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BACKGROUND: Previous reviews explored the association between maternal use of folic acid and multivitamin supplements and risk of neural tube defect (NTD) in children, with no definitive conclusion. These reviews had produced contradictory results, and there had been no umbrella review. Therefore, the objective of this umbrella review is to combine the inconsistent data on the effect of prenatal folic acid and/or multivitamin supplementation for the prevention of NTD in offspring. METHODS: Using the PRISMA guideline, PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Sciences, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Scopus, and Google Scholar reported that the effects of folic acid and/or multivitamin supplementation for the prevention of NTD in offspring were searched. The quality of the included studies was assessed using Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR). A weighted inverse variance random-effects model was applied to find the pooled estimates. The subgroup analysis, heterogeneity, publication bias, and sensitivity analysis were also assessed. RESULT: Ten SRM with 296,816 study participants were included. The random-effects model analysis from 10 included systematic review and meta-analysis revealed that the pooled effect of either folic acid or multivitamin supplementation for the prevention of NTD globally is found to be 0.43 (95% CI: 0.29, 0.58) (I2 = 93.50%; p ≤0.001). In the subgroup analysis, the pooled effect was found to be 0.23 (0.09, 0.37) in folic acid group, while this estimate is 0.63 (0.53, 0.72) and 0.61 (0.46, 0.75) in groups who took multivitamin. The pooled effect of prevention of NTD was found to be 0.50 (0.34, 0.66) in SRMs aimed at occurrence prevention (primary prevention) group, while this estimate is 0.20 (-0.01, 0.41) among SRMs, which aimed at reoccurrence (secondary) prevention, and 0.61 (0.46, 0.75) among those SRMs aimed to assess the effect folic acid or multivitamin for the prevention of both occurrence and reoccurrence. The pooled effect of either folic acid or multivitamin supplementation for the prevention of NTD was found to be 0.45 (0.03, 0.87) in SRMs of observational studies, while this estimate is 0.43 (0.32, 0.54) among SRMs of randomized controlled trials. CONCLUSION: This umbrella review of systematic review and meta-analysis found that prenatal folic acid and/or multivitamin supplementation was associated with a 57% reduction in NTD. Participants who took folic acid supplementation were associated with a slightly higher (77%) percentage of reduction in NTD compared with those who took multivitamin (37%). Reductions of 80% and 50% were observed for reoccurrence and occurrence prevention of NTD. Reductions of 57% and 55% of NTD have been found in SRM of RCTs and observational studies. This umbrella review revealed that both folic acid and multivitamin were associated with significantly lower levels of NTD in children. Considering the incorporation of those supplements in NTD prevention strategies during the preconception period is recommended. More large-scale prospective cohort and RCTs are needed to understand the protective effect of multivitamins and/or folic acid on NTD risk addressing the molecular mechanisms and to determine the optimal dose, duration, and timing of maternal multivitamin and folic acid intake for best child NTD risk reduction.
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BACKGROUND: Neonatal jaundice is a significant contributor to illness and death in newborns, leading to frequent admissions to neonatal intensive care units. To better understand this issue, a study was conducted to identify the factors contributing to neonatal jaundice among newborns admitted to Dessie and Woldia comprehensive specialized hospitals in northeast Ethiopia. METHODS: The study took place from April 1 to May 30, 2022, using unmatched case-control design. A total of 320 neonates paired with their mothers were involved, including 64 cases and 256 controls. Data were collected through a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire and a review of medical records. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS Version 23, and a multivariate logistic regression model was employed to understand the relationship between independent factors and the occurrence of neonatal jaundice. Statistical significance was determined at a threshold of P value less than 0.05. RESULTS: The study findings revealed that maternal age over 35 years, residing in urban areas [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.4, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.23, 4.82], male gender (AOR = 4.3, 95% CI: 1.90, 9.74), prematurity (AOR = 3.9, 95% CI: 1.88, 8.09), and ABO incompatibility (AOR = 2.6, 95% CI: 1.16, 5.96) were significant determinants of neonatal jaundice. Conversely, the study indicated that cesarean birth was associated with a 76% lower likelihood of infant jaundice compared to vaginal delivery (AOR = 0.24, 95% CI: 0.08, 0.72). CONCLUSION: To prevent, diagnose, and treat neonatal jaundice effectively, efforts should primarily focus on managing ABO incompatibility and early detection of prematurity. Additionally, special attention should be given to neonates born through vaginal delivery, those with mothers over 35 years old, and those residing in urban areas, as they are at higher risk of developing newborn jaundice. Close monitoring of high-risk mother-infant pairs during the antenatal and postnatal periods, along with early intervention, is crucial for reducing the severity of neonatal jaundice in this study setting.
