Genetic prediction of long-term survival after neoadjuvant chemoradiation in locally advanced esophageal cancer.

Candidate genes involved in DNA repair, 5-fluorouracil metabolism and drug detoxification were genotyped in 124 patients receiving neoadjuvant chemoradiation treatment for locally advanced esophageal cancer and their predictive role for long-term relapse-free survival (RFS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) were evaluated. A panel including MTHFR 677TT, MDR1 2677GT, GSTP1 114CC, XPC 499CC and XPC 939AC+CC, defined as high-risk genotypes, discriminated subgroups with significantly different outcomes. When the panel was combined with histology, patients split into two subsets with 5-year RFS and CSS rates of 65% vs 27% (hazard ratio (HR) 3.0, P<0.0001) and 69% vs 31% (HR 2.9, P<0.0001), respectively. Combining the 5-single-nucleotide polymorphism (5-SNP) panel with pathological response defined two major informative risk classes with 5-year PFS and CSS rates of 79.4% vs 17.7% (HR 6.71, P<0.0001) and 79.3% vs 26.3% (HR 6.25, P<0.0001), respectively. This classification achieved a sensitivity of 79%, a specificity of 85.4% and an accuracy of 81.8%.

TAK1-regulated expression of BIRC3 predicts resistance to preoperative chemoradiotherapy in oesophageal adenocarcinoma patients.

BACKGROUND: About 20% of resectable oesophageal carcinoma is resistant to preoperative chemoradiotherapy. Here we hypothesised that the expression of the antiapoptotic gene Baculoviral inhibitor of apoptosis repeat containing (BIRC)3 induced by the transforming growth factor ß activated kinase 1 (TAK1) might be responsible for the resistance to the proapoptotic effect of chemoradiotherapy in oesophageal carcinoma. METHODS: TAK1 kinase activity was inhibited in FLO-1 and KYAE-1 oesophageal adenocarcinoma cells using (5Z)-7-oxozeaenol. The BIRC3 mRNA expression was measured by qRT-PCR in 65 pretreatment frozen biopsies from patients receiving preoperatively docetaxel, cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, and concurrent radiotherapy. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analyses were performed to determine the performance of BIRC3 expression levels in distinguishing patients with sensitive or resistant carcinoma. RESULTS: In vitro, (5Z)-7-oxozeaenol significantly reduced BIRC3 expression in FLO-1 and KYAE-1 cells. Exposure to chemotherapeutic agents or radiotherapy plus (5Z)-7-oxozeaenol resulted in a strong synergistic antiapoptotic effect. In patients, median expression of BIRC3 was significantly (P<0.0001) higher in adenocarcinoma than in the more sensitive squamous cell carcinoma subtype. The BIRC3 expression significantly discriminated patients with sensitive or resistant adenocarcinoma (AUC-ROC=0.7773 and 0.8074 by size-based pathological response or Mandard's tumour regression grade classifications, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The BIRC3 expression might be a valid biomarker for predicting patients with oesophageal adenocarcinoma that could most likely benefit from preoperative chemoradiotherapy.

Timed barium esophagram in achalasia types.

Relationships of timed barium esophagram (TBE) findings to achalasia types defined by high-resolution manometry (HRM) have not been elucidated. Therefore, we correlated preoperative TBE and HRM measurements in achalasia types and related these to patient symptoms and prior treatments. From 2006 to 2013, 248 achalasia patients underwent TBE and HRM before Heller myotomy. TBE height and width were recorded at 1 and 5 minutes; HRM measured lower esophageal sphincter mean basal pressure, integrated relaxation pressure (IRP), and mean esophageal body contraction amplitude. Achalasia was classified into types I (25%), II (65%), and III (9.7%). TBE height at 5 minutes was higher for I (median 8 cm; interquartile range 6-12) and II (8 cm; 8-11) than for III (1 cm; 0-7). TBE width at 5 minutes was widest (3 cm; 2-4), narrower in II (2 cm; 2-3), and narrowest in I (1 cm; 0-2), P < 0.001. Volume remaining at 1 and 5 minutes was lower in III (1 m(2) ; 0-16) than I (42 m(2) ; 17-106) and II (39 m(2) ; 15-60), highlighting poorer emptying of I and II. Increasing TBE width correlated with deteriorating morphology and function from III to II to I. Symptoms poorly correlated with TBE and HRM. Prior treatment was associated with less regurgitation, faster emptying, and lower IRP. Although TBE and HRM are correlated in many respects, the wide range of their measurements observed in this study reveals a spectrum of morphology and dysfunction in achalasia that is best characterized by the combination of these studies.

