Activities of Succinate Dehydrogenase and Lactate Dehydrogenase in Blood Lymphocytes in Yakut Ground Squirrels Spermophilus undulatus During Hibernation and in the Active State.

We studied energy metabolism in blood lymphocytes of Yakut ground squirrels Spermophilus undulatus in active state and during hibernation. Activities of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), marker enzymes of mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis, were measured by a cytobiochemical method based on quantitative assessment of a product of NBT reduction to diformazan in blood lymphocytes immobilized on glass. To measure SDH and LDH activities, cytobiochemical staining of immobilized cells was performed with succinate, lactate, and NAD. In the state of hibernation, SDH activity decreased by 3 times and LDH activity decreased by 10 times or more. These results suggest that the decrease in metabolic activity in lymphocytes of ground squirrels during hypothermia is associated with inhibition of glycolysis, rather than with mitochondrial energy supply.

[Impressionable cytology method in diagnostics of dry eye syndrome.]

Analysis of the cellular composition of the eyeball conjunctival prints and evaluation of the informative of the cytomorphological method of research in the diagnosis of dry eye syndrome (DES). Cytological examination using impression cytology was performed in 72 patients: 60 patients with DES and 12 without eye disease (control group). The main component of cytological sample in patients with DES are (a) squamous epithelium (hyperkeratocytes); (b) groups and clusters of flattened epithelial cells; (c) a small amount (up to five in the preparation) of goblet cells. Impression cytology method improves the accuracy of diagnosis of DES.

[Therapeutic pathomorphosis in the practice of clinical cytologists.]

Pathomorphosis means the changes that occur under the influence of various factors during the course of the disease. Therapeutic pathomorphosis develops during diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. The article considers the types of cellular reactions observed in the process of therapeutic pathomorphosis. The main cytological signs of destructive and proliferative processes for assessing the condition of the pathological focus, regardless of its location, are presented. The clinical significance of the study of cytological signs of therapeutic pathomorphosis is discussed.

Seasonal changes in proteolytic activity of calpains in striated muscles of long-tailed ground squirrel Spermophilus undulatus.

Seasonal changes in proteolytic activity and content of calpains in striated muscles of the longtailed ground squirrel Spermophilus undulatus were studied by casein zymography and Western blotting analysis. The results testify to hyperactivation of calpain proteases in the skeletal muscles of awakened animals during the "winter" activity. The observed changes are discussed in the context of adaptation of skeletal muscles of long-tailed ground squirrels to hibernation.

Phospholipids of liver cell nuclei during hibernation of Yakutian ground squirrel.

In hibernating Yakutian ground squirrels S. undulatus, the content of total phospholipids in the nuclei of liver increased by 40% compared to that in animals in summer. In torpid state, the amount of sphingomyelin increased almost 8 times; phosphatidylserine, 7 times; and cardiolipin, 4 times. In active "winter" ground squirrels, the amount of sphingomyelin, phosphatidylserine, and cardiolipin decreased compared to the hibernating individuals but remained high compared to the "summer" ones. The torpor state did not affect the amount of lysophosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol.

[The cytomorphologic characteristics of parathyroid gland under various forms of hyperparathyroidism].

The study was organized to establish criteria of cytological diagnostic of pathology of parathyroid glands under various forms of hyperparathyroidism. The ultrasound examination of pathology of parathyroid glands was applied to 74 patients with hyperparathyroidism aged 24-66 years (20 males and 54 females). The examination was applied to 11 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (bone visceral form), 51 patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism of severe course and 12 patients with tertiary hyperparathyroidism (post-transplantation). The 109 samples of expanded parathyroid glands were visualized and subjected to fine-needle aspiration biopsy. The cytologic material was colored with azure-eosin according Pappenheim method and analyzed using light microscopy technique. The cytological material was informative in 105 (96%) findings. The elements of tissue of parathyroid glands were detected in 99 (90.8%) samples. The main cytomorphologic indications of adenoma of parathyroid gland were follicle-like and papillary structures of main parathyrocites detected in all patients with primary hyperparathyroidism; main parathyrocites at various stages of secretory cycle - in 64% of patients and macrophages - in 50% of patients. The characteristic cytomorphologic indications of hyperplasia of parathyroid gland turned out to be situated in groups, papillary and branching structures with expressed intercellular contacts, main dark parathyrocytes detected in 88% of patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism, parathyrocytes at various stages of secretory cycle (53% of patients) and small basophilic granules of secretion of parathyrocites in cytoplasm and/or extracellular space (31% of patients). The distinctive cytological indications of tissue of parathyroid gland under tertiary hyperparathyroidism included prevalence of main light parathyrocites situated in small clusters and groups with ill-defined intercellular contacts and presence of large basophilic secretory granules in cytoplasm of parathyrocites, extracellular space and colloid-like substance (92% of patients). The comparative analysis detected similar cytological indications in tissue of parathyroid gland and strictly definite criteria characteristic for primary, secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism. The relationship between structural functional condition of tissue of parathyroid gland and development of either form of hyperparathyroidism is discussed. The cytomorphologic characteristics of tissue of parathyroid gland under primary, secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism can be included in algorithm of pre-surgery diagnostic.

