[Mixed-Spectral Spatial Information Decomposition Model of Water Hyperspectral Inversion].

The effect of Mixed-hyperspectral in the water is difficult in quantitative remote sensing of water. Studies have shown that the only scalar spectrum information is difficult to solve the problem of complex mixed spectra of water. Besides the spectral information, spatial distribution of information is one of the obvious characteristics of the broad waters pollution, and can be used as a useful complement to the remote sensing information and facilitate water complex spectral unmixing. Taking Chaohu as an example, the paper applies the HJ-1A HSI hyperspectral data and the supplemental surface spectral measurement data to discuss the mixed spectra of lake water by spatial statistics and genetic algorithm theory. By using the spatial variogram of geostatistics to simulate the distribution difference of two adjacent pixels, the space-informational decomposition model of mixed spectral in lake water is established by co-kriging genetic algorithm, which is a improved algorithm applying the spatial variogram function of neighborhood pixel as the constraint of the objective function of the genetic algorithm. Finally, the model inversion results of suspended matter concentration are verified. Compared with the conventional spectral unmixing model, the results show the correlation coefficient of the predicted and measured value of suspended sediment concentration is 0.82, the root mean square error 9.25 mg x L(-1) by mixed spectral space information decomposition model, so the correlation coefficient is increased by 8.9%, the root mean square error reduced by 2.78 mg x L(-1), indicating that the model of suspended matter concentration has a strong predictive ability. Therefore, the effective combination of spatial and spectral information of water, can avoid inversion result distortion due to weak spectral signal of water color parameters, and large amount of calculation of information extraction because of the high spectral band numbers, and also provides an effective way to solve spectral mixture model of complex water and improve the accuracy of model inversion.

[Radiometric calibration of LCTF-based multispectral area CCD camera].

Multispectral area CCD camera based on liquid crystal tunable filter (LCTF) is a new spectral imaging system, which could record image of one wavelength on the area CCD by utilizing electrically controlled birefringence of liquid-crystal and interference principle of polarized light. Because of the special working principle of LCTF and frame transfer area CCD, the existing radiometric calibration method can not meet the precision need of remote sensing application if it is used for LCTF-camera. An improved radiometric calibration method is proposed, in which the camera performance test and calibration experiment are carried out relying on the devices of integrating sphere and standard detector, and the absolute calibration coefficient is calculated via correcting frame transfer smear and improving data process algorithm. Then the validity of the laboratory calibration coefficient is checked by a field validation experiment. Experimental result indicates that the calibration coefficient is valid, and the radiation information on the ground could be accurately inverted from the calibrated image data. With the resolution of radiometric calibration of LCTF-camera and the improvement of calibration precision, the application field of the image data acquired by the camera would be extended effectively.

[Inversion of the lake total nitrogen concentration by multiple regression kriging model based on hyperspectral data of HJ-1A].

The content of total nitrogen in the waters is an important index to measure lake water quality, and the technique of remote sensing plays a large role in quantitatively monitoring the dynamic change and timely grasping the status of lake pollution. Taking Chaohu as an example, quantitative inversion models of total nitrogen were established by multivariable regression Kriging under analyzing of an correlation between total nitrogen and chlorophyll-a or suspended solids by HIS hyperspectral remote sensing data of HJ-1A satellite. The result shows that the correlation of 0.76 was discovered between total nitrogen and the multiple combination with band 72, band 79 and band 97, while the correlation could be increased to 0.83 by applying combined model of multiple linear regression and ordinary Kriging. The optimization of the residuals of the conventional regression model can improve the accuracy of the inversion effectively. These results also provide useful exploration for further establishing a common model of quantitative inversion of lake total nitrogen concentration.

ATRX loss in adult supratentorial diffuse astrocytomas correlates with p53 over expression and IDH1 mutation and predicts better outcome in p53 accumulated patients.

