that participate in the transportation, metabolism and regulation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and disclose the molecular mechanism of biodegradation of PCBs. METHODS: Strain R04 was separately cultivated on ethanol, glucose and biphenyl. The total RNA of the above different cultures was extracted, and the cDNA was obtained by reverse transcription and determined by high-throughput sequencing. The data obtained by sequencing were analyzed to find the correlation among the PCBs metabolic network, gene transcription regulation and metabolic response. RESULTS: The sequencing results showed that 375 genes were up-regulated during grown on biphenyl, relative to growth on glucose, and 332 genes were up-regulated, relative to growth on ethanol. Those genes were found to participate in multiple biological processes of biphenyl metabolite. Among the genes relative to biphenyl/PCBs degradation, the genes located on the gene cluster in the upper biphenyl pathway were significantly up-regulated, while bphC4 and bphD2 were up-regulated slightly. By contrast, the other genes encoding BphC and BphD isozymes in the biphenyl pathway were down-regulated even if growth on biphenyl. CONCLUSION: Transcriptomic analysis suggested that benzoate was degraded via ortho cleavage pathway, meta cleavage pathway or protocatechuic acid pathway, which provide more valuable data for us to reveal the characteristics and regulation of downstream metabolic pathways of biphenyl and PCBs.

[Physiological and biochemical characteristics of a manganese catalase lacking n-terminal].

OBJECTIVE: We characterizeda manganese catalase lacking n-terminal ( MnCAT-C), to revealits roles in bacterial growth, reactive oxygen species ( ROS) removal and degradation of polychlorinated biphenyls ( PCBs) in Rhodococcus sp. R04. METHODS: Manganese catalase (Mn-CAT) sequence of the strain R04 was aligned with that of Rhodococcus sp. R11101. Mn-CAT and MnCAT-C were expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3), and the target protein was purified with Q-sepharose and ammonium sulphate precipitation. Knockout strain was obtained by homologous recombination. ROS was measured by fluorescence polarization, and the degradation rate of PCBs was measured by HPLC. [Results] MnCAT-C protein was purified, and SDS-PAGE analysis showed that its molecular weight was 23 kDa. Compared with wild strains, the ROS concentration increased, and the growth rate was inhibited in knockout strains. Moreover, the degradationrate of PCBs decreased. [Conclusion] MnCAT-C retained the majority of the active properties of the original enzyme, including ROS clearance. The lack of MnCAT-C gene affected the growth rate and the PCBsdegradationrate instrain R04.

[New function of laccase from trametes sp. SQ01: transforming 2-hydroxy-6-oxo-6-phenylhexa-2,4-dienoate].

OBJECTIVE: To study the transformation of 2-hydroxy-6-oxo-6-phenylhexa-2,4-dienoates (HOPDAs) by laccase from Trametes sp. SQO1 so to further understand the new catalytic properties of laccase and solve the problem of accumulations of HOPDAs in polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) degradation. METHODS: With UV-vis spectrophotometer, we studied the transformations of 8 substituted HOPDAs by laccase, and measured the steady-state kinetics parameters of laccase against parts of HOPDAs. RESULTS: Laccase catalyzed HOPDAs to colorless substances without any mediators; among them, especially 3,8,11-3Cl HOPDA that was barely transformed by 2-hydroxy-6-oxo-6-phenylhexa-2,4-dienoate hydrolase (BphD) and Rhodococcus sp. R04, also could be transformed by this laccase. The analysis of the steady-state kinetics indicated that 10-Cl HOPDA was the optimal substrate of laccase among 5 HOPDAs, and the Km was lower than that of HOPDA and 8-Cl HOPDA. Although 3, 10-2F HOPDA was not the optimal substrate (Km = 17.02 micromol/L), its transformation efficiency (k(cat)/Km) was the highest. CONCLUSION: Laccase from Trametes sp. SQOl could transform various HOPDAs effectively, and has its potential in eliminating PCB pollution.

Bacillus sp. alone or combined with salicylic acid inhibited Trichoderma spp. infection on harvested white Hypsizygus marmoreus.

Introduction: White Hypsizygus marmoreus is a popular edible mushroom. It is rich in nutrition and flavor but vulnerable to fungal disease, resulting in nutrient loss and aging. Methods: In this study, the pathogenic fungus Trichoderma spp. BBP-6 and its antagonist Bacillus sp. 1-23 were isolated and identified. The negative effects caused by this pathogen were judged by detecting a series of changes in the infected white H. marmoreus. The effects of Bacillus sp. 1-23 on Trichoderma spp. BBP-6 and the infected white H. marmoreus were detected. The effect of Bacillus sp. 1-23 treatment combined with salicylic acid (SA) was also considered. Results: The results showed that Trichoderma spp. BBP-6 could affect the activities of antioxidant enzymes PAL, POD, CAT, SOD, GR, PPO, and APX to interfere with the stability of the white H. marmoreus antioxidant enzyme system and cause the mushroom severe browning and nutrition loss, as well as general quality deterioration. Bacillus sp. 1-23 could produce chitinase and chitosanase enzymes to inhibit Trichoderma spp. BBP-6 directly. SA reinforced this inhibitory. Bacillus sp. 1-23 alone or combined with SA could help white H. marmoreus from the Trichoderma spp. BBP-6 infection to effectively maintain nutrients, restore and stabilize the antioxidant system, and reduce the production of malondialdehyde, superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide. Discussion: Thus, such treatments could be considered potential methods to alleviate damage from disease and extend the shelf life of white H. marmoreus.