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Ictericia Neonatal , Ictericia , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Humanos , Masculino , Embarazo , Femenino , Adulto , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Etiopía/epidemiología , Ictericia Neonatal/epidemiología , Ictericia Neonatal/terapia , Recien Nacido Prematuro , Hospitales , Derivación y ConsultaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Adverse birth outcomes, including preterm birth, low birth weight, and stillbirth, remain a major global health challenge, particularly in developing regions. Understanding the possible risk factors is crucial for designing effective interventions for birth outcomes. Accordingly, this study aimed to develop a predictive model for adverse birth outcomes among childbearing women in Sub-Saharan Africa using advanced machine learning techniques. Additionally, this study aimed to employ a novel data science interpretability techniques to identify the key risk factors and quantify the impact of each feature on the model prediction. METHODS: The study population involved women of childbearing age from 26 Sub-Saharan African countries who had given birth within five years before the data collection, totaling 139,659 participants. Our data source was a recent Demographic Health Survey (DHS). We utilized various data balancing techniques. Ten advanced machine learning algorithms were employed, with the dataset split into 80% training and 20% testing sets. Model evaluation was conducted using various performance metrics, along with hyperparameter optimization. Association rule mining and SHAP analysis were employed to enhance model interpretability. RESULTS: Based on our findings, about 28.59% (95% CI: 28.36, 28.83) of childbearing women in Sub-Saharan Africa experienced adverse birth outcomes. After repeated experimentation and evaluation, the random forest model emerged as the top-performing machine learning algorithm, with an AUC of 0.95 and an accuracy of 88.0%. The key risk factors identified were home deliveries, lack of prenatal iron supplementation, fewer than four antenatal care (ANC) visits, short and long delivery intervals, unwanted pregnancy, primiparous mothers, and geographic location in the West African region. CONCLUSION: The region continues to face persistent adverse birth outcomes, emphasizing the urgent need for increased attention and action. Encouragingly, advanced machine learning methods, particularly the random forest algorithm, have uncovered crucial insights that can guide targeted actions. Specifically, the analysis identifies risky groups, including first-time mothers, women with short or long birth intervals, and those with unwanted pregnancies. To address the needs of these high-risk women, the researchers recommend immediately providing iron supplements, scheduling comprehensive prenatal care, and strongly encouraging facility-based deliveries or skilled birth attendance.
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Aprendizaje Automático , Resultado del Embarazo , Humanos , Femenino , Embarazo , África del Sur del Sahara/epidemiología , Adulto , Adulto Joven , Resultado del Embarazo/epidemiología , Nacimiento Prematuro/epidemiología , Factores de Riesgo , Adolescente , Recién Nacido , Mortinato/epidemiología , Recién Nacido de Bajo PesoRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Non-pneumatic Anti-Shock Garment (NASG) is a lightweight, reusable first aid compression device that squeezes blood from the lower extremities and centralizes blood circulation to vital organs of the body. Postpartum hemorrhage followed by severe preeclampsia/eclampsia is the leading primary cause of maternal death (A reduction in extreme maternal adverse outcomes and faster recovery from shock are more likely to occur with earlier NASG intervention. The median blood loss reduced by half when the NASG was used for obstetric hemorrhage management, which was associated with significantly reduced maternal mortality among the most severe cases. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the pooled prevalence of NASG utilization and its predictors in Ethiopia. METHODS: Appropriate and comprehensive searches of PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Google Scholar, HINARI, and Scopus were performed. The electronic literature search was last performed on November 18/2023. All observational study designs were eligible for this SRMA. All cross sectional studies reporting the prevalence/proportion of NASG utilization for obstetric hemorrhage management among obstetric care providers and associated factors were included in this SRMA. Primary studies lacking the outcome of interest were excluded from the SRMA. The extracted Microsoft Excel spreadsheet data were imported into STATA software version 17 (STATA Corporation, Texas, USA) for analysis. A random-effects model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence of NASG utilization among obstetric care providers in Ethiopia. The Cochrane Q-test and I2 statistics were computed to assess the heterogeneity among the studies included in the SRMA. RESULT: A total of 1623 articles were found by using our search strategies and seven studies comprising 2335 participants were ultimately included in the SRMA. The pooled prevalence of NASG utilization for obstetric hemorrhage in Ethiopia was 43.34% (95% CI: 35.25, 51.42%). The findings of this subgroup analysis by sample size showed that the pooled prevalence of NASG utilization for obstetric hemorrhage was greater in studies with sample sizes of less than the mean sample size (48.6%; 95% CI: 32.34, 64.86%). Receiving training (AOR = 3.88, 95% CI: 2.08-5.37), having good knowledge (AOR = 1.99, 95% CI: 1.28-3.16), positive attitude (AOR = 2.16, 95% CI: 1.62-2.75) and having available NASGs in the facility (AOR = 4.89, 95%CI: 2.88-8.32) were significantly associated with the use of NASGs for obstetric hemorrhage management. CONCLUSION: The level of NASG utilization for obstetric hemorrhage in Ethiopia is low. Receiving training, good knowledge, positive attitudes and availability of NASG were significantly associated with the utilization of NASG. Therefore, policy makers and other stakeholders should emphasize enhancing the knowledge and attitudes of obstetric care providers through continuous support and training. At the same time, they should work strictly in providing devices for all the health facilities.
