Solitary Bone Cyst Like Areas in Myositis Ossificans: A Breast Mass in a Child.

BACKGROUND: Myositis ossificans is an extraosseous, benign tumor-like condition characterized by prominent heterotopic ossification. Cystic degeneration in myositis ossificans is an uncommon entity. Case report: A 13-year-old girl presented with a large and painful breast lump. Physical examination revealed a mobile, hard mass, clinically resembling a fibroadenoma. The mass was excised and diagnosed as myositis ossificans with central bone cyst like changes. Conclusion: Our case represents the first myositis ossificans case with central bone cyst like changes in a child.

Efficiency of the Foley catheter versus the double balloon catheter during the induction of second trimester pregnancy terminations: a randomized controlled trial.

PURPOSE: To compare induction-to-delivery intervals of Foley catheters and double balloon catheters in second trimester pregnancy terminations. METHODS: This randomized parallel study was conducted on women who underwent second trimester terminations between December 2016 and December 2017. Pregnant women in the second trimester with a Bishop score < 6 were included in the study. Participants were randomized into two groups, the first being the Foley catheter group and the second being the double balloon catheter group. The time frames from insertion of catheters to the delivery were recorded in each group. A multiple regression analysis was carried out to examine the contribution of factors to the induction-to-delivery interval. A survival analysis was conducted to compare the Foley method and the double balloon method. RESULTS: A total of 91 pregnant women were included in the final analysis. The induction-to-delivery interval was shorter in the Foley catheter group than in the double balloon catheter group (38 h 54 min ± 21 h 6 min versus 58 h 17 min ± 25 h 56 min). We also found that women with intrauterine fetal death (IUFD) had a shorter time to delivery compared to women with live fetuses (39 h 12 min ± 18 h 46 min vs 51 h 30 min ± 26 h 42 min, p = 0.04). Women with a history of vaginal delivery also had a shorter induction-to-delivery time compared to women who never delivered vaginally before (38 h 12 min ± 17 h 42 min vs 53 h 54 min ± 27 h 18 min, p = 0.004). In the multiple regression analysis, the most significant contributor to the induction-to-delivery time was the method used for induction of labor and followed by other factors including the viability of the fetus (live/IUFD), history of vaginal delivery and PPROM. The survival analysis showed that the induction-to-delivery interval was significantly shorter in the Foley catheter group than in the double balloon catheter group (HR 2.51, 95% CI 1.57-4.00, p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: During the termination of second trimester pregnancies time from induction of labor to delivery is shorter with the Foley catheter compared to double balloon catheter.

Alterations in optic nerve sheath diameter according to cerebrovascular disease sub-groups.

BACKGROUND: ONSD (optic nerve sheath diameter) is a method used for indirect measurement of the increased intracranial pressure. In previous studies, the relation between the increased intracranial pressure and ONSD was analyzed in the patients suffering from cerebrovascular diseases (CVD). In our study, the patients suffering from ischemic CVD were categorized into 4 subgroups according to Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project classification (OCSP); the relationship between each group and ONSD, and the influence on each eye were analyzed. METHODS: The study included the patients over the age of 18 applying to the emergency department of Malatya State Hospital with the symptoms of stroke between the dates of 1/1/2015 and 1/9/2016. The patients diagnosed with stroke by means of clinical and neuroradiological imaging were examined in 4 subgroups according to Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project. The aim of the study is to predict the intracranial pressure (ICP) levels of the patients through ONSD measurement and CT images. RESULTS: In the comparison of the right and left optic nerve sheath diameters of CVD group and control group, the obtained results were found to be statistically significant (p<0.001). When the CVD subgroups were compared with the control group in terms of right and left optic nerve sheath diameters, the highest right-left optic nerve sheath diameter was detected to be in TACI (Total Anterior Circulation Infarction) group (p<0.001). DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: In the early cases of CVD, mortality and morbidity can be decreased through the early diagnosis of the possible existence of ICP increase according to ONSD level.

Do triple test results predict risk for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia?

OBJECTIVE: Neonatal jaundice is the most common condition that requires hospital admission and outpatient follow-up after discharge in neonates. The values of more than 17 mg/dL in term infants are accepted as neonatal significant hyperbilirubinemia. We aimed to define if there is any relationship between second trimester serum markers and neonatal severe hyperbilirubinemia to protect the neonates from its neurological damage. METHODS: Total 1372 pregnant women were enrolled who had done triple test between April 2014 and 2015 and then given birth at our hospital. Our primary outcome was neonatal significant hyperbilirubinemia. RESULTS: The mean age of our study population was 27.9±5.6. A total of 59 patients had babies with neonatal hyperbilirubinemia after exclusion of Rh incompatibility. We detected that the presence of in vitro pregnancy, maternal health problems or poor obstetric history had no effect on the risk for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia was related with low E3 levels. The ratios of AFP/E3 and hCG/E3 were the most helpful to predict the neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. CONCLUSIONS: According to our results, low E3 levels in the triple test result can be helpful to predict the development of the neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. However, this is a bit expensive and many developing countries may not afford it.

