Radical-free hyperpolarized MRI using endogenously occurring pyruvate analogues and UV-induced nonpersistent radicals.

It was recently demonstrated that nonpersistent radicals can be generated in frozen solutions of metabolites such as pyruvate by irradiation with UV light, enabling radical-free dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization. Although pyruvate is endogenous, the presence of pyruvate may interfere with metabolic processes or the detection of pyruvate as a metabolic product, making it potentially unsuitable as a polarizing agent. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to characterize solutions containing endogenously occurring alternatives to pyruvate as UV-induced nonpersistent radical precursors for in vivo hyperpolarized MRI. The metabolites alpha-ketovalerate (αkV) and alpha-ketobutyrate (αkB) are analogues of pyruvate and were chosen as potential radical precursors. Sample formulations containing αkV and αkB were studied with UV-visible spectroscopy, irradiated with UV light, and their nonpersistent radical yields were quantified with electron spin resonance and compared with pyruvate. The addition of 13 C-labeled substrates to the sample matrix altered the radical yield of the precursors. Using αkB increased the 13 C-labeled glucose liquid-state polarization to 16.3% ± 1.3% compared with 13.3% ± 1.5% obtained with pyruvate, and 8.9% ± 2.1% with αkV. For [1-13 C]butyric acid, polarization levels of 12.1% ± 1.1% for αkV, 12.9% ± 1.7% for αkB, 1.5% ± 0.2% for OX063 and 18.7% ± 0.7% for Finland trityl, were achieved. Hyperpolarized [1-13 C]butyrate metabolism in the heart revealed label incorporation into [1-13 C]acetylcarnitine, [1-13 C]acetoacetate, [1-13 C]butyrylcarnitine, [5-13 C]glutamate and [5-13 C]citrate. This study demonstrates the potential of αkV and αkB as endogenous polarizing agents for in vivo radical-free hyperpolarized MRI. UV-induced, nonpersistent radicals generated in endogenous metabolites enable high polarization without requiring radical filtration, thus simplifying the quality-control tests in clinical applications.

In vivo detection of d-amino acid oxidase with hyperpolarized d-[1-13 C]alanine.

d-amino acid oxidase (DAO) is a peroxisomal enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of several neutral and basic d-amino acids to their corresponding α-keto acids. In most mammalian species studied, high DAO activity is found in the kidney, liver, brain and polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and its main function is to maintain low circulating d-amino acid levels. DAO expression and activity have been associated with acute and chronic kidney diseases and with several pathologies related to N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor hypo/hyper-function; however, its precise role is not completely understood. In the present study we show that DAO activity can be detected in vivo in the rat kidney using hyperpolarized d-[1-13 C]alanine. Following a bolus of hyperpolarized d-alanine, accumulation of pyruvate, lactate and bicarbonate was observed only when DAO activity was not inhibited. The measured lactate-to-d-alanine ratio was comparable to the values measured when the l-enantiomer was injected. Metabolites downstream of DAO were not observed when scanning the liver and brain. The conversion of hyperpolarized d-[1-13 C]alanine to lactate and pyruvate was detected in blood ex vivo, and lactate and bicarbonate were detected on scanning the blood pool in the heart in vivo; however, the bicarbonate-to-d-alanine ratio was significantly lower compared with the kidney. These results demonstrate that the specific metabolism of the two enantiomers of hyperpolarized [1-13 C]alanine in the kidney and in the blood can be distinguished, underscoring the potential of d-[1-13 C]alanine as a probe of d-amino acid metabolism.

Detection of myocardial medium-chain fatty acid oxidation and tricarboxylic acid cycle activity with hyperpolarized [1-13 C]octanoate.