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Hemorragia Posparto , Humanos , Etiopía/epidemiología , Femenino , Embarazo , Hemorragia Posparto/terapia , Hemorragia Posparto/epidemiología , Primeros Auxilios/métodos , Personal de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto , VestuarioRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The implementation of Electronic Health Record (EHR) systems is a critical challenge, particularly in low-income countries, where behavioral intention plays a crucial role. To address this issue, we conducted a study to extend and apply the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology 3 (UTAUT3) model in predicting health professionals' behavioral intention to use EHR systems. METHODS: A quantitative research approach was employed among 423 health professionals in Southwest Ethiopia. We assessed the validity of the proposed model through measurement and structural model statistics. Analysis was done using SPSS AMOS version 23. Hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis, and mediation and moderation effects were evaluated. The associations between exogenous and endogenous variables were examined using standardized regression coefficients (ß), 95% confidence intervals, and p-values, with a significance level of p-value < 0.05. RESULTS: The proposed model outperformed previous UTAUT models, explaining 84.5% (squared multiple correlations (R2) = 0.845) of the variance in behavioral intention to use EHR systems. Personal innovativeness (ß = 0.215, p-value < 0.018), performance expectancy (ß = 0.245, p-value < 0.001), and attitude (ß = 0.611, p-value < 0.001) showed significant associations to use EHR systems. Mediation analysis revealed that performance expectancy, hedonic motivation, and technology anxiety had significant indirect effects on behavioral intention. Furthermore, moderation analysis indicated that gender moderated the association between social influence, personal innovativeness, and behavioral intention. CONCLUSION: The extended UTAUT3 model accurately predicts health professionals' intention to use EHR systems and provides a valuable framework for understanding technology acceptance in healthcare. We recommend that digital health implementers and concerned bodies consider the comprehensive range of direct, indirect, and moderating effects. By addressing personal innovativeness, performance expectancy, attitude, hedonic motivation, technology anxiety, and the gender-specific impact of social influence, interventions can effectively enhance behavioral intention toward EHR systems. It is crucial to design gender-specific interventions that address the differences in social influence and personal innovativeness between males and females.
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Registros Electrónicos de Salud , Intención , Humanos , Femenino , Etiopía , Masculino , Adulto , Actitud del Personal de Salud , Personal de Salud/psicología , Personal de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Persona de Mediana Edad , Actitud hacia los ComputadoresRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Nurses with reduced work ability had a high risk of disability pension, sickness absences, retirement intention, and leave their job and profession early. Nurses frequently suffer from job related stress, occupational fatigue and sleep problems, which can further compromise their work ability. AIMS OF THE STUDY: The aim of this study was to assess perceived work ability and its associated factors among nurses working in the Northwest of Amhara regional state Referral Hospitals, Northwest Ethiopia, 2022. METHODS: A multicenter, an institutional based, cross-sectional study was conducted among 410 nurses working in five selected Referral hospitals, found in the Northwest of Amhara regional state, Northwest Ethiopia, 2022. The data were collected using a structured, self-administered questionnaire and entered using Epi info version 7.2.5 software, analyzed using SPSS version 25. Summary statistics (median or IQR for continuous data and frequency and percentage for categorical variables) were used. The ordinal logistic regression was used to assess' the presence of association between dependent and independent variables. RESULTS: The findings of this study revealed that 59.0% of nurses had poor level of work ability, whereas 34.4% and 6.6% of nurses had sub-optimal and optimal level of work ability respectively. Multivariable ordinal logistic regression revealed that being male [AOR = 2.43; 95% CI (1.52, 3.91)], being BSC nurse [AOR = 0.21; 95% CI (0.08, 0.51)], nurses who had poor sleep quality [AOR = 0.34; 95% CI (0.12, 0.98)] and nurses who had chronic disease [AOR = 0.18; 95% CI (0.08, 0.41)] were significantly associated with nurses' level of work ability, p-value < 0.05. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, the prevalence of poor level of work ability among nurses was high. Nurses with a female sex, nurses who had chronic disease, BSC holders and nurses who had poor sleep quality had a poor level of work ability. The federal Minister of health and the study hospitals collaborative with concerned stakeholders to design strategies to enhance work ability among nurses.