Utility of ductus venosus blood flow in the study of cardiac function in fetuses with intracardiac echogenic focus.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate fetal ductus venosus (DV) wave velocities, DV velocity ratios, and DV diastolic time intervals to derive additional information on fetal cardiac function in the presence of an intracardiac echogenic focus (IEF). METHODS: Seventy fetuses at 19-28 weeks of gestation with an IEF and 63 control fetuses were screened using two-dimensional and power Doppler echocardiography. DV wave velocities, DV velocity ratios, and diastolic time intervals were measured. The aortic peak velocity, pulmonary artery peak velocity, left ventricular shortening fraction, and right ventricular shortening fraction, atrioventricular early-diastolic filling velocity (E), atrial contraction velocity (A), and E/A ratio were also measured. RESULTS: The study and control groups were similar in terms of maternal age, body mass index, and gestational age in weeks at the time of examination (p > 0.05). Significant between-group differences were found in DV v-descent (p = 0.03) and a-wave velocities (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Although the presence of an IEF in the fetal heart does not influence conventional measurements (DV velocity ratios and DV diastolic time intervals), it is associated with changes in DV v-descent and a-wave velocities. These changes may be indirectly related to reduced end-systolic relaxation and augmented atrial contraction in the fetal heart. We therefore suggest examination of DV flow velocities in fetuses with IEF.

Contraceptive failure with Copper T380A intrauterine device (IUD): A single tertiary center experience.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the risk factors of pregnancy with Copper (Cu)T380A IUD and pregnancy outcomes. METHODS: A retrospective study evaluating the risk factors and pregnancy outcomes of 81 patients who conceived with CuT380A IUD in situ. RESULTS: Four ectopic pregnancies and 77 intrauterine pregnancies were detected. Twenty-six pregnancies (33.76%, 26/77) were terminated according to maternal desire. Twenty-five patients (32.46%, 25/77) whose IUDs were removed constituted the Removed IUD Group, and the remaining 26 patients constituted IUD Left in situ Group. Term pregnancy rates (76% vs. 20.8%, p=0.002) were significantly higher in the Removed IUD Group compared with the IUD Left in situ Group. Abortion rates (16% vs. 53.84%, p=0.008) were detected significantly higher in the IUD Left in situ Group. CONCLUSION: The main result of our study was that pregnancy with CuT380A in situ is a significant risk factor for adverse perinatal outcome. Adjusting the scheduled follow-ups for checking the IUD seems to be important in order to prevent accidental pregnancy.

Alanine aminotransferase as a predictor of adverse perinatal outcomes in women with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the associations between adverse perinatal outcomes and serum transaminase levels at the time of diagnosis in patients with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of patients hospitalized for evaluation of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy from January 2013 to June 2014 in a tertiary center. Seventy-one patients were divided into two groups according to the presence (Group I) or absence of adverse perinatal outcomes (Group II). RESULTS: The mean aminotransferase levels and conjugated bilirubin levels at the time of diagnosis were significantly higher in Group I than in Group II. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that the alanine aminotransferase level could predict adverse perinatal outcomes with 76.47% sensitivity and 78.38% specificity, and the cut-off value was 95 IU/L. Among patients with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, those with adverse perinatal outcomes were significantly older, had an earlier diagnosis, and had higher alanine aminotransferase levels. Using the 95-IU/L cut-off value, patients with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy had a 3.54-fold increased risk for adverse perinatal outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy and high alanineaminotransferase levels should be followed up for possible adverse perinatal outcomes.

Influence of placental cord drainage in management of the third stage of labor: a multicenter randomized controlled study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to assess the effect of placental drainage during active management of the third stage of labor on reducing both blood loss and the length of the third stage. STUDY DESIGN: This prospective randomized controlled trial included 485 patients who underwent vaginal delivery in two tertiary hospital. Subjects were randomly allocated to the cord drainage group, in which the cord was unclamped after cutting (n = 242), or the control group, in which the cord was left clamped (n = 243). The primary outcome was mean blood loss during the third and fourth stages of labor. RESULTS: The mean estimated blood loss was significantly lower in the cord drainage group than in the control group (207.04 ± 123.3 vs. 277.63 ± 246.9 mL, respectively; p ˂ 0.001). The third stage of labor was significantly shorter in the cord drainage group than in the control group (3.5 ± 1.9 vs. 7.7 ± 3.4 minutes, respectively; p ˂ 0.001). No adverse events occurred during the cord drainage period. CONCLUSION: Active management of the third stage of labor with the cord drainage method significantly reduced postpartum blood loss and the duration of the third stage.

