Video-Based Stop the Bleed Training: A New Era in Education.

INTRODUCTION: Uncontrolled bleeding is a leading cause of preventable death. The "Stop the Bleed" (StB) program trains laypersons in hemorrhage control. This study evaluated the efficacy of video-based StB training. METHODS: Participants watched two different videos: a didactic video (DdV) and a technical video (TeV) demonstrating proper techniques for StB skills (i.e., direct pressure [DP], wound packing [WP], and tourniquet application [TA]). Then, they completed a standardized skills examination (SE). Participants were surveyed at three different time points (baseline, post-DdV, and post-SE) for comparison. We compared paired categorical and continuous variables with the McNemar-Bowker test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test, respectively. Alpha was set at 0.05. RESULTS: One hundred six participants were enrolled: 52% were female and the median age was 23 y (22, 24). At baseline, 29%, 8%, and 13% reported being somewhat or extremely confident with DP, WP, and TA, respectively. These percentages increased to 92%, 79%, and 76%, respectively, after the DdV (all, P < 0.0001). After the TeV and SE, percentages increased further to 100%, 96%, and 100% (all, P < 0.0001). During the SE, 96%, 99%, and 89% of participants were able to perform DP, WP, and TA without prompting. Among participants, 98% agreed that the video course was effective and 79% agreed that the DdV and TeV were engaging. CONCLUSIONS: We describe a novel paradigm of video-based StB learning combined with an in-person, standardized SE. Confidence scores in performing the three crucial StB tasks increased significantly during and after course completion. Through remote learning, StB could be disseminated more widely.

Anti-complement C5 therapy with eculizumab in three cases of critical COVID-19.

Respiratory failure and acute kidney injury (AKI) are associated with high mortality in SARS-CoV-2-associated Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). These manifestations are linked to a hypercoaguable, pro-inflammatory state with persistent, systemic complement activation. Three critical COVID-19 patients recalcitrant to multiple interventions had skin biopsies documenting deposition of the terminal complement component C5b-9, the lectin complement pathway enzyme MASP2, and C4d in microvascular endothelium. Administration of anti-C5 monoclonal antibody eculizumab led to a marked decline in D-dimers and neutrophil counts in all three cases, and normalization of liver functions and creatinine in two. One patient with severe heart failure and AKI had a complete remission. The other two individuals had partial remissions, one with resolution of his AKI but ultimately succumbing to respiratory failure, and another with a significant decline in FiO2 requirements, but persistent renal failure. In conclusion, anti-complement therapy may be beneficial in at least some patients with critical COVID-19.

Screening Chest CT Prior to Allogenic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation.

Pulmonary complications constitute a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the post-allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT) period. Although chest X-ray (CXR) is customarily used for screening, we have used chest computed tomography (CT) scans. To characterize the prevalence of abnormalities and explore their impact on alloHSCT eligibility and outcomes post-transplantation, we conducted a retrospective analysis using real-world data collected at our center for adult patients who were evaluated for alloHSCT between January 2013 and December 2020 and identified 511 eligible patients. The most common primary disease was acute myeloid leukemia, in 49% of patients, followed by myelodysplastic syndrome (23%), lymphoma (11%), and acute lymphocytic leukemia (10%). Abnormal screening chest CT results were found in 199 patients (39%). The most frequent detected abnormality was pulmonary nodule, in 78 patients (35%), followed by consolidation in 42 (19%), ground-glass opacification in 33 (15%), bronchitis and bronchiolitis in 25 (11%), pleural effusions in 14 (6%), and new primary cancer in 7 (2%). CXR detected abnormalities in only approximately one-half of the patients (48%) with an abnormal chest CT scan. Among the 199 patients with an abnormal chest CT scan, 98 (49%) underwent further assessment and/or intervention before transplantation. The most common workup was pulmonary consultation in 32%, followed by infectious diseases consultation in 24%. Lung biopsy was obtained in 20%, and antimicrobial therapy was initiated after confirming an infection diagnosis in 20%. Patients with an abnormal chest CT scan demonstrated worse overall survival (P = .032), nonrelapse mortality (P = .015), and pulmonary-related mortality (P < .001) compared to those with a normal chest CT scan. Our study suggests that pretransplantation screening chest CT is beneficial in uncovering invasive infections and underlying malignancies and allows for appropriate interventions before alloHSCT to prevent potentially serious post-transplantation complications without causing a delay in alloHSCT. Nevertheless, abnormal CT findings prior to transplantation may be associated with overall worse prognosis.