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Hospitales , Enfermeras y Enfermeros , Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Etiopía/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Derivación y ConsultaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Despite several strategies exist for anemia prevention and control, it has been the major public health important problem in the world. Numerous immediate and long-term health issues were reported in children who have history of anemia including decreased work productivity in adult hood period. Although analyzing data on burden and risk factors of anemia are the recommended action areas of World Health Organization framework for accelerating anemia reduction, the aggregated national burden and contributors of anemia in Ethiopia has not been determined so far. There for, this systematic and meta-analysis study is aimed to assess the pooled prevalence and associated factors of anemia among children aged 6-23 months in Ethiopia. METHODS: The electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, Web of Science, Science Direct, Google scholar and institutional repositories were searched using search terms. The studies that reported the prevalence and/or risk factors of anemia in children 6-23 months of age were included. The JBI quality assessment tool was used to evaluate the quality of each study. The data was extracted with Microsoft Excel, 2019 and analyzed with STATA 17.0 statistical software. A random effect model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence of anemia and its associated factors. The Cochrane Q-test statistics and I2 test were used to measure heterogeneity between the included studies. Furthermore, publication bias was examined using the funnel plot graph and statistical tests (Egger's and begg tests). Outliers also visualized using Galbraith plot. When necessary, sensitivity analysis was also employed to detect small study effect. RESULT: Ten studies with a total population of 14, 733 were included for analysis. The pooled prevalence of anemia among children aged 6-23 months of age in Ethiopia was found to be 57.76% (95%CI; 51.61-63.91; I2 = 97.192%; p < 0.001). Having history of diarrhea AOR = 2.44 (95%CI: 1.03-3.85), being stunted AOR = 2.00 (95%CI: 1.38-2.61), living in food insecure house hold AOR = 2.08 (95%CI: 1.10-3.07), consuming less diversified food AOR = 2.73 (95%CI: 2.06-3.39) and being 6-11 months of age AOR = 1.59 (95%CI: 1.23-1.95) were associated with anemia. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION: The prevalence of anemia is in the range of severe public health problem among children aged 6-23 months in Ethiopia. Diarrhea, stunting, house hold food insecurity, dietary diversity, and age were the predictors of anemia. Further, prospective cohort and random controlled trial studies are recommended. Further, random controlled trial especially effectiveness of nutritional education interventions trial is important. To reduce prevalence of anemia, strengthening diarrhea reduction program, securing household food insecurity, preventing stunting, giving special attention for infants age 6-11 months and encouraging food diversification are important.
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Anemia , Lactante , Humanos , Niño , Etiopía/epidemiología , Prevalencia , Estudios Prospectivos , Anemia/epidemiología , Diarrea , Trastornos del CrecimientoRESUMEN
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of stunting and identify factors associated with it among adolescent girls in Ethiopia. DESIGN AND METHODS: From 15,683 women participants of the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS), a sub-sample of 3,498 adolescents aged 15-19 years were selected; from which 2,733 adolescents who had a complete response to all variables of interest were retained for analysis. Variables were selected using conceptual framework. We used height-for-age Z-score index (HAZ) growth standards less than -2 to identify stunting. We adjusted for weights and sampling design. Bivariable and multivariable regression analysis was carried out. RESULTS: The prevalence of stunting was 410(15%); comprising of 353 (12.9%) moderate and 57(2.2%) severe stunting cases. The odds of being stunted among respondents living in Tigray (AOR = 3.38, 95%CI: 1.47, 7.79), Amhara (AOR = 2.66, 95%CI: 1.18, 6.012) and Addis Ababa (AOR = 4.24, 95%CI: 1.84, 9.79) were higher compared to respondents living in Dire-Dawa. Adolescent girls living in rural areas (AOR = 2.29, 95%CI: 1.10, 4.75) had higher odds of stunting compared to those living in urban areas. Adolescent girls from the lowest wealth quintile (AOR = 2.38, 95%CI: 1.56, 9.67) had higher odds of stunting compared to the highest wealth quintile. Respondents who have one child (AOR = 3.33, 95%CI: 5.78, 15.31), and two children (AOR = 4.01, 95% CI: 1.39, 7.73) had higher odds of being stunted compared to those who have no children. The odds of stunting among adolescent girls having no access to safe water supply (AOR = 3.17, 95% CI: 1.21-8.37) and having no access to hygienic toilet (AOR = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.17, 1.95) were higher compared to those having access to safe water supply and hygienic toilets respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The current study revealed that stunting is an important public health problem among adolescent girls in Ethiopia. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Health care workers should screen nutritional status of adolescent girls and assess the risk factors of stunting giving emphasis to adolescent girls living in rural areas, who are within the lowest wealth quintile, who have children, and those who have no access to safe water supply and have no access to hygienic toilets.
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Trastornos del Crecimiento , Adolescente , Adulto , Niño , Estudios Transversales , Etiopía/epidemiología , Femenino , Trastornos del Crecimiento/epidemiología , Humanos , Prevalencia , Factores Socioeconómicos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Intestinal parasitic infestations triggered considerable gastrointestinal morbidity, malnutrition, and mortality worldwide. In particular, young children in developing countries affected most. Helminthiasis infestation accounts for 10-20% of prevalence on preschool children worldwide. Unfortunately, small children below 5 years are uniquely susceptible to intestinal parasitic infestations in poor communities. This is because of children's behavior like playing with soil and putting hand -to- mouth habit. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and risk factors of intestinal parasitic infestations among preschool children in Sekota town, Ethiopia. METHODS: A community-based cross-sectional study was carried out on 378 preschool children in Sekota town from February 15 - March 10/2019. Stool specimens were collected and examined for intestinal parasites using wet mount and formal ether concentration technique. The risk factors of intestinal parasites were assessed using a pretested structured questionnaire. The data were entered and analyzed using Epi-data version 4.2.0.0 and SPSS-version 23 statistical software respectively. Both bivariable and multivariable analysis was carried out, and potential co-linearity was tested for closely similar variables. Variables with P value less than 0.05 in multivariable analysis was considered as statistically significant and reported with 95% CI and odds ratio. RESULTS: The prevalence of intestinal parasitic infestations in Sekota town on wet mount and formal ether concentration techniques was 83(21.9%), (95% CI, 17.7-26.3%) and 113(29.9%), (95% CI, 25.1-34.8%) respectively. In multivariable analysis, not taking medication as periodical deworming (AOR, 95% CI), (2.5, 1.5-4.3), presence of animals in the living room (AOR, 95% CI) (3.1, 1.8-5.3), and being a government employee as an occupation (AOR, 95% CI), (3.4, 1.1-10.0) were increasing the odds of intestinal parasitic infestations. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of intestinal parasitic infestations in Sekota town is high, which is a public health problem. The risk factors that contributed to intestinal parasitic infestations in this study were preventable and modifiable. Therefore, the concerned bodies need to emphasis on periodical deworming and keeping animals in separate room.