Counterfactual quantum key distribution with untrusted detectors.

Compared with the traditional BB84 protocol, the counterfactual quantum key distribution (QKD) does not rely on any signal travelling in the quantum channel, and therefore can present a security advantage where Eve cannot fully access signal. However, the practical system may be damaged in a scenario where the devices are untrusted. In this paper, we analyze the security of counterfactual QKD in untrusted detectors scenario. We show that the requirement to disclose "which detector clicked" has become the main loophole in all counterfactual QKD versions. An eavesdropping scheme which is similar to the memory attack on device-independent QKD could break its security by exploiting detectors' imperfections. We consider two different counterfactual QKD protocols and analyze their security against this major loophole. One is a modified Noh09 protocol, which would be secure in untrusted detectors context. Another is a variant of counterfactual QKD with high efficiency (Phys. Rev. A 104 (2021) 022424) against a series of detectors side-channel attacks as well as against other attacks that exploit detectors imperfections.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi alter rhizosphere fungal community characteristics of Acorus calamus to improve Cr resistance.

To investigate changes in fungal community characteristics under different Cr(VI) concentration stresses and the advantages of adding arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), we used high throughput sequencing to characterize the fungal communities. Cr(VI) stress reduced rhizosphere soil SOM (soil organic matter) content and AMF addition improved this stress phenomenon. There were significant differences in fungal community changes under different Cr(VI) concentrations. The fungal community characteristics changed through inhibition of fungal metabolic ability, as fungal abundance increased after AMF addition, and the fungal diversity increased under high Cr(VI) concentration. The dominant phyla were members of the Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Mortierellomycota, and Rozellomycota. Dominant groups relevant to Cr resistance were Ascomycota and Basidiomycota fungi. Moreover, Fungal community characteristics were analyzed using high-throughput sequencing of the cytochrome c metabolic pathway, NADH dehydrogenase, and NADH: ubiquinone reductase and all these functions were enhanced after AMF addition. Therefore, Cr(VI) stress significantly affects fungal community structure, while AMF addition could increase its SOM content, and metabolic capacity, and improve fungal community tolerance to Cr stress. This study contributed to the understanding response of rhizosphere fungal community in AMF-assisted wetland phytoremediation under Cr stress.

Comparative Proteomic Analyses within Three Developmental Stages of the Mushroom White Hypsizygus marmoreus.

(1) Background: The Hypsizygus marmoreus is a popular edible mushroom in East Asian markets. In a previous study, we reported the proteomic analyses of different developmental stages of H. marmoreus, from primordium to mature fruiting body. However, the growth and protein expression changes from scratching to primordium are unclear. (2) Methods: A label-free LC-MS/MS quantitative proteomic analysis technique was adopted to obtain the protein expression profiles of three groups of samples collected in different growth stages from scratching to the tenth day after scratching. The Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis and principal component analysis were performed to reveal the correlation among samples. The differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were organized. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis was performed to divide the DEPs into different metabolic processes and pathways. (3) Results: From the 3rd day to the 10th day after scratching, mycelium recovered gradually and formed primordia. Compared with the Rec stage, 218 highly expressed proteins were identified in the Knot stage. Compared with the Pri stage, 217 highly expressed proteins were identified in the Rec stage. Compared with the Pri stage, 53 highly expressed proteins were identified in the Knot stage. A variety of the same highly expressed proteins were identified in these three developmental stages, including: glutathione S-transferase, acetyltransferase, importin, dehydrogenase, heat-shock proteins, ribosomal proteins, methyltransferase, etc. The key pathways in the development of H. marmoreus are metabolic process, catabolic process, oxidoreductase activity and hydrolase activity. DEPs in the Knot or Pri stages compared with the Rec stage were significantly decreased in the metabolic-, catabolic- and carbohydrate-related process; and the oxidoreductase, peptidase, and hydrolase activity, which can serve as targets for selectable molecular breeding in H. marmoreus. A total of 2000 proteins were classified into eight different modules by WGCNA, wherein 490 proteins were classified into the turquoise module. (4) Conclusions: Generally, from the 3rd day to the 10th day after scratching, mycelium recovered gradually and formed primordia. Importin, dehydrogenase, heat-shock proteins, ribosomal proteins, transferases were all highly expressed in these three developmental stages. DEPs in the Rec stage compared with the Knot or Pri stages were significantly enriched in the metabolic-, catabolic- and carbohydrate-related process; and in oxidoreductase, peptidase and hydrolase activities. This research contributes to the understanding of the mechanisms of the development changes before primordium of H. marmoreus.