Screening occult anal sphincter injuries in primigravid women after vaginal delivery with transperineal use of vaginal probe: a prospective, randomized controlled trial.

PURPOSE: Here we aimed to evaluate the incidence of obstetric anal sphincter injuries in spontaneous primigravid deliveries with mediolateral episiotomy beyond 36 gestational weeks. METHODS: We performed a prospective, randomized controlled study including 201 primigravid women that delivered vaginally. Anal sphincter anatomy and integrity was evaluated before hospital discharge in all cases with transvaginal sonography (5-9 MHz) (Siemens Sonoline G50 and Voluson 730 Expert). The vaginal ultrasound probe is placed in the fourchette of the vaginal introitus to obtain the transverse section of the anal sphincter. RESULTS: In the cases with sphincter defect, mean gestational week and second stage of labor were prolonged significantly (p = 0.039 and p < 0.0001, respectively). The mean perineal body distance in cases with sphincter injury, as detected by sonography, 2.18 ± 0.33 cm, is compared to 2.31 ± 2.43 cm in cases without injury. There was a significant difference between the two groups (p = 0.0142). Shoulder dystocia was significantly higher in cases with sphincter injury, compared to cases without injury (p = 0.011). No clinical findings were reported in 11.5 % of cases (Sonography findings 1A∓, 1B∓) and 3.5 % of cases had clinical and sonographic findings (Sonography findings 2A∓, 2B∓). "Occult tears" were considered as those cases not detected clinically, but detected by sonography (11.5 % of all cases). Two months after examination, a moderate incontinence (Wexner continence scale) was found in 71.5 % of cases with overt sphincter tear, which was significantly different to the non-overt sphincter tear group. Multiple logistic regression analyses for sphincter injuries identified prolonged second stage of labor and shoulder dystocia as two independent risk factors. CONCLUSION: Here, we found that only a portion of anal sphincter injuries can be detected after physical examination, with many of cases of "occult tears" escaping notice. These cases of occult anal sphincter injury are detectable by sonography with transperineal use of a vaginal probe. Based on these findings, we propose that this technique is convenient for obstetric, gynecologic and proctologic evaluation of sphincter anatomy.

Does vitamin C and vitamin E supplementation prolong the latency period before delivery following the preterm premature rupture of membranes? A randomized controlled study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether maternal vitamin C and vitamin E supplementation after the premature rupture of membranes is associated with an increase in the latency period before delivery. METHODS: In the present prospective open randomized trial, 229 pregnant women with preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) at ≥ 24.0 and < 34.0 weeks' gestation were randomly assigned to receive either 1,000 mg of vitamin C and 400 IU of vitamin E (n = 126) or a placebo (n = 123). The primary outcome was the latency period until delivery. Analysis was performed on an intention-to-treat basis. RESULTS: No significant differences in demographic or clinical characteristics were observed between the groups. Latency period until delivery was significantly higher in the group that received vitamins compared with the control group (11.2 ± 6.3 days versus 6.2 ± 4.0 days; p < 0.001). Gestational age at delivery was also significantly higher in the vitamin group compared with the control group (31.9 ± 2.6 weeks versus 31.0 ± 2.6 weeks; p = 0.01). No significant differences in adverse maternal outcome (i.e., chorioamnionitis or endometritis) or neonatal outcome (i.e., neonatal sepsis, neonatal death, necrotizing enterocolitis, or grade 3 to 4 intraventricular hemorrhage) were noted between groups. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of the present study suggest that the use of vitamins C and E in women with PPROM is associated with a longer latency period before delivery. Moreover, adverse neonatal and maternal outcomes, which are often associated with prolonged latency periods, were similar between the groups.

Unintended extension of the lower segment uterine incision at cesarean delivery: a randomized comparison of sharp versus blunt techniques.