Neoadjuvant concurrent chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced esophageal cancer in a single high-volume center.

BACKGROUND: Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT) is now considered the standard of care by many centers in the treatment of both squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. This study evaluates the effectiveness of a neoadjuvant CRT protocol, as regards pathological complete response (pCR) rate and long-term survival. METHODS: From 2003 to 2011, at Upper G.I. Surgery Division of Verona University, 155 consecutive patients with locally advanced esophageal cancers (90 SCC, 65 adenocarcinoma) were treated with a single protocol of neoadjuvant CRT (docetaxel, cisplatin, and 5-fluorouracil with 50.4 Gy of concurrent radiotherapy). Response to CRT was evaluated through percentage of pathological complete response (pCR or ypT0N0), overall (OS) and disease-related survival (DRS), and pattern of relapse. RESULTS: One hundred thirty-one patients (84.5 %) underwent surgery. Radical resection (R0) was achieved in 123 patients (79.3 %), and pCR in 65 (41.9 %). Postoperative mortality was 0.7 % (one case). Five-year OS and DRS were respectively 43 and 49 % in the entire cohort, 52 and 59 % in R0 cases, and 72 and 81 % in pCR cases. Survival did not significantly differ between SCC and adenocarcinoma, except for pCR cases. Forty-nine patients suffered from relapse, which was mainly systemic in adenocarcinoma. Only three out of 26 pCR patients with previous adenocarcinoma developed relapse, always systemic. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that patients treated with the present protocol achieve good survival and high pCR rate. Further research is necessary to evaluate whether surgery on demand is feasible in selected patients, such as pCR patients with adenocarcinoma.

Does a decannulation protocol exist in COVID-19 patients? The importance of working in a multiprofessional team.

As a Covid Hub in Emilia Romagna, we have experienced an increasing number of tracheostomized patients, prompting us to develop a standardized decannulation protocol for COVID-19 ARDS patients. Currently, there are no guidelines or protocols for decannulation in this population, and few studies have investigated the early outcomes of tracheostomy in COVID-19 patients, with no detailed analysis of the decannulation process. We recognized the importance of mutual reliance among our team members and the significant achievements we made compared to previous decannulation methods. Through the optimization of the decannulation process, we identified a clear, safe, and repeatable method based on clinical best practice and literature evidence. We decided to implement an existing standardized decannulation protocol, which was originally designed for severe brain-damaged patients, due to the growing number of COVID-19 patients with tracheostomy. This protocol was designed for daily practice and aimed to provide a uniform approach to using devices like fenestrated cannulas, speaking valves, and capping. The results of our implementation include:expanding the applicability of the protocol beyond severe brain-damaged patients to different populations and settings (in this case, patients subjected to a long period of sedation and invasive ventilation)early activation of speech therapy to facilitate weaning from the cannula and recovery of physiological swallowing and phonationearly activation of otolaryngologist evaluation to identify organic problems related to prolonged intubation, tracheostomy, and ventilation and address proper speech therapy treatmentactivation of more fluid and effective management paths for decannulation with a multiprofessional team.

Laparoscopic transperitoneal hernia repair (TAPP) in emergency: long-term follow-up in a high volume centre.