Under normal conditions, the heart mainly relies on fatty acid oxidation to meet its energy needs. Changes in myocardial fuel preference are noted in the diseased and failing heart. The magnetic resonance signal enhancement provided by spin hyperpolarization allows the metabolism of substrates labeled with carbon-13 to be followed in real time in vivo. Although the low water solubility of long-chain fatty acids abrogates their hyperpolarization by dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization, medium-chain fatty acids have sufficient solubility to be efficiently polarized and dissolved. In this study, we investigated the applicability of hyperpolarized [1-13 C]octanoate to measure myocardial medium-chain fatty acid metabolism in vivo. Scanning rats infused with a bolus of hyperpolarized [1-13 C]octanoate, the primary metabolite observed in the heart was identified as [1-13 C]acetylcarnitine. Additionally, [5-13 C]glutamate and [5-13 C]citrate could be respectively resolved in seven and five of 31 experiments, demonstrating the incorporation of oxidation products of octanoate into the tricarboxylic acid cycle. A variable drop in blood pressure was observed immediately following the bolus injection, and this drop correlated with a decrease in normalized acetylcarnitine signal (acetylcarnitine/octanoate). Increasing the delay before infusion moderated the decrease in blood pressure, which was attributed to the presence of residual gas bubbles in the octanoate solution. No significant difference in normalized acetylcarnitine signal was apparent between fed and 12-hour fasted rats. Compared with a solution in buffer, the longitudinal relaxation of [1-13 C]octanoate was accelerated ~3-fold in blood and by the addition of serum albumin. These results demonstrate the potential of hyperpolarized [1-13 C]octanoate to probe myocardial medium-chain fatty acid metabolism as well as some of the limitations that may accompany its use.

Probing cardiac metabolism by hyperpolarized 13C MR using an exclusively endogenous substrate mixture and photo-induced nonpersistent radicals.

PURPOSE: To probe the cardiac metabolism of carbohydrates and short chain fatty acids simultaneously in vivo following the injection of a hyperpolarized 13 C-labeled substrate mixture prepared using photo-induced nonpersistent radicals. METHODS: Droplets of mixed [1-13 C]pyruvic and [1-13 C]butyric acids were frozen into glassy beads in liquid nitrogen. Ethanol addition was investigated as a means to increase the polarization level. The beads were irradiated with ultraviolet light and the radical concentration was measured by ESR spectroscopy. Following dynamic nuclear polarization in a 7T polarizer, the beads were dissolved, and the radical-free hyperpolarized solution was rapidly transferred into an injection pump located inside a 9.4T scanner. The hyperpolarized solution was injected in healthy rats to measure cardiac metabolism in vivo. RESULTS: Ultraviolet irradiation created nonpersistent radicals in a mixture containing 13 C-labeled pyruvic and butyric acids, and enabled the hyperpolarization of both substrates by dynamic nuclear polarization. Ethanol addition increased the radical concentration from 16 to 26 mM. Liquid-state 13 C polarization was 3% inside the pump at the time of injection, and increased to 5% by addition of ethanol to the substrate mixture prior to ultraviolet irradiation. In the rat heart, the in vivo 13 C signals from lactate, alanine, bicarbonate, and acetylcarnitine were detected following the metabolism of the injected substrate mixture. CONCLUSION: Copolarization of two different 13 C-labeled substrates and the detection of their myocardial metabolism in vivo was achieved without using persistent radicals. The absence of radicals in the solution containing the hyperpolarized 13 C-substrates may simplify the translation to clinical use, as no radical filtration is required prior to injection.

Diffusion-weighted MRS of acetate in the rat brain.

Acetate has been proposed as an astrocyte-specific energy substrate for metabolic studies in the brain. The determination of the relative contribution of the intracellular and extracellular compartments to the acetate signal using diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance spectroscopy can provide an insight into the cellular environment and distribution volume of acetate in the brain. In the present study, localized 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy employing a diffusion-weighted stimulated echo acquisition mode (STEAM) sequence at an ultra-high magnetic field (14.1 T) was used to investigate the diffusivity characteristics of acetate and N-acetylaspartate (NAA) in the rat brain in vivo during prolonged acetate infusion. The persistence of the acetate resonance in 1 H spectra acquired at very large diffusion weighting indicated restricted diffusion of acetate and was attributed to intracellular spaces. However, the significantly greater diffusion of acetate relative to NAA suggests that a substantial fraction of acetate is located in the extracellular space of the brain. Assuming an even distribution for acetate in intracellular and extracellular spaces, the diffusion properties of acetate yielded a smaller volume of distribution for acetate relative to water and glucose in the rat brain.