[The possibility of using соformulated intranasal drugs after surgical correction of nasal breathing].

One of the major causes of chronic nasal obstruction is the nasal septum deformation and increase of the lower nasal turbinates. The number of septoplasty--operations ranges from 14% to 44,2% of all ENT-operations. The results of surgery are swelling of the tissues and damaged ciliar epithelium, that leads to the inparament of the mucociliar transport. In the postoperati e period the nasal cavity should be cleaned. Drugs, that are used, should reduce swelling, improve regeneration and should not supress ciliar activity. The results of supervisory, non-interventional study have shown, that application of Nasiс after septoplasty and submucose vasotomy of inferior nasal turbinates increases reparative process and leads to more rapid recovery of respiratory function of nasal cavity.

[Specific molecular and morphological changes in cardiomyocytes of hibernating ground squirrels in different periods of annual cycle].

Structural and molecular changes in cardiomyocytes of hibernating ground squirrels in different periods of the annual cycle were analyzed by means of electron microscopy and polymerase chain reaction. Morphological analysis showed an increase in relative area of sarcoplasmic reticulum in cardiac muscle of ground squirrels preparing to torpor compared to active summer animals. The size of sarcoplasmic reticulum in cardiomyocytes of torpid animals was reliably less than in any other condition of ground squirrels in the annual cycle. The results of molecular analysis showed the decrease in sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase gene (SERCA2a) expression .at all stages of hibernation process and also in periods of autumn activity compared to control mRNA level in active summer animals. The revealed season changes in structure of sarcoplasmic reticulum and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase gene expression are discussed in regard to adaptation of ground squirrels to hibernation.

[The cytomorphologic characteristics of parathyroids under hyperparathyroidism].

The article presents the results of intravital studying of cytomorphologic characteristics of elements of tissue of parathyroids obtained under thin-needle aspiration biopsy in patients with hyperparathyroidism. The analysis was applied to 84 fragments of cell material from node formations in projection of anatomic localization of parathyroids and in projection of lobes and isthmus of thyroid gland. The cytologic preparations colored with Pappenheim azure-eosin staining were analyzed using light microscopy. The results were compared with data of histological study of post-operation material. The following cytomorphologic signs of tissue of parathyroids under hyperparathyroidism: heterogeneity of population of cells of glandular epithelium--presence of main (dark, light) and oxyphilous parathyrocytes with prevalence of main parathyrocytes; occurrence of expressed intracellular contacts in groupings of parathyrocytes with formation of rosette-strand like structures or compact assemblies as well as occurrence of dark polymorphic granules positioned in cytoplasm of epithelium cells and intercellular medium.

[The physiological significance of proliferative and alterative processes].

This article is a brief review of publications dedicated to a problem of basic regularities of proliferative and alternative processes in health and disease and their physiological, general biological and special meaning. Historical background shows the evolution of scientists' viewpoints regarding essentials and reasons of diseases. The publication spotlights systematization of proliferative and alternative reactions in different pathophysiological processes. It is underlined that the development of morbid conditions can start not only with structural-functional changes, but also with failure of physiological processes of regulation. A principle of universality and balance of cell and humeral responses is taken as a basis of humoral-cell proliferation, which is provided, on one side by their conservatism and on the other side by their flexibility. Modern investigations confirm that various physiological reactions of proliferation in organism are allelically determined more frequently, and their disturbances may have epigenetic character. The main physiological meaning of proliferative and destructive processes remains their protective-adaptive role in organism, and their study and diagnostics keep an important section in recognition of various pathophysiological states.