The deposition and significance of an Ediacaran non-glacial iron formation.

Most Neoproterozoic iron formations (NIF) are closely associated with global or near-global "Snowball Earth" glaciations. Increasingly, however, studies indicate that some NIFs show no robust evidence of glacial association. Many aspects of non-glacial NIF genesis, including the paleo-environmental setting, Fe(II) source, and oxidation mechanisms, are poorly understood. Here, we present a detailed case study of the Jiapigou NIF, a major non-glacial NIF within a Neoproterozoic volcano-sedimentary sequence in North Qilian, northwestern China. New U-Pb geochronological data place the depositional age of the Jiapigou NIF at ~600 Ma. Petrographic and geochemical evidence supports its identification as a primary chemical sediment with significant detrital input. Major and trace element concentrations, REE + Y systematics, and εNd (t) values indicate that iron was sourced from mixed seawater and hydrothermal fluids. Iron isotopic values (δ56 Fe = -0.04‰-1.43‰) are indicative of partial oxidation of an Fe(II) reservoir. We infer that the Jiapigou NIF was deposited in a redox stratified water column, where hydrothermally sourced Fe(II)-rich fluids underwent oxidation under suboxic conditions. Lastly, the Jiapigou NIF has strong phosphorous enrichments, which in other iron formations are typically interpreted as signals for high marine phosphate concentrations. This suggests that oceanic phosphorus concentrations could have been enriched throughout the Neoproterozoic, as opposed to simply during glacial intervals.

Comparative proteomics reveals the mechanism of cyclosporine production and mycelial growth in Tolypocladium inflatum affected by different carbon sources.

Cyclosporine A (CsA) is a secondary cyclopeptide metabolite produced by Tolypocladium inflatum that is widely used clinically as an immunosuppressant. CsA production and mycelial growth differed when T. inflatum was cultured in different carbon source media. During early fermentation, CsA was preferred to be produced in fructose medium, while the mycelium preferred to accumulate in sucrose medium. On the sixth day, the difference was most pronounced. In this study, high-throughput comparative proteomics methods were applied to analyze differences in protein expression of mycelial samples on day 6, revealing the proteins and mechanisms that positively regulate CsA production related to carbon metabolism. The differences included small molecule acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, organic catabolism, exocrine secretion, CsA substrate Bmt synthesis, and transcriptional regulation processes. The proteins involved in the regulation of mycelial growth related to carbon metabolism were also revealed and were associated with waste reoxidation processes or coenzyme metabolism, small molecule synthesis or metabolism, the stress response, genetic information or epigenetic changes, cell component assembly, cell wall integrity, membrane metabolism, vesicle transport, intramembrane localization, and the regulation of filamentous growth. This study provides a reliable reference for CsA production from high-efficiency fermentation. This study provides key information for obtaining more CsA high-yielding strains through metabolic engineering strategies.

Identification of Six Genes as Diagnostic Markers for Colorectal Cancer Detection by Integrating Multiple Expression Profiles.

Background: Many studies have demonstrated the promising utility of DNA methylation and miRNA as biomarkers for colorectal cancer (CRC) early detection. However, mRNA is rarely reported. This study aimed to identify novel fecal-based mRNA signatures. Methods: The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were first determined between CRCs and matched normal samples by integrating multiple datasets. Then, Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) regression was used to reduce the number of candidates of aberrantly expressed genes. Next, the potential functions were investigated for the candidate signatures and their ability to detect CRC and pan-cancers was comprehensively evaluated. Results: We identified 1841 common DEGs in two independent datasets. Functional enrichment analysis revealed they were mainly related to extracellular structure, biosynthesis, and cell adhesion. The CRC classifier was established based on six genes screened by LASSO regression. Sensitivity, specificity, and area under the ROC curve (AUC) for CRC detection were 79.30%, 80.40%, and 0.85 (0.76-0.92) in the training set, and these indexes achieved 93.20%, 41.80%, and 0.73 (0.65-0.83) in the testing set. For validation set, the sensitivity, specificity, and AUC were 98.90%, 98.00%, and 0.97 (0.94-0.99). The average sensitivities exceeded 90.00% for CRCs with different clinical features. For adenomas detection, the sensitivity and specificity were 74.50% and 64.00%. Besides, the six genes obtained an average AUC of 0.855 for pan-cancer detection. Conclusion: The six-gene signatures showed ability to detect CRC and pan-cancer samples, which could be served as potential diagnostic markers.