High-field dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization of [1-(13)C]pyruvic acid.

[1-(13)C]pyruvate is the most widely used hyperpolarized metabolic magnetic resonance imaging agent. Using a custom-built 7.0 T polarizer operating at 1.0 K and trityl radical-doped [1-(13)C]pyruvic acid, unextrapolated solution-state (13)C polarization greater than 60% was measured after dissolution and rapid transfer to a spectrometer magnet, demonstrating the signal enhancement attainable using optimized hardware. Slower rates of polarization under these conditions can be largely overcome with higher radical concentrations.

Direct Monitoring of γ-Glutamyl Transpeptidase Activity In Vivo Using a Hyperpolarized (13) C-Labeled Molecular Probe.

The γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) enzyme plays a central role in glutathione homeostasis. Direct detection of GGT activity could provide critical information for the diagnosis of several pathologies. We propose a new molecular probe, γ-Glu-[1-(13) C]Gly, for monitoring GGT activity in vivo by hyperpolarized (HP) (13) C magnetic resonance (MR). The properties of γ-Glu-[1-(13) C]Gly are suitable for in vivo HP (13) C metabolic analysis since the chemical shift between γ-Glu-[1-(13) C]Gly and its metabolic product, [1-(13) C]Gly, is large (4.3 ppm) and the T1 of both compounds is relatively long (30 s and 45 s, respectively, in H2 O at 9.4 T). We also demonstrate that γ-Glu-[1-(13) C]Gly is highly sensitive to in vivo modulation of GGT activity induced by the inhibitor acivicin.

An intact small animal model of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion: Characterization of metabolic changes by hyperpolarized 13C MR spectroscopy.

Hyperpolarized carbon-13 magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((13)C MRS) enables the sensitive and noninvasive assessment of the metabolic changes occurring during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion. Ischemia-reperfusion models using hyperpolarized (13)C MRS are established in heart preparations ex vivo and in large animals in vivo, but an in vivo model in small animals would be advantageous to allow the study of reperfusion metabolism with neuroendocrine and inflammatory responses intact with the option to perform a greater number of experiments. A novel intact rat model of ischemia-reperfusion is presented that incorporates hyperpolarized (13)C MRS to characterize reperfusion metabolism. Typically, in an in vivo model, a tissue input function (TIF) is required to account for apparent changes in the metabolism of injected hyperpolarized [1-(13)C]pyruvate resulting from changes in perfusion. Whereas the measurement of a TIF by metabolic imaging is particularly challenging in small animals, the ratios of downstream metabolites can be used as an alternative. The ratio of [(13)C]bicarbonate:[1-(13)C]lactate (RatioBic/Lac) measured within 1-2 min after coronary release decreased vs. baseline in ischemic rats (n = 10, 15-min occlusion, controls: n = 10; P = 0.017 for interaction, 2-way ANOVA). The decrease in oxidative pyruvate metabolism [RatioBic/Lac(Ischemia)/RatioBic/Lac(Baseline)] modestly correlated with area at risk (r = 0.66; P = 0.002). Hyperpolarized (13)C MRS was also used to examine alanine production during ischemia, which is observed in ex vivo models, but no significant change was noted; metrics incorporating [1-(13)C]alanine did not substantially improve the discrimination of ischemic-reperfused myocardium from nonischemic myocardium. This intact rat model, which mimics the human situation of reperfused myocardial infarction, could be highly valuable for the testing of new drugs to treat reperfusion injury, thereby facilitating translational research.

