High effectiveness of platinum(IV) complex with adamantylamine in overcoming resistance to cisplatin and suppressing proliferation of ovarian cancer cells in vitro.

[(OC-6-43)-bis(acetato)(1-adamantylamine)amminedichloroplatinum(IV)], coded as LA-12, is an octahedral platinum(IV) complex containing a bulky hydrophobic ligand - adamantylamine. The use of bulky hydrophobic amines as non-leaving ligands, may increase uptake of the compound by the cancer cells. Therefore, the effects of LA-12 on sensitive (A2780) and cisplatin resistant (A2780cis) ovarian cancer cell lines were investigated and compared to those of cisplatin. IC(50) and IC(90) concentrations of LA-12 were 6- (A2780) or 18-fold (A2780cis) lower than those for cisplatin (MTT assay). Equitoxic concentrations (IC(50) or IC(90)) of both compounds caused a significant and similar time- and dose-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation and an increase in the number of floating cells which corresponded to the decrease of total cell viability. A different type and dynamics of cell cycle perturbation after cisplatin and LA-12 treatment were detected. Exposure to LA-12 resulted in transient accumulation of A2780 and A2780cis cells in S phase, while cisplatin caused G(2)/M arrest in sensitive and S phase arrest in resistant cells. A relatively low rate of apoptosis after exposure to IC(50) or IC(90) of both complexes was observed, markedly higher in resistant A2780cis cells. Western blot analysis indicated a concentration-dependent p53 level increase in both lines (higher after cisplatin treatment). PARP cleavage was observed only in A2780cis cells. In conclusion, LA-12 was found to be significantly more efficient than cisplatin, and it was able to overcome the acquired cisplatin resistance (showing resistance factor 2.84-fold lower than those for cisplatin). In spite of the low rate of apoptosis, LA-12 caused increase of p53 level and cell cycle perturbations in the ovarian cancer cell lines studied.

Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of platinum in rats following single and multiple oral doses of LA-12 [(OC-6-43)-bis(acetato)(1-adamantylamine)amminedichloroplatinum(IV)].

The pharmacokinetics of total and free plasma platinum (Pt) and Pt tissue distribution were investigated in rats after oral administration of (OC-6-43)-bis(acetato)(1-adamantylamine)amminedichloroplatinum(IV) (LA-12). Plasma and ultrafiltrate were sampled until 48 h and tissue samples were taken at 24 and 48 h after single doses of 38.6 or 540 mg LA-12/kg, and after once-a-day dosing of 4.3 or 38.6 mg kg(-1) LA-12 over 14 consecutive days. Total plasma Pt concentrations increased less than proportionally to the 14-fold increase in the single dose. The mean C(max) values of 1.5 and 6.3 mg L(-1) were observed at 0.5 and 1 h, respectively, and the mean AUC values achieved were 29 and 144 mg h L(-1). The highest tissue Pt concentrations were found in the liver and kidneys. Platinum was undetectable in the brain while in other tissues (muscle, skin, heart, lungs), the concentrations were lower (after single dose) or similar (after multiple doses) when compared to the plasma C(max) values. Plasma Pt concentrations after once-a-day dosing of 38.6 mg kg(-1) were two- to three-fold less than that after a single dose while Pt concentrations in various tissues rose two- to four-fold. Accumulation of Pt was even higher in the kidneys (seven-fold) and spleen (nine-fold). After once-a-day dosing, tissue Pt levels increased proportionally with the dose within the range from 4.3 to 38.6 mg kg(-1). At the same time, the increase in total plasma Pt concentrations was 40% less than proportional. Concentrations of Pt in the plasma ultrafiltrate decreased rapidly with the initial half-life of 1 h.

Platinum(IV) complex with adamantylamine as nonleaving amine group: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro antitumor activity against a panel of cisplatin-resistant cancer cell lines.

Procedure of the synthesis is described for new platinum(IV) drug LA-12 [(OC-6-43)-bis(acetato)(1-adamantylamine)amminedichloroplatinum(IV)]. The X-ray diffraction analysis shows that the structure is created by molecules with octahedral arrangement of ligands around a platinum atom and contains one H(2)O molecule that is not a part of the coordination sphere of platinum. This new drug is more reactive with glutathione than cisplatin and is lacking cross-resistance with cisplatin as proven on the panel of cancer cell lines.

The novel platinum(IV) complex LA-12 induces p53 and p53/47 responses that differ from the related drug, cisplatin.

The platinum(II)-based complex cisplatin is one of the most frequently used antitumour agents; however, a high incidence of harmful side effects and the frequent emergence of acquired resistance are the major clinical problems. The novel platinum(IV)-based complex LA-12 exhibits a high efficacy against cancer cell lines, including cisplatin-insensitive cells, but the mechanisms by which LA-12 perturbs cell growth are unclear. We tested the effects of LA-12 on the p53 response and demonstrate that LA-12 induces unique changes in the profile of gene expression compared with cisplatin and doxorubicin. Furthermore, the ability of LA-12 to disrupt cellular proliferation is greatly enhanced by the expression of p53 and p53/47 indicating both p53-dependent and p53-independent effects of LA-12. Exposure of the human cancer cell lines H1299, A2780, BT549 and BT474 to LA-12 alters the expression of p53 and p53/47 in both a time-dependent and dose-dependent manner. Treatment of cells with a low concentration of the drug results in accumulation of p53 and p53/47 concomitant with their posttranslational modification, whereas a high dose results in the disappearance of both the forms of p53. The distinct p53 activation profile of LA-12 compared with cisplatin and doxorubicin provides a molecular explanation for the ability of this drug to treat cisplatin-resistant cells and indicates its potential usefulness as an alternative antitumour agent in first-line therapy or as a second-line therapy in patients with acquired cisplatin resistance.