Effects of Long-Term Fertilization and Stand Age on Root Nutrient Acquisition and Leaf Nutrient Resorption of Metasequoia glyptostroboides.

The plant nutrient acquisition strategies are diverse, such as root nutrient acquisition and leaf nutrient resorption, playing important roles in driving soil processes, vegetation performance as well as ecosystem nutrient cycling. However, it is still in a debate whether there is a synergy or tradeoff between above- and below-ground nutrient acquisition strategy under nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) addition, or with stand age. Herein, this study investigated the responses of root-soil accumulation factor (RSAF) and leaf nutrient resorption efficiency (NuRE) to long-term N and P fertilization, and further explored the trade-off between them in Metasequoia glyptostroboides plantations with different stand age. Results showed that under N fertilization in young plantations, leaf N resorption efficiency (NRE) increased, and root-soil accumulation factor for P (RSAF-P) decreased. For young forests under P fertilization, the NRE increased whereas RSAF-P decreased. For middle-aged forests under P fertilization, the NRE and leaf P resorption efficiency (PRE) increased and the RSAF-P decreased. Under P fertilization in young and middle-aged plantations, PRE had a significant positive correlation with RSAF-P. Under N fertilization in young plantations, NRE was significantly positive correlated with root-soil accumulation factor for N (RSAF-N). The covariance-based structural equation modeling (CB-SEM) analysis indicated that stand age had positive effects on PRE whether under N or P fertilization, as well as on RSAF-P under N fertilization, whereas had no effects on the NRE or RSAF-N. Overall, our results can shed light on the nutrient acquisition strategies of M. glyptostroboides plantations under future environmental changes and the results could be applied to the nutrient management practices.

Responses of the Mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus under Different CO2 Concentration by Comparative Proteomic Analyses.

BACKGROUND: Pleurotus ostreatus is a popular edible mushroom in East Asian markets. Research on the responses of P. ostreatus under different carbon dioxide concentrations is limited. METHODS: Label-free LC-MS/MS quantitative proteomics analysis technique was adopted to obtain the protein expression profiles of P. ostreatus fruiting body pileus collected under different carbon dioxide concentrations. The Pearson correlation coefficient analysis and principal component analysis were performed to reveal the correlation among samples. The differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were organized. Gene ontology analysis was performed to divide the DEPs into different metabolic processes and pathways. RESULTS: The expansion of stipes was inhibited in the high CO2 group compared with that in the low CO2 group. There were 415 DEPs (131 up- and 284 down-regulated) in P. ostreatus PH11 treated with 1% CO2 concentration compared with P. ostreatus under atmospheric conditions. Proteins related to hydrolase activity, including several amidohydrolases and cell wall synthesis proteins, were highly expressed under high CO2 concentration. Most of the kinases and elongation factors were significantly down-regulated under high CO2 concentration. The results suggest that the metabolic regulation and development processes were inhibited under high CO2 concentrations. In addition, the sexual differentiation process protein Isp4 was inhibited under high CO2 concentrations, indicating that the sexual reproductive process was also inhibited under high CO2 concentrations, which is inconsistent with the small fruiting body pileus under high CO2 concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: This research reports the proteome analysis of commercially relevant edible fungi P. ostreatus under different carbon dioxide concentrations. This study deepens our understanding of the mechanism for CO2-induced morphological change in the P. ostreatus fruiting body, which will facilitate the artificial cultivation of edible mushrooms.

New lanostane-type triterpenoids with proangiogenic activity from the fruiting body of Ganoderma applanatum.

Two new lanostane-type triterpenoids, ganoderenicfys A (1) and B (2), together with six related known terpenoids (3-8), were isolated and identified from the fruiting body of Ganoderma applanatum. The structures of these compounds were established on the basis of detailed interpretation of their NMR and HRESIMS data. The absolute configurations of 1 and 2 were determined by quantum chemical electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. All of the isolated compounds were evaluated for their proangiogenic activities in a transgenic fluorescent zebrafish model. Compounds 1-6 displayed dose-dependently proangiogenic activity in a PTK787-induced vascular injury zebrafish model, while compounds 1, 2 and 4 significantly promoted the angiogenesis. This is the first report for proangiogenic activities of lanostane-type triterpenoids.

Genome sequence of Rhodococcus sp. strain R04, a polychlorinated-biphenyl biodegrader.

The genus Rhodococcus has proved to be a promising option for the cleanup of polluted sites and application of a microbial biocatalyst. Rhodococcus sp. strain R04, isolated from oil-contaminated soil, can biodegrade polychlorinated biphenyls. Here we report the draft genome sequence of Rhodococcus sp. strain R04, which could be used to predict genes for xenobiotic biodegradation and provide important insights into the applications of this strain.