OBJECTIVE: This study compared two methods of expanding the uterine incision at the time of cesarean delivery, which is associated with the risk of unintended extension. STUDY DESIGN: This randomized trial included 1,076 women who underwent elective cesarean delivery. The primary outcome measure was the incidence of unintended extension related to the method used for expanding the uterine incision. RESULTS: Participants in both groups (blunt vs. sharp) had similar demographic and clinical characteristics. The incidence of unintended extension (8.8% vs. 4.8%; p = 0.009), mean estimated blood loss (853.67 ± 42 mL vs. 664.80 ± 38 mL; p = 0.001), and blood loss >1000 mL (11.4% vs. 6.8%; p = 0.009) was significantly higher in the sharp group compared with the blunt group. No difference in transfusions (7.5% vs. 6.3%; p = 0.440) or the need for additional supertonic agents (16% vs. 12.9%; p = 0.144) was noted. CONCLUSION: Sharp expansion of the uterine incision was related to a higher risk of unintended extension and maternal blood loss. Because blunt expansion is associated with a lower risk for unintended extension and maternal blood loss, it should be the first option during elective cesarean delivery.

Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy: Diagnosis, Management and Timing of Birth.

Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are significant contributors to maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. The definition, classification, and management of these disorders have evolved over time. Notably, the disease classification enables caretakers to manage the disease as well as safeguard maternal and fetal health. The approach and management for pregnancies with gestational and chronic hypertension or pre-eclampsia with or without severe features should be adequately elucidated to mitigate adverse perinatal outcomes. This review aimed to present the most recent definition and classification of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy to address their management, determine the optimal timing of birth, and establish short- and long-term follow-up protocols following parturition.

Can intravenous injection of tranexamic acid be used in routine practice with active management of the third stage of labor in vaginal delivery? A randomized controlled study.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the effects of adding intravenous tranexamic acid (TA) to the standard active management of third-stage labor to reduce vaginal blood loss during the third and fourth stages of labor. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective, double-blind, equivalence randomized, controlled study was performed. Women were randomly allocated to receive an intravenous infusion of TA (experimental group, n = 228) or 5% glucose (placebo group, n = 226) at delivery of the anterior shoulder. Active management of the third stage of labor, which includes prophylactic injection of 10 IU of oxytocin within 2 minutes of birth, early clamping of the umbilical cord, and controlled cord traction following delivery, was used in both groups. The primary outcome was mean blood loss during the third and fourth stages of labor. RESULTS: Mean estimated blood loss at the third and fourth stages of labor was significantly lower in the experimental group than that in the placebo group (261.5 ± 146.8 mL versus 349.98 ± 188.85 mL, respectively; p < 0.001). The frequency of postpartum hemorrhage > 500 mL was also lower in the experimental group (4, 1.8%) compared with that in the placebo controls (15, [6.8%]; relative risk, 3.76; 95% confidence interval, 1.27 to 11.15; p = 0.01). No episode of thrombosis occurred in the women who received TA. CONCLUSIONS: The use of TA with standard active management of the third stage of labor reduced postpartum blood loss, and no increase in the incidence of thromboembolic events was observed.

Prenatal diagnosis of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome in twin pregnancy: a case report.

Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome is a common genetic disorder, also known as DiGeorge syndrome. It occurs in approximately 1:4,000 births, and the incidence is increasing due to affected parents bearing their own affected children. We report the prenatal diagnosis of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome by fluorescence in situ hybridization in twin fetuses having tetralogy of Fallot with absent pulmonary valve.

Prenatal diagnosis of a liver cavernous hemangioma.

Liver tumors seldom occur in the perinatal period. Hepatic hemangiomas are the most common tumors of the liver diagnosed during fetal and neonatal life. The diagnosis can be suspected antenatally by ultrasound and MR scan. The differential diagnosis is often challenging. While small hepatic hemangiomas are usually asymptomatic, large tumors can lead to complications such as high-output congestive heart failure, consumptive thrombocytopenic coagulopathy and hemorrhage after tumor rupture. We describe a case of hepatic hemangioma presenting as a solid abdominal mass with several cystic areas on an obstetric ultrasound and report on the contribition fetal MR imaging to the diagnosis.

The role of atrial fibrillation on mortality and morbidity in patients with ischaemic stroke.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the impact of atrial fibrillation on mortality and morbidity in ischaemic stroke patients. METHODS: The retrospective study was conducted at the Neurology Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey, and comprised records of ischaemic stroke patients hospitalised between January 2006 and September 2009. SPSS 13 was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Of the 404 patients in the study, 69 (17.1%) had atrial fibrilation. The mean age of such patients was 66.78 +/- 12.23 years compared to 61.01 +/- 15.11 years for the rest. Besides 47 (68.1%) of these patients were females. According to the modified Rankin Scale scores, the degree of disability was significantly higher at the time of arrival and discharge, and mortality rates were significantly higher also (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Atrial fibrillation affected the prognosis of ischaemic stroke adversely in terms of mortality and morbidity.