The DegraBase: a database of proteolysis in healthy and apoptotic human cells.

Proteolysis is a critical post-translational modification for regulation of cellular processes. Our lab has previously developed a technique for specifically labeling unmodified protein N termini, the α-aminome, using the engineered enzyme, subtiligase. Here we present a database, called the DegraBase (http://wellslab.ucsf.edu/degrabase/), which compiles 8090 unique N termini from 3206 proteins directly identified in subtiligase-based positive enrichment mass spectrometry experiments in healthy and apoptotic human cell lines. We include both previously published and unpublished data in our analysis, resulting in a total of 2144 unique α-amines identified in healthy cells, and 6990 in cells undergoing apoptosis. The N termini derive from three general categories of proteolysis with respect to cleavage location and functional role: translational N-terminal methionine processing (∼10% of total proteolysis), sites close to the translational N terminus that likely represent removal of transit or signal peptides (∼25% of total), and finally, other endoproteolytic cuts (∼65% of total). Induction of apoptosis causes relatively little change in the first two proteolytic categories, but dramatic changes are seen in endoproteolysis. For example, we observed 1706 putative apoptotic caspase cuts, more than double the total annotated sites in the CASBAH and MEROPS databases. In the endoproteolysis category, there are a total of nearly 3000 noncaspase nontryptic cleavages that are not currently reported in the MEROPS database. These studies significantly increase the annotation for all categories of proteolysis in human cells and allow public access for investigators to explore interesting proteolytic events in healthy and apoptotic human cells.

Characterization of metabolites in infiltrating gliomas using ex vivo ¹H high-resolution magic angle spinning spectroscopy.

Gliomas are routinely graded according to histopathological criteria established by the World Health Organization. Although this classification can be used to understand some of the variance in the clinical outcome of patients, there is still substantial heterogeneity within and between lesions of the same grade. This study evaluated image-guided tissue samples acquired from a large cohort of patients presenting with either new or recurrent gliomas of grades II-IV using ex vivo proton high-resolution magic angle spinning spectroscopy. The quantification of metabolite levels revealed several discrete profiles associated with primary glioma subtypes, as well as secondary subtypes that had undergone transformation to a higher grade at the time of recurrence. Statistical modeling further demonstrated that these metabolomic profiles could be differentially classified with respect to pathological grading and inter-grade conversions. Importantly, the myo-inositol to total choline index allowed for a separation of recurrent low-grade gliomas on different pathological trajectories, the heightened ratio of phosphocholine to glycerophosphocholine uniformly characterized several forms of glioblastoma multiforme, and the onco-metabolite D-2-hydroxyglutarate was shown to help distinguish secondary from primary grade IV glioma, as well as grade II and III from grade IV glioma. These data provide evidence that metabolite levels are of interest in the assessment of both intra-grade and intra-lesional malignancy. Such information could be used to enhance the diagnostic specificity of in vivo spectroscopy and to aid in the selection of the most appropriate therapy for individual patients.

Volumetric registration framework for multimodal functional magnetic resonance and optoacoustic tomography of the rodent brain.

Optoacoustic tomography (OAT) provides a non-invasive means to characterize cerebral hemodynamics across an entire murine brain while attaining multi-parametric readouts not available with other modalities. This unique capability can massively impact our understanding of brain function. However, OAT largely lacks the soft tissue contrast required for unambiguous identification of brain regions. Hence, its accurate registration to a reference brain atlas is paramount for attaining meaningful functional readings. Herein, we capitalized on the simultaneously acquired bi-modal data from the recently-developed hybrid magnetic resonance optoacoustic tomography (MROT) scanner in order to devise an image coregistration paradigm that facilitates brain parcellation and anatomical referencing. We evaluated the performance of the proposed methodology by coregistering OAT data acquired with a standalone system using different registration methods. The enhanced performance is further demonstrated for functional OAT data analysis and characterization of stimulus-evoked brain responses. The suggested approach enables better consolidation of the research findings thus facilitating wider acceptance of OAT as a powerful neuroimaging tool to study brain functions and diseases.