PURPOSE: Aim of this study was to analyse feasibility, safety and effectiveness of laparoscopic transperitoneal hernia repair (TAPP) approach to inguinal hernias in the emergency setting, with a longer follow-up than the studies present in literature. METHODS: We retrospectively analysed all patients who underwent emergency TAPP hernia repair in San Marco Hospital (Zingonia, Italy), from September 2010 to June 2020. A prospectively collected database of 685 consecutive TAPP hernia repair was reviewed. Feasibility and safety were evaluated through operative time, conversion rate, perioperative mortality, morbidity and prosthesis infection rate. Effectiveness was assessed by recurrence and complication rate, acute (during admission) and chronic (during follow-up) pain by Visual Analogic Scale (VAS), and recovery to normal activity in a long-term follow-up (mean period 1718 days). RESULTS: The final study group included 47 patients. The mean age was 59.6 years (range 22-89), 29 patients were male and 18 were female. The mean operation time was 64 min. Two cases were converted to open approach (4%). In four cases bowel resection became necessary (8.5%). Appendicectomy and omentectomy occurred once and twice, respectively (2% and 4%), and orchiectomy was required in two patients (4%). Seroma was the only postoperative complication that we registered in four patients. During a mean follow-up period of 1718 days, there was no recurrence of the hernia or other complications. Five patients referred mild occasional groin pain (VAS < 3), with quick relief without taking any pain killers. CONCLUSION: TAPP approach is a safe, feasible and effective therapeutic option for groin hernias in emergency setting. No recurrence or severe complications were reported in over 4 years of follow-up.

Response to induction therapy in oesophageal and cardia carcinoma using Mandard tumour regression grade or size of residual foci.

BACKGROUND: Tumour regression grade (TRG) is used to evaluate responses to induction therapy in cancer of the oesophagus or cardia. This study aimed to determine whether inclusion of node category could improve the prognostic accuracy provided by TRG, and explore the prognostic value of an alternative classification based on size of residual foci and node category. METHODS: Patients with oesophageal or cardia cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy followed by resection were studied. Treatment-induced response at the primary site was evaluated by TRG and by a method whereby patients were classified as having no residual cancer, minimal residual disease (MRD) or as non-responders. RESULTS: Between 2000 and 2007, 108 patients underwent resection. Disease-related survival decreased with increasing TRG in node-negative (N0) patients (P < 0.001), whereas in node-positive (N+) patients it was poor irrespective of TRG (P = 0.241). For N0 disease, 3-year survival in patients with MRD (58 (95 per cent confidence interval 26 to 80) per cent) was intermediate between that in patients with no residual cancer (85 (70 to 93) per cent) and non-responders (28 (4 to 59) per cent). Worst prognosis was for N+ disease (21 (9 to 36) per cent). CONCLUSION: Node category should be considered when evaluating response to induction therapy in oesophageal or cardia cancer. A new classification based on size of residual foci and node category seems promising.

Anesthesia for liver transplantation: the experience of the University of Bologna in the MELD era.

AIM: The hepatic cirrhosis is associated with an important cardiovascular alterations. In this report, we review our transplant center experience with liver transplantation in the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) era, in particular this study investigate the relationship between severity of liver disease assessed by MELD score and postoperative events. METHODS: Our retrospective review was performed on 242 cirrhotic patients underwent liver transplanation at the Department of Surgery and Transplantation of the University of Bologna. Biochemical and hemodynamic variables were evaluated by Swan-Ganz catherization. Dindo's classification of postoperative complications was used for the evaluation of postoperative course. RESULTS: Morbidity occurred in 158 patients (65.2%) and 13 patients died during the hospital stay. Considering the highest grade of complication occurred, non life-threatening complications occurred in the 47.9% of cases (116 patients) and life-threatening complications, excluding patient death, in 17.3% (42 patients). Patients with MELD >30 showed a longer ICU stay, tracheal intubation and in-hospital stay. CONCLUSION: In conclusion MELD score is tightly related to postoperative complications.

Fluid management of patients undergoing intestinal and multivisceral transplantation.

Small bowel transplantation can be associated with large fluid shifts due to massive blood loss, dehydration, vascular clamping, long ischemia times, intraoperative visceral exposure, intestinal denervation, ischemic damage, and lymphatic interruption. Fluid management is the major intra- and postoperative problem after small bowel and multiple organ transplantation, because of the highly variable fluid and electrolyte needs of the transplant recipient. Third-space fluid requirements can be massive; inadequate replacement leads to end-organ dysfunction, particularly renal failure. Several liters of fluid may be required in the initial 24 to 48 hours postoperatively to simply maintain an adequate central pressure to provide a satisfactory urine output. During this time patients may develop extensive peripheral edema, which dissipates over the next few days as the fluids are mobilized and requirements stabilize. Based on our experience in 29 cases of intestinal transplantation and 4 cases of multivisceral transplantation, we have herein described the intraoperative fluid management and hemodynamic changes. Our study confirmed a large quantity of fluid administration during and after small bowel transplantation that required adequate volume monitoring.