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Heces/parasitología , Parasitosis Intestinales/epidemiología , Preescolar , Estudios Transversales , Etiopía/epidemiología , Femenino , Higiene de las Manos , Humanos , Intestinos/parasitología , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo , Factores SocioeconómicosRESUMEN
Attrition rate is higher in developing nations and it leftovers a major obstacle to enhance the benefits of therapy and achieve the 90-90-90 plan targets. Despite this fact, data on the incidence and its predictors of attrition among human immune deficiency virus infected children on antiretroviral therapy are limited in developing countries including Ethiopia especially after the test and treat strategy implemented. This study aimed to assess the incidence and predictors of attrition among human immune deficiency virus infected children on antiretroviral therapy in Amhara Comprehensive Specialized Hospitals, Northwest Ethiopia. A retrospective follow-up study was conducted among 359 children on ART from June 14, 2014, to June 14, 2022. Study participants were selected using simple random sampling method and the data were collected using Kobo Toolbox software and analysis was done by STATA version 14. Both bi-variable and multivariable Cox regression models were fitted to ascertain predictors. Lastly, an AHR with a 95% CI was computed and variables with a p-value of < 0.05 were took an account statistically key predictors of attrition. The overall incidence of attrition rate was 9.8 (95% CI 7.9, 11.9) per 100 PYO. Children having baseline hemoglobin < 10 mg/dl (AHR 3.94; 95% CI 2.32, 6.7), suboptimal adherence (AHR 1.96; 95% CI 1.23, 3.13), baseline opportunistic infection (AHR 1.8; 95% CI 1.17, 2.96), and children who had experienced drug side effects (AHR 8.3; 95% CI 4.93, 13.84) were established to be a significant predictors of attrition. The attrition rate was relatively high. Decreased hemoglobin, suboptimal adherence, presence of drug side effects and baseline opportunistic infection were predictors of attrition. Therefore, it is crucial to detect and give special emphasis to those identified predictors promptly.
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Efectos Colaterales y Reacciones Adversas Relacionados con Medicamentos , Infecciones por VIH , Infecciones Oportunistas , Niño , Humanos , VIH , Estudios Retrospectivos , Etiopía/epidemiología , Estudios de Seguimiento , Incidencia , Infecciones por VIH/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por VIH/epidemiología , Hemoglobinas/farmacología , HospitalesRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Major adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are the leading causes of poor adherence, switching of drugs, morbidity, and mortality. A limited studies was conducted to investigate major ADR in developing countries including Ethiopia, and the purpose of this study was to assess the incidence and predictors of major ADRs among HIV-infected children receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) in West Amhara Comprehensive Specialized Hospitals, Northwest Ethiopia. METHODS: An institutional-based retrospective follow-up study was conducted among 460 children receiving ART from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2021. A simple random sampling technique was employed, and data were collected using Kobo Toolbox software and then deployed to STATA 14 for analysis. The Kaplan-Meier survival curve and the log-rank test were used to estimate and compare survival times. Both bivariable and multivariable Weibull regression models were fitted to identify predictors. Finally, an adjusted hazards ratio (AHR) with a 95% CI was computed, and variables with P < 0.05 were considered statistically significant predictors of major ADR. FINDINGS: The overall incidence rate of major ADRs was 5.8 (95% CI, 4.6-7.3) per 1000 child months. Being female (AHR, 2.71; 95% CI, 1.52-4.84), tuberculosis (TB)-HIV co-infection (AHR, 2.49; 95% CI, 1.32-4.68), World Health Organization stage (III and IV) (AHR, 2.52; 95% CI, 1.39-4.56), zidovudine-based (AHR, 2.84; 95% CI, 1.11-7.31), and stavudine-based (AHR, 5.96; 95% CI, 1.63-21.84) regimens were found to be significant predictors of major ADRs. IMPLICATIONS: The major ADR incidence rate was high. Health professionals should employ early screening and close follow-up for children with advanced World Health Organization clinical staging, females, those with TB-HIV co-infection, and those receiving stavudine- and zidovudine-based initial regimens to reduce the incidence of major ADRs.