[13C]bicarbonate labelled from hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate is an in vivo marker of hepatic gluconeogenesis in fasted state.

Hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate enables direct in vivo assessment of real-time liver enzymatic activities by 13C magnetic resonance. However, the technique usually requires the injection of a highly supraphysiological dose of pyruvate. We herein demonstrate that liver metabolism can be measured in vivo with hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate administered at two- to three-fold the basal plasma concentration. The flux through pyruvate dehydrogenase, assessed by 13C-labeling of bicarbonate in the fed condition, was found to be saturated or partially inhibited by supraphysiological doses of hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate. The [13C]bicarbonate signal detected in the liver of fasted rats nearly vanished after treatment with a phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) inhibitor, indicating that the signal originates from the flux through PEPCK. In addition, the normalized [13C]bicarbonate signal in fasted untreated animals is dose independent across a 10-fold range, highlighting that PEPCK and pyruvate carboxylase are not saturated and that hepatic gluconeogenesis can be directly probed in vivo with hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate.

Hyperpolarized (1-13C)Alaninamide Is a Multifunctional In Vivo Sensor of Aminopeptidase N Activity, pH, and CO2.

Spin hyperpolarization enables real-time metabolic imaging of carbon-13-labeled substrates. While hyperpolarized l-(1-13C)alaninamide is a probe of the cell-surface tumor marker aminopeptidase-N (APN, CD13), its activity in vivo has not been described. Scanning the kidneys of rats infused with hyperpolarized alaninamide shows both conversion to [1-13C]alanine and several additional spectral peaks with distinct temporal dynamics. The (1-13C)alaninamide chemical shift is pH-sensitive, with a pKa of 7.9 at 37 °C, and the peaks correspond to at least three different compartments of pH 7.46 ± 0.02 (1), 7.21 ± 0.02 (2), and 6.58 ± 0.05 (3). An additional peak was assigned to the carboxyamino adduct formed by reaction with dissolved CO2. Spectroscopic imaging showed nonuniform distribution, with the low-pH signal more concentrated in the inner medulla. Treatment with the diuretic acetazolamide resulted in significant pH shifts in compartment 1 to 7.38 ± 0.03 (p = 0.0057) and compartment 3 to 6.80 ± 0.05 (p = 0.0019). While the pH of compartment 1 correlates with blood pH, the pH of compartment 3 did not correspond to the pH of urine. In vitro experiments show that alaninamide readily enters blood cells and can detect intracellular pH. While carbamate formation depends on pH and pCO2, the carbamate-to-alaninamide ratio did not correlate with either arterial blood pH or pCO2, suggesting that it may reflect variations in tissue pH and pCO2. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using hyperpolarized sensors to simultaneously image enzyme activity, pCO2, and pH in vivo.

Assessment of Aspartate and Bicarbonate Produced From Hyperpolarized [1-13C]Pyruvate as Markers of Renal Gluconeogenesis.

As both a consumer and producer of glucose, the kidney plays a significant role in glucose homeostasis. Measuring renal gluconeogenesis requires invasive techniques, and less invasive methods would allow renal gluconeogenesis to be measured more routinely. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging of infused substrates bearing hyperpolarized carbon-13 spin labels allows metabolism to be detected within the body with excellent sensitivity. Conversion of hyperpolarized 1-13C pyruvate in the fasted rat liver is associated with gluconeogenic flux through phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) rather than pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), and this study tested whether this was also the case in the kidney. The left kidney was scanned in fed and overnight-fasted rats either with or without prior treatment by the PEPCK inhibitor 3-mercaptopicolinic acid (3-MPA) following infusion of hyperpolarized 1-13C pyruvate. The 13C-bicarbonate signal normalized to the total metabolite signal was 3.2-fold lower in fasted rats (p = 0.00073) and was not significantly affected by 3-MPA treatment in either nutritional state. By contrast, the normalized [1-13C]aspartate signal was on average 2.2-fold higher in the fasted state (p = 0.038), and following 3-MPA treatment it was 2.8-fold lower in fed rats and 15-fold lower in fasted rats (p = 0.001). These results confirm that, unlike in the liver, most of the pyruvate-to-bicarbonate conversion in the fasted kidney results from PDH flux. The higher conversion to aspartate in fasted kidney and the marked drop following PEPCK inhibition demonstrate the potential of this metabolite as a marker of renal gluconeogenesis.