Incidence, significance, and persistence of human coronavirus infection in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.

Hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients are at increased risk of respiratory viral infections and their associated complications. Unlike other respiratory viruses, little is known about the clinical significance of human coronavirus infection (HCoV) in this population. We retrospectively identified all HSCT recipients who were transplanted between May 2013 and June 2017 at our institution and characterized the cumulative incidence of post-transplant HCoV infection. Of 678 patients who underwent HSCT during the study period, 112 (17%) developed HCoV infection, making HCoV the fourth most common respiratory viral infection. Thirty-four (30%) HCoV-infected patients progressed to proven or probable lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI). Age ≥50, graft-versus-host disease, corticosteroids, hypoalbuminemia, and inpatient status at the time of infection were independently associated with progression to LRTI. Twenty-seven (59%) patients who underwent repeat NP swab had persistent viral shedding for ≥21 days, with a median duration of 4 weeks of viral shedding. We conclude that HCoV is common and clinically significant in HSCT recipients, with nearly one-third of patients progressing to proven or probable LRTI. Evaluating for LRTI risk factors found in this study may identify patients who require closer surveillance and aggressive supportive care when infected with HCoV.

Pulmonary Nocardiosis in the Immunocompetent Host: Case Series.

Pulmonary nocardiosis is commonly recognized as an opportunistic infection in patients with predisposing immunosuppressive conditions. However, reports of pulmonary nocardiosis in the immunocompetent host are rare. Here, we report a case series of four patients with pulmonary nocardiosis without a predisposing condition.

Clinical and molecular epidemiology of human rhinovirus infections in patients with hematologic malignancy.

BACKGROUND: Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are common causes of upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) in hematologic malignancy (HM) patients. Predictors of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) including the impact of HRV species and types are poorly understood. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to describe the clinical and molecular epidemiology of HRV infections among HM patients. STUDY DESIGN: From April 2012-March 2013, HRV-positive respiratory specimens from symptomatic HM patients were molecularly characterized by analysis of partial viral protein 1 (VP1) or VP4 gene sequence. HRV LRTI risk-factors and outcomes were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: One hundred and ten HM patients presented with HRV URTI (n=78) and HRV LRTI (n=32). Hypoalbuminemia (OR 3.0; 95% CI, 1.0-9.2; p=0.05) was independently associated with LRTI, but other clinical and laboratory markers of host immunity did not differ between patients with URTI versus LRTI. Detection of bacterial co-pathogens was common in LRTI cases (25%). Among 92 typeable respiratory specimens, there were 58 (64%) HRV-As, 12 (13%) HRV-Bs, and 21 (23%) HRV-Cs, and one Enterovirus 68. LRTI rates among HRV-A (29%), HRV-B (17%), and HRV-C (29%) were similar. HRV-A infections occurred year-round while HRV-B and HRV-C infections clustered in the late fall and winter. CONCLUSIONS: HRVs are associated with LRTI in HM patients. Illness severity is not attributable to specific HRV species or types. The frequent detection of bacterial co-pathogens in HRV LRTIs further substantiates the hypothesis that HRVs predispose to bacterial superinfection of the lower airways, similar to that of other community-acquired respiratory viruses.

Improved visualization of tubes and lines in portable intensive care unit radiographs: a study comparing a new approach to the standard approach.

Tube and line interpretation in portable chest radiographs was assessed using a new visualization method. When using the new method, radiologists' interpretation time was reduced by 30% vs. standard modality processing and window and level (23 vs. 33 s). For pulmonary ICU physicians, reading time was essentially unchanged. There was more than a 50% reduction in the use of inferential language in the dictation for both reader groups when using the new method, suggesting greater interpretation confidence.