Transnasal sphenopalatine ganglion blockade for acute facial pain: a prospective randomized case-control study.

OBJECTIVE: Long-term physical inactivity can cause the atrophy of skeletal muscle. The aim of this study is to explore the underlying mechanisms of physical inactivity-induced atrophy of skeletal muscle. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 14 Sprague- Dawley (SD) male rats were divided into 2 groups including normal control (NC) and hindlimb suspension (HS) groups. After two weeks of HS stimulation, the ratio between skeletal muscle weight and body weight, and cross-sectional area (CSA) of skeletal muscle fibers, were measured. Western blot was applied to evaluate the expression of proteins associated with atrophy and autophagy. The transmission electron microscope was used to observe the ultra-microstructure and the mitochondrial quality of skeletal muscle. RESULTS: The rats subjected to 2-week HS treatment presented an evident atrophy of the skeletal muscle with a significantly reduced ratio between skeletal muscle weight and body weight, and smaller cross-sectional area (CSA) of skeletal muscle fibers when compared with control rats. Meanwhile, HS stimulation resulted in the damage of mitochondria, the increased expression of MuRF1 and Atrogin-1/MAFbx, and enhanced apoptosis, as well as dysfunctional autophagy in skeletal muscle. CONCLUSIONS: HS-induced skeletal muscle atrophy involves the activation of AMPK/FoxO3 signal pathway, evidenced as AMPK phosphorylation, FoxO3 activation, and Atrogin-1 and MuRF1 up-regulation. FoxO3-mediated autophagy plays an important regulatory role in HS-induced skeletal muscle atrophy.

Effect of the catechol-O-methyltransferase val(158)met genotype on children's early phases of facial stimuli processing.

The ability to process and identify human faces matures early in life, is universal and is mediated by a distributed neural system. The temporal dynamics of this cognitive-emotional task can be studied by cerebral visual event-related potentials (ERPs) that are stable from midchildhood onwards. We hypothesized that part of individual variability in the parameters of the N170, a waveform that specifically marks the early, precategorical phases of human face processing, could be associated with genetic variation at the functional polymorphism of the catechol-O-methyltransferase (val(158)met) gene, which influences information processing, cognitive control tasks and patterns of brain activation during passive processing of human facial stimuli. Forty-nine third and fourth graders underwent a task of implicit processing of other children's facial expressions of emotions while ERPs were recorded. The N170 parameters (latency and amplitude) were insensitive to the type of expression, stimulus repetition, gender or school grade. Although limited by the absence of met- homozygotes among boys, data showed shorter N170 latency associated with the presence of 1-2 met158 alleles, and family-based association tests (as implemented in the PBAT version 2.6 software package) confirmed the association. These data were independent of the serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism and the N400 waveform investigated in the same group of children in a previous study. Some electrophysiological features of face processing may be stable from midchildhood onwards. Different waveforms generated by face processing may have at least partially independent genetic architectures and yield different implications toward the understanding of individual differences in cognition and emotions.

Acute renal failure after liver transplantation in MELD era.

Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score was used in our center from 2003 to assess the position of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) candidates on a waiting list. A key component of MELD score in the assessment of the degree of the illness is renal function. In this study, we measured the effects of this new scoring system on renal function and therapeutic strategies. We evaluated the incidence of acute renal function (ARF) after OLT requiring renal replacement therapy (hemofiltration or hemodialysis) in two patient groups: 240 transplanted before MELD era and 224 after the introduction of this parameter to select candidates. ARF occurred in 8.3% of patients in the pre-MELD group versus 13% in the MELD group, while the mortality rates were 40% and 27%, respectively. The creatinine level before OLT seemed to be a good predictor of ARF (P < .001), and blood transfusion rates (P < .05) as well as intraoperative diuresis (P < .05). In our analysis we did not observe a correlation between MELD score and postoperative ARF.

Combined liver transplants: main characteristics from the standpoint of anesthesia and support in intensive care.