BACKGROUND: IDH1/2 mutation, 1p/19q-codeletion and MGMT hypermethylation are well known molecular markers for gliomas. ATRX and p53 alterations are two lineage-specific genetic aberrations in diffuse astrocytic tumors. The aim of the present study is to clarify the significance of ATRX loss and its correlation with p53 overexpression, IDH1/2 mutations, 1p/19q-codeletion and MGMT hypermethylation in supertentorial astrocytoma, and to determine the prognostic value of these factors in Chinese patients. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 135 adult supertentorial astrocytomas were evaluated. ATRX loss was detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and was shown to be much less frequent in pGBs (3.5%) than in grade II, III astrocytomas and IV sGBs (31%). Direct sequencing and/or IHC analysis of the IDH1R132H gene mutation and p53 accumulation demonstrated correlation with age. Strong correlations were found between ATRX loss and IDH1R132H mutation, p53 overexpression as well as MGMT hypermethylation. 1p/19q-codeletion detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) showed mutually exclusive with ATRX loss and p53 accumulation. In addition, patients with p53 overexpression combined with ATRX alterations demonstrated substantially longer survival than patients with wild-type ATRX. CONCLUSIONS: There may be interactions among these distinct molecules in astrocytoma development. ATRX loss may predict better clinical outcome in astrocytoma patients with p53 overexpression as compared to patients with wild-type ATRX. Tumors with astrocytoma phenotype accompanied by 1p/19q-codeletion and IDH1R132H mutation are mutually exclusive with ATRX and p53 alterations. Routine IHC can be used for evaluation of ATRX loss, p53 protein accumulation and IDH1R132H mutation, which may allow a means of classification of astrocytoma outcome.

KRAS and BRAF gene mutations and DNA mismatch repair status in Chinese colorectal carcinoma patients.

AIM: To investigate gene mutations and DNA mismatch repair (MMR) protein abnormality in Chinese colorectal carcinoma (CRC) patients and their correlations with clinicopathologic features. METHODS: Clinical and pathological information for 535 patients including 538 tumors was reviewed and recorded. Mutation analyses for exon 2 of KRAS gene and exon 15 of BRAF gene were performed by Sanger sequencing except that in 9 tumors amplification refractory mutation system PCR was used. Expression of MMR proteins including MHL1, MSH2, MSH6 and PMS2 was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Correlations of KRAS and BRAF mutation status and the expression status of MMR proteins with age, gender, cancer stage, location, and histology were analyzed. Correlations between KRAS or BRAF mutations and MMR protein expression were also explored. RESULTS: The overall frequencies of KRAS and BRAF mutations were 37.9% and 4.4%, respectively. KRAS mutations were more common in patients ≥ 50 years old (39.8% vs 22% in patients < 50 years old, P < 0.05). The frequencies of BRAF mutants were higher in tumors from females (6.6% vs males 2.8%, P < 0.05), located in the right colon (9.6% vs 2.1% in the left colon, 1.8% in the rectum, P < 0.01), with mucinous differentiation (9.8% vs 2.8% without mucinous differentiation, P < 0.01), or being poorly differentiated (9.5% vs 3.4% well/moderately differentiated, P < 0.05). MMR deficiency was strongly associated with proximal location (20.5% in the right colon vs 9.2% in the left colon and 5.1% in the rectum, P < 0.001), early cancer stage (15.0% in stages I-II vs 7.7% in stages III-IV, P < 0.05), and mucinous differentiation (20.2% vs 9.2% without mucin, P < 0.01). A higher frequency of MLH1/PMS2 loss was found in females (9.2% vs 4.4% in males, P < 0.05), and MSH2/MSH6 loss tended to be seen in younger (<50 years old) patients (12.0% vs 4.0% ≥ 50 years old, P < 0.05). MMR deficient tumors were less likely to have KRAS mutations (18.8% vs 41.7% in MMR proficient tumors, P < 0.05) and tumors with abnormal MLH1/PMS2 tended to harbor BRAF mutations (15.4% vs 4.2% in MMR proficient tumors, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The frequency of sporadic CRCs having BRAF mutation, MLH1 deficiency and MSI in Chinese population may be lower than that in the Western population.