[Morphological marker of tumor progression in laryngeal cancer].

Dynamic observation of 32 patients with laryngeal cancer, treated with radiotherapy and combination therapy, was performed using diagnostic technology "Litos-system", including the definition of serum morphotypes by marginal dehydration of biological fluids. In nine of them, on the background of the treatment, there was continued growth of the tumor. In the blood serum seven of nine patients had special microspheroliths, characterized by the presence of "wavy" structures. Such "wavy" microspheroliths could be seen as a harbinger of the continued growth of the tumor, because after their appearance there were detected signs of clinical progression. Apparently, the appearance of mentioned "wavy" structures in the patient's blood is a result of release into the blood of qualitatively new macromolecules produced by a clone of malignant tumor cells.

[Injuries of neck, thorax and abdomen due to suicide or aggressive actions].

288 patients were treated for suicide or auto-aggressive injuries of neck, thorax and abdomen, which amounted 12,8% of all patients with injuries of such localization. Able-bodied men with prolonged depressive disorders pre-dominated among them. Neck injuries were observed in 21,5%, thorax injuries - in 25,7%, abdominal injuries - in 33,7% of patients. Combined injuries of neck, thorax and abdomen were the most hard for surgical treatment (19,1%). Types of injuries and severity of clinical course in postoperative period depends on character and intensity of psychic disorders.

[The role of energy substrates in regulation of the force-frequency relationship in the rat myocardium: effect of ambiocor].

The effect of ambiocor (15 mg/100 ml), which contains natural substrates of energy metabolism, on the contractility of papillary muscles (PM) of the right ventricle of the rat heart was studied at stimulation frequencies from 0.1 to 3.0 Hz at a temperature of 30 +/- 1 degrees C (n = 7). The effect was recorded 20 min after the addition of the preparation. It was demonstrated that ambiocor causes a significant (about 70%), independent of stimulation frequency, suppression of the amplitude of isometric contractions (negative inotropic effect), which is coupled with an increase in the relative value of the rest potentiation effect (a qualitative index of calcium content in sarcoplasmic reticulum). The influence of the mixture leads to significant alterations in the time parameters of the "contraction-relaxation" cycle: an increase in the duration of latent period; and a decrease in the time to peak tension and half-relaxation time (TR50%). The effect of the mixture is partially reversible. During the washing of the preparation with the control solution, the qualitative indicators of the contractile activity of papillary muscles are substantially improved in comparison with the initial ones. The character of alterations allows one to assume that the effect of ambiocor in the papillary muscles of the rat heart is realized partly through the suppression of the activity of sarcolemmal calcium channels.

[Effect of isoproterenol on contractility of the heart papillary muscles of a ground squirrel].

The effect of isoproterenol (1 microM) on the force of isometric contractions (0.1-1.0 Hz, 30 +/- 1 degree C, 1.8 mM Ca2+) of papillary muscles of the right ventricle of the heart of the ground squirrel during summer activity (n = 5) and hibernation (activity between hibernation bouts, n = 4; torpor, n = 4; and arousal, n = 5) has been studied. It was shown that isoproterenol increases the force of contraction (positive inotropic effect) in active summer ground squirrels by 20 +/- 3 and 61 +/- 7% at stimulation frequencies of 0.4 and 1.0 Hz, respectively. The isoproterenol-induced increase in the force of contraction in animals during hibernation is brief (within 3 min after the onset of treatment) and this parameter decreases by 30-50% of the control level (negative inotropic effect) at stimulation frequencies from 0.3 and 0.8 Hz. The positive inotropic effect of isoproterenol in active summer ground squirrels is associated with a decrease in the relative value of the potentiating effect of the pause (qualitative indicator of calcium content in the sarcoplasmic reticulum), and the negative inotropic effect, with its increase. It was found that the inotropic effect of isoproterenol in all groups of animals examined (irrespective of its direction) is accompanied by an acceleration of the velocity of the contraction-relaxation cycle. The dependence of the effect of isoproterenol in the heart of hibernating animals on seasonal changes in the calcium homeostasis and the activity of the sympathetic nervous system is discussed.

[Various aspects of the pathogenesis of hematogenic osteomyelitis in children].