Combined transplants with the liver represent a small number of associated pathologies with little chance of resolving with a single transplant. The small case number prevents us from establishing homogeneous criteria for the procedure. The insertion of the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease in the preoperative evaluation of the patients awaiting liver transplant has definitely increased the number of combined liver-kidney transplants, which have reached more significant numbers. The number of heart-liver transplants is still too low to establish the efficacy of the measure. The multiorgan transplant with the liver represents a rare event entrusted to a series of case reports, each one of which has a history unto itself. Our experience in this field includes 14 combined liver-kidney, six combined heart-liver, and two multiorgan transplants with liver among 36 intestine transplants. We have examined the main pre-, intra-, and postsurgical problems for each one of these transplants, particularly relating to the anesthetic and intensive-care aspects.

Extended lymphadenectomy in elderly and/or highly co-morbid gastric cancer patients: A retrospective multicenter study.

BACKGROUND: Gastrectomy with extended lymphadenectomy is considered the gold standard treatment for advanced gastric cancer, with no age- or comorbidity-related limitations. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of curative gastrectomy with extended nodal dissection, verifying survival in elderly and highly co-morbid patients. METHODS: In a retrospective multicenter study, we examined 1322 non-metastatic gastric-cancer patients that underwent curative gastrectomy with D2 versus D1 lymphadenectomy from January 2000 to December 2009. Postoperative complications, overall survival (OS), and disease-specific survival (DSS) according to age and the Charlson Comorbidity Score were analyzed in relation to the extent of lymphadenectomy. RESULTS: Postoperative morbidity was 30.4%. Complications were more frequent in highly co-morbid elderly patients, and, although general morbidity rates after D2 and D1 lymphadenectomy were similar (29.9% and 33.2%, respectively), they increased following D2 in highly co-morbid elderly patients (39.6%). D2-lymphadenectomy significantly improved 5-year OS and DSS (48.0% vs. 37.6% in D1, p < 0.001 and 72.6% vs. 58.1% in D1, p < 0.001, respectively) in all patients. In elderly patients, this benefit was present only in 5-year DSS. D2 nodal dissection induced better 5-year OS and DSS rates in elderly patients with positive nodes (29.7% vs. 21.2% in D1, p = 0.008 and 47.5% vs. 30.6% in D1, p = 0.001, respectively), although it was present only in DSS when highly co-morbid elderly patients were considered. CONCLUSION: Extended lymphadenectomy confirmed better survival rates in gastric cancer patients. Due to high postoperative complication rate and no significant improvement of the OS, D1 lymphadenectomy should be considered in elderly and/or highly co-morbid gastric cancer patients.

En bloc resections of bone tumors of the thoracolumbar spine. A preliminary report on 29 patients.

STUDY DESIGN: Twenty-nine patients with primary bone tumors and solitary metastases of the thoracolumbar spine treated with en bloc resection are reviewed retrospectively. OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the possibility to apply in the spine the same principles of surgical oncology adopted for primary bone tumors of the limbs. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The surgical oncologic staging systems currently applied in limb tumor surgery are difficult to apply to spinal tumors. The anatomic conditions make extralesional surgery difficult or impossible, which has restrained a more common use of resection surgery in the spine. Focus is put on a new surgical staging system and en bloc vertebral resection. METHODS: Twenty-five primary malignant and aggressive benign bone tumors and four solitary metastases were treated. The patients were submitted to oncologic and surgical staging for surgical planning. The primary tumors were classified according to Enneking system: three Stage IA, six Stage IB, eight Stage IIB, eight Stage 3 benign. Staging according to the Weinstein-Boriani-Biagini system was also done. Thirteen lesions involved the vertebral body; nine lesions developed in the posterior arch, or part of it, and seven lesions occupied part of the body and part of the arch. A careful anesthesiologic evaluation was performed as well as a continuous intraoperative on-line monitoring of the vital parameters. The en bloc resections (multisegmental in five patients) were performed in 10 thoracic, in 16 lumbar, in two thoracolumbar lesions, and in one lumbosacral lesion. Reconstruction was performed, aiming to replace the resected columns. The specimens were submitted to histologic study of the margins. All the patients were followed, and their status was defined on clinical and imaging studies. RESULTS: In 20 patients, a wide margin was achieved, in eight a marginal margin, in one an intralesional margin. The margin was contaminated in seven patients. Surgical time was 3-21 hours (average, 12 hours). No patient died during surgery or from surgical complications. Three mechanical failures of the implants required additional surgery. One deep infection arose. The only neurologic problems observed were related to the nerve roots sectioned for oncologic purpose. No local recurrence was found at follow-up evaluation after 6-134 months (average, 30 months). CONCLUSIONS: En bloc resection can be performed in selected tumors of the spine; the indication to such major surgery must be based on the oncologic stage, and the procedure must be carefully planned. For this purpose, the Weinstein-Boriani-Biagini system could be a helpful tool. Long-term results must be weighed before a definitive statement of the indications can be made.