Prenatal diagnosis of aortopulmonary window.

Aortopulmonary window (APW) is a rare congenital heart malformation. It refers to a connection between the ascending aorta and the pulmonary trunk before bifurcation. We report a case of APW that was detected by prenatal fetal echocardiography. The diagnosis was confirmed postnatally with an additional partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection. Corrective surgery was performed at the age of 1 week. Prenatal diagnosis of APW is important because an operation early after birth is required to prevent congestive heart failure due to high pulmonary blood flow. It is essential to visualize the aortopulmonary septum during fetal echocardiographic examination.

Electrophysciological analysis of entrapment neuropathies developed in acute and subacute period in paretic and non-paretic extremities in patients with stroke.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate entrapment neuropathies in stroke patients in a hospital in Turkey with Medical Research Council (MRC) score < or = 2/5 and in those with MRC score > or = 3/5. METHODS: The study comprising 40 patients from January 2008 to June 2009 in the Stroke Unit of the Department of Neurology, Yuzuncu Yil University in Van, Turkey, entailed electrophysiological analysis of median, ulnar, radial nerves, peroneal, tibial and sural nerves in paretic and nonparetic upper and lower extremities. National Institute of Health Stroke scale was used for the evaluation of neurological deficient, while nerve conduction studies were performed for the diagnosis of entrapment neuropathies (EN). The patients were divided into two groups based on their initial Medical Research Council (MRC) score: < 2/5 and > 3/5. Both groups had 20 patients each. The readings were compared in the control phase 45 to 50 days after the stroke. Paired samples test and t-test using SPSS version 15 were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) at wrist was found in 7 (35%) patients, cubital tunnel syndrome at elbow in 3 (15%) patients, and evident reduction in motor action potential values of peroneal, median and ulnar nerve in 10 (50%) patients in the control studies for conduction on our patients with Medical Research Council (MRC) score of < or = 2/5, unlike the initial findings, in the paretic side. Among the patients, in the other group, 2 (10%) developed bilateral Carpel tunnel syndrome, and it was also detected in the healthy upper extremities in 2 (10%) more patients. In the control studies for conduction in patients with Medical Research Council score of 3/5, Carpel tunnel syndrome was detected in the healthy side in 4 (20%) patients and in the affected side in 3 (15%) patients. CONCLUSION: In patients with severe paresis, if the affected extremity is not functional, symptoms of entrapment neuropathy are easy to occur.

Sustained-release dinoprostone vaginal pessary with concurrent high-dose oxytocin infusion compared to sustained-release dinoprostone vaginal pessary followed 6 h later by high-dose oxytocin infusion for labor induction in women at term with unfavorable cervix: a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy and safety of sustained-release dinoprostone vaginal pessary and concurrent high-dose oxytocin infusion with sustained-release dinoprostone vaginal pessary followed 6 h later by high-dose oxytocin infusion for cervical ripening and labor induction. METHODS: A total of 500 nulliparous or multiparous women with a singleton pregnancy, Bishop score ≤4 and admitted for labor induction. Women were randomly assigned to induction of labor using intravaginal dinoprostone with concurrent high-dose oxytocin (n = 250) or intravaginal dinoprostone pessary followed 6 h later by high-dose oxytocin (n = 250). The primary outcome was the number of vaginal deliveries achieved within 24 h of labor induction. RESULTS: Baseline characteristics of both groups were comparable. Vaginal delivery within 24 h of labor induction was significantly increased with sustained-release dinoprostone followed 6 h later by high-dose oxytocin infusion (92.8 vs. 82.0%, RR 2.82, 95% CI 1.58-5.04). There were more cesarean section deliveries in the dinoprostone with concurrent high-dose oxytocin group (16.8 vs. 6.8%, RR 0.36, 95% CI 0.20-0.65). Maternal outcomes did not differ significantly. An Apgar score of <7 at 5 min was found more often in the dinoprostone with concurrent high-dose oxytocin group (3.6%) in comparison to dinoprostone pessary followed 6 h later by high-dose oxytocin (0.8%), although this was not statistically different (RR 0.21, 95% CI 0.04-1.01). CONCLUSION: Sustained-release dinoprostone followed 6 h later by high-dose oxytocin infusion appears to be safer and more effective than sustained-release dinoprostone with concurrent high-dose oxytocin infusion in achieving cervical ripening and successful vaginal delivery.