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Coinfección , Infecciones por VIH , Tuberculosis , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Antirretrovirales/uso terapéutico , Coinfección/tratamiento farmacológico , Coinfección/epidemiología , Etiopía/epidemiología , Estudios de Seguimiento , VIH , Infecciones por VIH/tratamiento farmacológico , Hospitales , Incidencia , Estudios Retrospectivos , Estavudina/uso terapéutico , Tuberculosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Tuberculosis/epidemiología , Zidovudina/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Poor attachment, suckling, and positioning contribute to ineffective breastfeeding techniques. Poor weight gain, stunting, and decreased immunity are caused by insufficient breast milk intake owing to ineffective breastfeeding techniques. Numerous primary studies conducted in Ethiopia have revealed negative effects of ineffective breastfeeding techniques. However, inconsistencies have been observed among these studies, and no review has been conducted to report the amalgamated magnitude and associated factors. Therefore, this review aimed to estimate the national prevalence and factors associated with ineffective breastfeeding techniques in Ethiopia. METHODS: Using PRISMA standards, we systematically reviewed and meta-analyzed articles from PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar to investigate the prevalence and associated factors of ineffective breastfeeding techniques. Q and I2 tests were used to assess heterogeneity across studies. To evaluate the national prevalence and effect size of the linked covariates, a weighted inverse variance random-effects model was used. Subgroup analysis was performed based on the region, sample size, and year of publication. Funnel plots and Egger's regression tests were used to examine publication bias. A sensitivity analysis was also performed to determine the impact of the studies. RESULTS: The analysis included a total of eleven studies with 4,470 participants used in the analysis. The pooled prevalence of ineffective breastfeeding techniques in Ethiopia was 53.13% (45.49, 60.78) no formal education (AOR = 3.42; 95% CI:1.67-5.18; I2 = 72.2%; P = 0.0132), primipara (AOR = 2.72;95% CI:1.81-3.64; I2 = 46.7%; P = 0.131), postnatal care (PNC) (AOR = 1.84; 95% CI:1.35-2.32; I2 = 0%; P = 0.53), breastfeeding counseling (AOR = 1.93; 95% CI:1.23-2.63; I2 = 0%;P = 0.35), home delivery and having breast problem (AOR = 3.11; 95% CI:1.09-5.16; I2 = 0%;P = 0.877) and (AOR = 2.22; 95% CI:1.28-3.16; I2 = 0%;P = 0.80) respectively were significantly associated with ineffective breastfeeding techniques. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of ineffective breastfeeding techniques in Ethiopia remains high. Policymakers and program officials should focus on empowering women, increasing institutional delivery, and providing counseling on breastfeeding throughout the maternal continuum of care. These measures will improve breastfeeding techniques and lead to better health of both infants and women.
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Lactancia Materna , Madres , Lactancia Materna/estadística & datos numéricos , Etiopía/epidemiología , Humanos , Femenino , PrevalenciaRESUMEN
Background: The experience of war in recent time is very common around the world, and the impact is profound on the mental health of the victims, especially among the young population. The most implicated mental health problem is post-traumatic stress disorder, which comes after an exposure to trauma as a severe and long-term result of the traumatic event. Studies in developed countries revealed this finding, but there is insufficient information in developing countries, where much of war and conflict exist and young population live including Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aims to assess the prevalence and associated factors of post-traumatic stress disorder among high school students who experienced war. Objective: We assessed the prevalence and factors associated with post-traumatic stress disorder among high school students who experienced war. Methods: A multi-centered school base cross-sectional study was conducted from May 23 to June 08, 2022. Data were collected from high school students in Woldia town. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression was used to identify the independent factors associated with post-traumatic stress disorder. Results: A total of 338 of the 410 students participated in this study (94.5% response rate). The prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder was 39.2%. In the multivariable analysis, poor social support (AOR = 3.40, 95% CI: 1.45, 7.95), depression (AOR = 3.24, 95% CI: 1.69,6.21), high level of perceived stress (AOR = 2.98, 95% CI: 1.61, 5.50), being in war fighting situation (AOR = 2.85, 95% CI: 1.40, 5.78), and witnessing the murder of family members or friends (AOR = 3.05, 95% CI: 1.47, 6.32) were factors significantly associated with post-traumatic stress disorder at a p-value <0.05. Conclusions and recommendations: In this study, around two in five of high school students had post-traumatic stress disorder. Independent factors of PTSD were depression, high stress levels, poor social support, witnessing the murder of family members/friends, and being in war fighting situation. We recommend that the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Health collaborate to integrate mental health services into schools. This focuses on the early detection of students at risk of PTSD, such as those with depression, high perceived stress levels, and exposure to murder or war, and provides necessary social support to prevent PTSD.