Role of intensive therapy in liver transplant recipients: experience in blood purification and biosynthetic techniques.

The severity of the clinical situation for patients awaiting liver transplant depends on the conditions induced by the liver disease, which trigger a series of extrahepatic system alterations requiring prompt correction to improve the patient's preoperative condition. In the pre-terminal stage of liver cirrhosis, the patient's general condition is partly due to toxemia caused by loss of blood purification functions and also to liver synthetic deficits. In this study we describe our experience with extracorporeal support techniques, both from the blood purification standpoint and from biosynthesis. This experience represents an historic overview of the techniques involved in for construction of an "artificial liver." The aim of this work was to provide a summary of our clinical findings and current methods in extracorporeal liver support with the goal of improving the clinical status potential transplant patients.

Primary bone tumors of the spine: a survey of the evaluation and treatment at the Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli.

The experience at Istituto Rizzoli with 366 primary bone tumors of the spine focuses on the criteria for planning and treatment. An accurate preoperative evaluation by standard radiograph, computerized tomography scan, and magnetic resonance imaging allow the classification of benign lesions as latent (not requiring treatment), active (curettage), or aggressive (curettage plus adjuvants or marginal resection). The malignant lesions are classified as intracompartmental or extracompartmental (both low and high grade). Wide resection is attempted, but seldom is feasible. An angiographic study of the spinal cord is compulsory for lesions located in the thoracolumbar region. The value of embolization is enhanced, primarily in highly vascular lesions. An accurate preoperative study of the vital parameters of the patient, together with a continuous intraoperative monitoring, is mandatory.

The gamma nail and the compression-sliding plate in the treatment of pertrochanteric fractures: anesthesiologic aspects.

The authors compare the results obtained in a group of 100 patients submitted to pertrochanteric osteosynthesis during the year 1991 (50 with a gamma nail and 50 with a compression-sliding plate) based on parameters of anesthesiology. The same type of anesthesiology was used in all 100 of the patients, as similar were the general clinical conditions of the patients, ASA classification, and the mean value of preoperative hemoglobin. The gamma nail proved to be preferable in terms of a shorter amount of time required for surgery, a minor loss of blood intra and postoperatively, and minor incidence of complications.

Major vertebral surgery: intra- and postoperative anaesthesia-related problems.

A personal experience concerning vertebral excision and resection in a single stage for neoplasm is discussed. The surgery requires anaesthesia of long duration, hemodynamic stability, compensation of significant blood loss, monitoring of heat loss, maintenance without injury of prolonged prone position. Experience, with 24 cases lasting an average of 14.5 hours proves that inhalation or intravenous anaesthesia with a strong analgesic component is satisfactory. Normal heat saving systems reduce intraoperative hypothermia. Transfusion is always abundant, autologous contribution is moderate. Hemodilution is well-tolerated up to Hb 7%; below this amount there may be problems of a hemodynamic and coagulative nature. The quantity and quality of filling is guided by monitoring of pre-loading pressures and availability of oxygen. There were no critical complications; all of the patients left the hospital in good condition.

Anesthesia and perioperative treatment in large resections of the pelvic girdle.

The authors examine 24 patients submitted to resection of the pelvic girdle in neoplastic pathology, illustrating the perioperative anesthesiologic procedures used. Sudden variations in blood and plasma volume and increasing hypothermia constitute the main problems. The prevention of hypothermia and continuous invasive monitoring of hemodynamic parameters and of oxygen saturation in mixed venous blood (SvO2) are of primary importance.