Apoptosis and inhibition of gap-junctional intercellular communication induced by LA-12, a novel hydrophobic platinum(IV) complex.

A new hydrophobic platinum(IV) complex, LA-12, a very efficient anticancer drug lacking cross-resistance with cisplatin (CDDP), is now being tested in clinical trials. Here we investigated the apoptogenic activity of LA-12 and its effect on gap-junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) in the rat liver epithelial cell line WB-F344. LA-12 induced apoptosis much more efficiently than did CDDP due to a combination of rapid penetration into the cell and attack on DNA, leading to fast activation of p53 and caspase-3. Exposure of WB-F344 cells to LA-12 led to rapid induction of the time- and dose-dependent decrease in GJIC. On the molecular level, loss of GJIC induced by LA-12 was mediated by activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-1 and ERK-2, as demonstrated by the use of inhibitors of ERK activation. Inhibition of GJIC was linked to rapid hyperphosphorylation of connexin-43 and disappearance of connexon clusters from membranes, which was not observed in the case of CDDP.

Comparative anti-tumor efficacy of two orally administered platinum(IV) drugs in nude mice bearing human tumor xenografts.

The oral anti-tumor activity of a novel platinum(IV) complex, coded as LA-12, with a bulky adamantylamine ligand was evaluated and compared with another platinum(IV) complex satraplatin. The human carcinoma xenografts of colon HCT116, prostate PC3, and ovarian A2780 and A2780/cisR (resistant to cisplatin) were used to evaluate the in-vivo anti-tumor activity. The daily x 5 repeated dose regimen in equimolar doses of LA-12 and satraplatin, administered in 2 cycles, was selected for this evaluation. All doses of LA-12 and satraplatin were significantly effective in comparison with the control. The activities of LA-12 in all doses and all used tumor xenografts were higher than equimolar doses of satraplatin. The highest effect was reached with LA-12 at a dose of 60 mg/kg. The shapes of growth curves of ovarian carcinoma A2780 and its subline resistant to cisplatin after therapy with LA-12 were very similar. This shows that LA-12 is able to overcome resistance to cisplatin.

Preclinical anti-tumor activity of a new oral platinum(IV) drug LA-12.

A novel anti-tumor platinum(IV) complex, coded as LA-12, with a bulky adamantylamine ligand displaying oral activity was prepared and its oral activity was evaluated. The murine ADJ/PC6 plasmacytoma and human A2780 ovarian carcinoma tumor model were used to evaluate the in vivo anti-tumor activity of a single dose and also of repeated doses with comparison to the activity of cisplatin and of the platinum(IV) complex satraplatin. The acute toxicity of LA-12 in mice is relatively low (maximum tolerated dose 1000 mg/kg), and the effective dose is comparable to that of cisplatin and higher than that of satraplatin. The therapeutic index derived from this is very high (250). In the human tumor model, two repeated dose schedule regimens were evaluated. LA-12 exerted a significantly higher anti-tumor activity than other substances, i.e. cisplatin and satraplatin, in repeated doses on the murine ADJ/PC6 plasmacytoma tumor model. The dailyx5 repeated dose regimen was selected for further evaluation.

New platinum(IV) complex with adamantylamine ligand as a promising anti-cancer drug: comparison of in vitro cytotoxic potential towards A2780/cisR cisplatin-resistant cell line within homologous series of platinum(IV) complexes.

The aim of this study was to compare anti-tumor potency of platinum(IV) complexes with increasing hydrophobicity of their ligands. Cytotoxic potential of the new platinum(IV) complex, coded as LA-12 [(OC-6-43)-bis(acetato)(1-adamantylamine)amminedichloroplatinum(IV)], was compared within the series of complexes of the general formula (OC-6-43)-bis(acetato)(alkylamine)amminedichloroplatinum(IV). Alkylamine ligands with increasing hydrophobicity were: isopropylamine, cyclohexylamine, 1-adamantylamine and 3,5-dimethyl-1-adamantylamine. Particular platinum(IV) complexes were coded as LA-4, LA-2 (known as JM-216), LA-12 and LA-15, respectively. Cytotoxicity was tested with the microplate tetrazolium (MTT) assay on the panel of cancer cell lines and the results were verified by microscopy. HPLC was used to measure hydrophobicity, stability of complexes in various buffers and velocity constants for their reactivity with glutathione. Platinum(IV) complexes with bulky hydrophobic ligands (LA-12 and LA-15) demonstrated about one order higher velocity constant for pseudo-first-order reaction with glutathione in comparison to cisplatin, LA-4 and LA-2, whose velocity constants were close to those measured for cisplatin and related platinum(II) complexes. Cytotoxicities of LA-12 and LA-15 towards cisplatin-resistant epithelial carcinoma A2780/cisR were superior to cisplatin, LA-4 and LA-2 in both 24- and 72-h continuous exposure MTT tests. Rapid induction of apoptosis in the treated cancer cell lines and no cisplatin cross-resistance were found for LA-12, which is a candidate for clinical testing.