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INTRODUCTION: Diarrhea is particularly prevalent in low-income or marginalized populations because these groups have less access to clean water sources, hygienic conditions, and healthcare. Dehydration due to electrolyte and fluid loss is the main cause of deaths associated with diarrhea. An especially important factor in this death from dehydration is the caregivers' knowledge, attitude, and diarrhea management techniques. While a number of research have been done on managing diarrhea at home, the results tend not to be consistent. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the pooled estimate of knowledge, attitude and practice of home-based management of diarrhea in East Africa. METHODS: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines was used to search articles from electronic databases (Cochrane library, Ovid platform (Medline, Embase, and Emcare), Google Scholar, CINAHL, PubMed, and institutional repositories in East Africa countries. The last search date was on 01/06/ 2023 Gregorian Calendar. The authors extracted year of publication, country, study design, knowledge level, attitude level and practice level of home-based management of diarrhea. A weighted inverse variance random-effects model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence of knowledge, attitude and practice of home-based management of diarrhea. Subgroup analysis was done by country, and sample size. Publication bias and sensitivity analysis were also done. RESULTS: A total of 19 articles with (n = 7470 participants) were included for the final analysis. From the random-effects model analysis, the pooled prevalence of good practice, good knowledge and favorable attitude towards home based management of diarrhea in East Africa was found to be 52.62% (95% CI: 45.32%, 59.92%) (95% CI: I2 = 78.3%; p < 0.001), 37.44% (95% CI: 26.99%, 47.89%) (95% CI: I2 = 89.2%; p < 0.001) and 63.05% (95% CI: 35.7%, 90.41%) (95% CI: I2 = 97.8%; p < 0.001) respectively. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The level of good knowledge, attitude and practice of home based management of diarrhea in East Africa is found to be low. A collaborative effort from different stakeholders to enhance the knowledge, attitude and practice is needed to tackle the burden of diarrhea and its consequences.
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Diarrea , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Diarrea/terapia , Diarrea/epidemiología , Humanos , África Oriental/epidemiología , Preescolar , Lactante , Cuidadores/psicologíaRESUMEN
In developing countries, one-quarter of young women have suffered from anemia. However, the available studies in Ethiopia have been usually used the traditional stastical methods. Therefore, this study aimed to employ multiple machine learning algorithms to identify the most effective model for the prediction of anemia among youth girls in Ethiopia. A total of 5642 weighted samples of young girls from the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey dataset were utilized. The data underwent preprocessing, with 80% of the observations used for training the model and 20% for testing. Eight machine learning algorithms were employed to build and compare models. The model performance was assessed using evaluation metrics in Python software. Various data balancing techniques were applied, and the Boruta algorithm was used to select the most relevant features. Besides, association rule mining was conducted using the Apriori algorithm in R software. The random forest classifier with an AUC value of 82% outperformed in predicting anemia among all the tested classifiers. Region, poor wealth index, no formal education, unimproved toilet facility, rural residence, not used contraceptive method, religion, age, no media exposure, occupation, and having more than 5 family size were the top attributes to predict anemia. Association rule mining was identified the top seven best rules that most frequently associated with anemia. The random forest classifier is the best for predicting anemia. Therefore, making it potentially valuable as decision-support tools for the relevant stakeholders and giving emphasis for the identified predictors could be an important intervention to halt anemia among youth girls.
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Algoritmos , Anemia , Humanos , Adolescente , Femenino , Etiopía/epidemiología , Aprendizaje Automático Supervisado , Programas Informáticos , Anemia/diagnóstico , Anemia/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Background: Although micronutrients (MNs) are important for children's growth and development, their intake has not received enough attention. MN deficiency is a significant public health problem, especially in developing countries like Ethiopia. However, there is a lack of empirical evidence using advanced statistical methods, such as machine learning. Therefore, this study aimed to use advanced supervised algorithms to predict the micronutrient intake status in Ethiopian children aged 6-23 months. Methods: A total weighted of 2,499 children aged 6-23 months from the Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey 2016 data set were utilized. The data underwent preprocessing, with 80% of the observations used for training and 20% for testing the model. Twelve machine learning algorithms were employed. To select best predictive model, their performance was assessed using different evaluation metrics in Python software. The Boruta algorithm was used to select the most relevant features. Besides, seven data balancing techniques and three hyper parameter tuning methods were employed. To determine the association between independent and targeted feature, association rule mining was conducted using the a priori algorithm in R software. Results: According to the 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey, out of 2,499 weighted children aged 12-23 months, 1,728 (69.15%) had MN intake. The random forest, catboost, and light gradient boosting algorithm outperformed in predicting MN intake status among all selected classifiers. Region, wealth index, place of delivery, mothers' occupation, child age, fathers' educational status, desire for more children, access to media exposure, religion, residence, and antenatal care (ANC) follow-up were the top attributes to predict MN intake. Association rule mining was identified the top seven best rules that most frequently associated with MN intake among children aged 6-23 months in Ethiopia. Conclusion: The random forest, catboost, and light gradient boosting algorithm achieved a highest performance and identifying the relevant predictors of MN intake. Therefore, policymakers and healthcare providers can develop targeted interventions to enhance the uptake of micronutrient supplementation among children. Customizing strategies based on identified association rules has the potential to improve child health outcomes and decrease the impact of micronutrient deficiencies in Ethiopia.