13C Dynamic Nuclear Polarization using SA-BDPA at 6.7 T and 1.1 K: Coexistence of Pure Thermal Mixing and Well-Resolved Solid Effect.

SA-BDPA is a water-soluble, narrow-line width radical previously used for dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) signal enhancement in solid-state magic angle spinning NMR spectroscopy. Here, we report the first study using SA-BDPA under dissolution DNP conditions (6.7 T and 1.15 K). Longitudinal-detected (LOD)-electron spin resonance (ESR) and 13C DNP measurements were performed on samples containing 8.4 M [13C]urea dissolved in 50:50 water:glycerol (v/v) doped with either 60 or 120 mM SA-BDPA. Two distinct DNP mechanisms, both "pure" thermal mixing and a well-resolved solid effect could clearly be identified. The radical's ESR line width (30-40 MHz), broadened predominantly by dipolar coupling, excluded any contribution from the cross effect. Microwave frequency modulation increased the enhancement by DNP at the lower radical concentration but not at the higher radical concentration. These results are compared to data acquired with trityl radical AH111501, highlighting the unusual 13C DNP properties of SA-BDPA.

Noninvasive rapid detection of metabolic adaptation in activated human T lymphocytes by hyperpolarized 13C magnetic resonance.

The metabolic shift induced in human CD4+ T lymphocytes by stimulation is characterized by an upregulation of glycolysis, leading to an augmentation in lactate production. This adaptation has already been highlighted with various techniques and reported in several previous studies. We herein propose a method to rapidly and noninvasively detect the associated increase in flux from pyruvate to lactate catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase using hyperpolarized 13C magnetic resonance, a technique which can be used for in vivo imaging. It was shown that the conversion of hyperpolarized 13C-pyruvate to 13C-lactate during the one-minute measurement increased by a mean factor of 3.6 in T cells stimulated for 5 days as compared to resting T cells. This method can be extended to other metabolic substrates and is therefore a powerful tool to noninvasively analyze T cell metabolism, possibly in vivo.

Renal tubular arginase-2 participates in the formation of the corticomedullary urea gradient and attenuates kidney damage in ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice.

AIM: Arginase 2 (ARG2) is a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyses hydrolysis of l-arginine into urea and l-ornithine. In the kidney, ARG2 is localized to the S3 segment of the proximal tubule. It has been shown that expression and activity of this enzyme are upregulated in a variety of renal pathologies, including ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. However, the (patho)physiological role of ARG2 in the renal tubule remains largely unknown. METHODS: We addressed this question in mice with conditional knockout of Arg2 in renal tubular cells (Arg2lox/lox /Pax8-rtTA/LC1 or, cKO mice). RESULTS: We demonstrate that cKO mice exhibit impaired urea concentration and osmolality gradients along the corticomedullary axis. In a model of unilateral ischemia-reperfusion injury (UIRI) with an intact contralateral kidney, ischemia followed by 24 hours of reperfusion resulted in significantly more pronounced histological damage in ischemic kidneys from cKO mice compared to control and sham-operated mice. In parallel, UIRI-subjected cKO mice exhibited a broad range of renal functional abnormalities, including albuminuria and aminoaciduria. Fourteen days after UIRI, the cKO mice exhibited complex phenotype characterized by significantly lower body weight, increased plasma levels of early predictive markers of kidney disease progression (asymmetric dimethylarginine and symmetric dimethylarginine), impaired mitochondrial function in the ischemic kidney but no difference in kidney fibrosis as compared to control mice. CONCLUSION: Collectively, these results establish the role of ARG2 in the formation of corticomedullary urea and osmolality gradients and suggest that this enzyme attenuates kidney damage in ischemia-reperfusion injury.