Characteristic features of the pathogenesis of hematogenous osteomyelitis in children against the background of complex treatment are described. The data characterizing the development of an osteomyelitic focus are presented. Some of the causes of the prolonged course of the disease and its transition into the chronic stage, as well as the aspects of immunobiological protection of the organism in the course of treatment have been studied.

[Experimental optimization of learning and memory processes by selank].

The effect of selank (Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro), which is a synthetic derivative of the endogenous tetrapeptide tuftsin (stable with respect to tissue peptidases), on the learning and memory processes and metabolism of serotonin (5-HT) have been experimentally studied on Wistar rats. The animals were trained with food reward in 30 trials per day. Selank (300 microg/kg) or saline were injected after the 10th trial. Elaboration of conditioned reflex with food reward was continued 30 min later. Retention was tested 24 h, 7 and 30 days after treatment. A single injection of selank activated the metabolism of 5-HT in the hypothalamus and caudal brain stem for 30 min to 2 h. It was established that selank induces an increase in memory trace stability during 30 days. These findings provide direct evidence that selank, when injected during consolidation phase, can enhance memory storage processes. Nootrope activity of the selank is probably caused by its obvious effect on the level of serotonin and its metabolite in the brain.

[Comparison of the effects of selank and tuftsin on the metabolism of serotonin in the brain of rats pretreated with PCPA].

Effects of the peptide drugs selank (Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro) and tuftsin (Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg) on the metabolism of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) in the brain of Wistar rats preliminarily treated with the 5-HT-synthesis inhibitor p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA, 320 mg/kg, i.p., 4 days before experiment) have been studied on a group of 87 matured rats. It is established that selank enhances the 5-HT metabolism in the brain stem 30 min after injection to animals pretreated with PCPA. In contrast to selank, tuftsin induced no changes in the 5-HT metabolism in the brain stem and decreased it in the neocortex on the same time scale. The data obtained suggest that the peptide drug selank can be used for the correction of disturbances induced by a decrease in 5-HT metabolism.

Use of Selank to correct measures of integrative brain activity and biogenic amine levels in adult rats resulting from antenatal hypoxia.

The effects of Selank, the active component of which is the heptapeptide Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro, which includes the tetrapeptide tuftsin and three natural levorotatory amino acids, on behavior and brain serotonin and noradrenaline levels were studied in adult rats subjected to antenatal hypoxia on days 14-16 of gestation. Administration of Selank (300 microg/kg, i.p.) improved sensory attention levels by factors of 2-3 (p < 0.01), facilitated the learning process by a factor of 1.5 (p < 0.01), normalized the level of investigative activity in the open field and hole board, and restored the balance of activity between the serotoninergic and noradrenergic systems of the brain. The data obtained here provide evidence that Selank can be used to compensate for the long-term negative effects of antenatal hypoxia on brain integrative activity and the activity of monoaminergic transmitter systems.

[Photon radiation-induced structural and functional changes in the myocardium of hypertensive SHR rats].

Male rats were irradiated by a Korobkov photon light-emitting diode matrix with a maximum irradiation at 612 nm every day 1 h per day for 13 days. After a course of irradiation, the rhythmoinotropic characteristics of the cardiac muscle significantly improved. Exposure to photon radiation initiated an active rearrangement in myocytes as shown by a morphological analysis. Considerable changes were found in the structure of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR); the area of SR profiles increased more than twofold compared to control. This suggests a proportional increase in the ability of SR to absorb calcium, due to both an increase in its buffer capacity and possibly, an improved functioning of Ca2+ ATPase of the reticulum. Probably, the photon therapy leads to the normalization of calcium homeostasis in myocytes and improvement of the characteristics of the cardiac muscle contraction-relaxation cycle. Furthermore, changes in the proportions of the myocardium capillaries (increased by 75% compared to control; p < 0.001) and the area of mitochondrial profiles of myocytes (increased by 13%; p < 0.05) were observed, which lead to more active metabolic processes and a rise in energy potential in myocardial cells after photon radiation treatment.

[Serovariation of the plague pathogen capsular antigen]. / Serovariatsiia kapsul'nogo antigena vozbuditelia chumy.

The phenomenon of serovariation in the capsule antigen of the plague pathogen has been found. The synthesis of FI-serovar is determined by the expression of the caf1M gene. The damages in the caf1M gene structure result in production of the FI1 and FI2 serotypes. Expression of the caf1M gene does not affect the secretion of FI-antigen.