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Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common motor disability in childhood which causes a child's behavioral, feeding, and sleep difficulties. It remains a poorly studied health problem in Africa. The main aim of this study was assessing the pooled prevalence of Cerebral Palsy (CP) and its clinical characteristics in Africa context. Systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines to search articles from electronic databases (Cochrane library, Ovid platform) (Medline, Embase, and Emcare), Google Scholar, CINAHL, PubMed, Maternity and Infant Care Database (MIDIRS). The last search date was on 12/05/ 2023 G. C. A weighted inverse variance random-effects model was used to estimate the pooled estimates of cerebral palsy and its types. The subgroup analysis, publication bias and sensitivity analysis were done. Studies on prevalence and clinical characteristics of cerebral palsy were included. The primary and secondary outcomes were prevalence and clinical characteristics of cerebral palsy respectively. A total of 15 articles with (n = 498406 patients) were included for the final analysis. The pooled prevalence of cerebral palsy in Africa was found to be 3·34 (2·70, 3·98). The most common type is spastic cerebral palsy accounting 69·30% (66·76, 71·83) of all cases. The second one is quadriplegic cerebral palsy which was found to be 41·49% (33·16, 49·81). Ataxic cerebral palsy accounted 5·36% (3·22, 7·50). On the other hand, dyskinetic cerebral palsy was found to be 10.88% (6·26, 15·49). About 32·10% (19·25, 44.95) of cases were bilateral while 25·17% (16·84, 33·50) were unilateral. The incidence of cerebral palsy in Africa surpasses the reported rates in developed nations. Spastic and quadriplegic subtypes emerge as the most frequently observed. It is recommended to channel initiatives toward the strategic focus on preventive measures, early detection strategies, and comprehensive management protocols.
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ABSTRACT: Introduction: The global demand for intensive care has risen, given its effectiveness in lowering mortality rates. Mechanical ventilation (MV) is integral to intensive care but introduces risks such as ventilator-associated complications. Ethiopia experiences a high intensive care unit (ICU) mortality rate. Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to comprehensively synthesize evidence on the mortality of adults undergoing MV in Ethiopia and identify associated factors. Methods: The study extensively searched databases and gray literature for research on MV outcomes, trends, and associated factors in adult ICUs. Adhering to the 2020 PRISMA checklist, a systematic review and meta-analysis sought to establish the mortality rate and key determinants among adult ICU patients on MV. The search incorporated keywords and MeSH terms, excluding studies with unsound methodologies or missing data. Data extraction, quality assessment, and analysis followed established protocols, including the JBI tool for methodological quality evaluation. STATA version 17.0 facilitated analysis, assessing heterogeneity, publication bias, and performing sensitivity and meta-regression analyses. Results: The pooled mortality rate among adult ICU patients undergoing MV was 48.61% (95% CI: 40.82, 56.40%). Significant mortality-contributing factors included medical diagnosis, Glasgow Coma Scale score, sepsis/septic shock, sedation use, multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome, and cardiovascular disease. Although some pooled odds ratios seemed insignificant, closer examination revealed significant associations in individual studies. Conclusion : The study underscores the urgent need for further research, improved ICU infrastructure, and healthcare personnel training in Ethiopia to enhance outcomes for mechanically ventilated patients. Identified factors offer valuable insights for targeted interventions, guiding tailored treatment strategies to reduce mortality. This study contributes to understanding mortality and associated factors in MV patients, informing initiatives to improve critical care outcomes in Ethiopia.
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Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos , Respiración Artificial , Humanos , Etiopía/epidemiología , Mortalidad Hospitalaria , AdultoRESUMEN
Background: Despite anti-retroviral treatment coverage in resource-limited countries being highly appreciated, the occurrence of first-line virological failure remains a priority agenda. Therefore, this study serves as an input for evidence of virological failure among children. Objective: This study aimed to assess the incidence and predictors of virological failure among children receiving first-line anti-retroviral treatment in public comprehensive specialized hospitals found in Northeast Ethiopia through a retrospective follow-up study. Methods: A multicenter institution-based retrospective follow-up study was conducted on the medical records of 481 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children who were on first-line anti-retroviral therapy from 1 January 2017 to 31 December 2021. Data were retrieved from 15 May to 15 June 2022 at three public comprehensive specialized hospitals. Study participants were recruited using a simple random sampling technique. STATA-14 was used to analyze the data, which was entered using EpiData version 4.6.2.0. The Kaplan-Meier estimator was used to estimate the survival. Both bivariable and multivariable Cox regression models were fitted to identify predictors. Finally, adjusted hazards ratios (AHRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed, and variables with a P-value of <0.05 were considered statistically significant predictors of virological failure. Result: A total of 481 children records were included in the final analysis, with an observed follow-up period of 16,379 person-months. Among these, 60 (12.47%) had developed virological failure, resulting in an overall incidence density rate of 3.67 (95% CI; 2.84, 4.73) per 1000 person-month observations. The hazards of virological failure (VF) among children were found to be increased by being in recent WHO stages III and IV (AHR = 3.688; 95% CI: 1.449-6.388), poor adherence to anti-retroviral treatment (ART) (AHR = 3.506; 95% CI: 1.711-7.234), and living in a rural environment (AHR = 5.013; 95% CI: 1.958-8.351). Conversely, the hazard of VF was reduced by 60% when the age of caregivers was less than 40 years (AHR = 0.405; 0.003-0.449). Conclusion and recommendations: The incidence rate of virological failure was relatively high. Living in a rural area, poor adherence to ART, being in a recent advanced WHO clinical stage, and having a caregiver of 40 years of age or older were all independent predictors of virological failure in children. Patients or parents (caregivers) need to be aware of the importance of strictly adhering to treatment regimens to prevent virological failure.
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[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299384.].