In vivo detection of γ-glutamyl-transferase up-regulation in glioma using hyperpolarized γ-glutamyl-[1-13C]glycine.

Glutathione (GSH) is often upregulated in cancer, where it serves to mitigate oxidative stress. γ-glutamyl-transferase (GGT) is a key enzyme in GSH homeostasis, and compared to normal brain its expression is elevated in tumors, including in primary glioblastoma. GGT is therefore an attractive imaging target for detection of glioblastoma. The goal of our study was to assess the value of hyperpolarized (HP) γ-glutamyl-[1-13C]glycine for non-invasive imaging of glioblastoma. Nude rats bearing orthotopic U87 glioblastoma and healthy controls were investigated. Imaging was performed by injecting HP γ-glutamyl-[1-13C]glycine and acquiring dynamic 13C data on a preclinical 3T MR scanner. The signal-to-noise (SNR) ratios of γ-glutamyl-[1-13C]glycine and its product [1-13C]glycine were evaluated. Comparison of control and tumor-bearing rats showed no difference in γ-glutamyl-[1-13C]glycine SNR, pointing to similar delivery to tumor and normal brain. In contrast, [1-13C]glycine SNR was significantly higher in tumor-bearing rats compared to controls, and in tumor regions compared to normal-appearing brain. Importantly, higher [1-13C]glycine was associated with higher GGT expression and higher GSH levels in tumor tissue compared to normal brain. Collectively, this study demonstrates, to our knowledge for the first time, the feasibility of using HP γ-glutamyl-[1-13C]glycine to monitor GGT expression in the brain and thus to detect glioblastoma.

Tags for labeling protein N-termini with subtiligase for proteomics.

The peptide ligase subtiligase, derived from subtilisin, has been employed in the identification of protein N-termini in complex mixtures. Here, the peptide ester substrates for the ligation reaction were optimized with respect to solubility, resulting in greater incorporation of the N-terminal tags. Additionally, the quantitation of the incorporated tags was explored, and a 'click' chemistry-based derivatization provided the ability to quantitate the tag to low nanomolar concentrations by sandwich ELISA. These new tags should expand the utility of subtiligase for the proteomic study of N-termini.

Hyperpolarized 13C Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Reveals the Rate-Limiting Role of the Blood-Brain Barrier in the Cerebral Uptake and Metabolism of l-Lactate in Vivo.

The dynamics of l-lactate transport across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and its cerebral metabolism are still subject to debate. We studied lactate uptake and intracellular metabolism in the mouse brain using hyperpolarized 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Following the intravenous injection of hyperpolarized [1-13C]lactate, we observed that the distribution of the 13C label between lactate and pyruvate, which has been shown to be representative of their pool size ratio, is different in NMRI and C57BL/6 mice, the latter exhibiting a higher level of cerebral lactate dehydrogenase A ( Ldha) expression. On the basis of this observation, and an additional set of experiments showing that the cerebral conversion of [1-13C]lactate to [1-13C]pyruvate increases after exposing the brain to ultrasound irradiation that reversibly opens the BBB, we concluded that lactate transport is rate-limited by the BBB, with a 30% increase in lactate uptake after its disruption. It was also deduced from these results that hyperpolarized 13C MRS can be used to detect a variation in cerebral lactate uptake of <40 nmol in a healthy brain during an in vivo experiment lasting only 75 s, opening new opportunities to study the role of lactate in brain metabolism.