RESUMEN
Salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) is an enzyme found in saliva and is considered a noninvasive biomarker for sympathetic nervous system activity. While a wide range of sAA activity in response to stress has been reported in nonhuman primates, the effects of stress on sAA activity in common marmosets are still unknown. We tested the hypothesis that advanced age and cognitive function may have an impact on stress-related sAA reactivity in marmosets. Thirteen marmosets (nine males and five females) had saliva samples collected during a stressful condition (manual restraint stress) at two different time points, with a 60-min interval. On the next day, the animals underwent the object recognition test (ORT, a type of cognitive test), and then oral examinations. The animals were categorized into two age groups: old (10-13 years), and very old (15-22 years). Irrespective of age, sAA levels showed a significant difference between T1 (mean 2.07 ± 0.86 U/mL) and T2 samples (mean 1.03 ± 0.67 U/mL), with higher values observed at T1 (p < 0.001). The intra-assay coefficients of variation (CV) for low and high sAA concentrations were 10.79% and 8.17%, respectively, while the interassay CVs for low and high sAA concentrations were 6.39% and 4.38%, respectively. Oral health issues were common but did not significantly impact sAA levels. The ORT indicated that the animals could recognize an object placed in the cage 6 h after familiarization. In conclusion, all marmosets showed a higher sAA concentration in the first saliva sample as compared to the second saliva sample collected 1 h later, indicating adaptation to stress. No significant differences in sAA levels were observed between sexes, ORT performance, or oral health. Our results indicate that autonomic responsivity and cognitive (memory) functions were preserved even in very old marmosets.
Asunto(s)
alfa-Amilasas Salivales , Masculino , Femenino , Animales , Callithrix , Salud Bucal , Saliva , Cognición , Estrés Psicológico , HidrocortisonaRESUMEN
The global use of noninvasive respiratory support provided by different supportive ventilation delivery methods (SVDMs) has increased, but the impact of these devices on the upper airway structures of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is not known. We aimed to compare the pharyngeal cross-sectional area during spontaneous breathing with four different SVDMs: intranasal masks, oronasal masks, high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC), and helmet in patients with ALS. We compared measures of the pharyngeal area during spontaneous breathing and SVDM use. The greatest increase was observed with intranasal mask use, followed by HFNC, oronasal mask, and helmet respectively. In conclusion, upper airway opening in patients with ALS is enhanced by positive pressure with intranasal masks and HFNC, showing promise for increasing pharyngeal patency. Future studies should explore its applicability and effectiveness in maintaining long-term pharyngeal patency, especially in this population with bulbar weakness.
RESUMEN
Objetivo: comportamento alimentar requer aperfeiçoamentoquanto à coordenação entre a mastigação, a respiração e adeglutição. No entanto, os detalhes desta interação não são totalmentecompreendidos. Neste estudo, analisaram-se os movimentos damastigação na presença e na ausência de respiração nasal normal.Método: cinco voluntários saudáveis participaram deste estudo. Movimentosda cabeça e da mandíbula foram registrados em três eixospor um sistema de captura de movimento, o Qualisys Motion CaptureSystem (Quaüsys AB, Suécia), em quatro condições experimentais:quando os participantes comiam goma (alimento mole/pegajoso)e castanha-de-caju (alimento duro), com e sem obstrução nasal. Astrajetórias dos referidos movimentos, bem como as suas velocidades,foram então analisadas com um software de computação de alto níveltécnico. Resultado: a partir da análise dos dados constatou-se queos movimentos mastigatórios foram afetados pela consistência dosalimentos (mole e duro) e o modo de respiração (nasal e bucal). Comparadocom o alimento mole, o alimento duro foi associado com maiorsequência mastigatória e com maior número de ciclos mastigatórios.Comparado com a respiração nasal, movimentos mastigatórios emrespiração bucal, mostraram uma sequência mastigatória mais curtae irregular e maior extensão dos movimentos de cabeça. A obstruçãonasal causou maiores mudanças na mastigação de alimentos duros doque na mastigação dos alimentos moles. Conclusão: estes resultadossugerem que mecanismos de retroalimentação sensoriais envolvidosno controle dos movimentos da mastigação podem ser moduladospelo modo da respiração.
Objective: feeding behavior requires tine-tuned coordinationbetween mastication, breathing, and swallowing. However, detailsof this interaction are not fully understood. In this study, we analyzedmasticatory movements in the presence or absence of normal nasalbreathing. Method: tive normal, healthy volunteers participated in thisstudy. Head and jaw movements were recorded in 3 axes bya motioncapturing system (Qualisys, SwedenJ in four experimental conditions:when the subjects ate either a soit gummy (soft/sticky foodJ or a cashewnut (hardjbriffle iood), with and without nasal obstruction. Trajectoriesof those movements, as well as their velocities, were then analyzedwith a high-Ievel technical computing software. Result: fram the dataanalysis it was found that masticatory movements were affected byfood consistency (soft vs. hardJ and mode of breathing (nasal vs. ora/).Compared with sott food, hard food was associated with longer chewingsequences and greater number of chewing cycles. Compared with nasalbreathing, masticatory movements in oral breathing showed shorter andirregular chewing sequences, and greater extent of head movements.Nasal obstruction caused greater changes in the chewing of hard foodthan sott food. Conclusion: these results suggest that sensory feedbackmechanisms involved in the contrai of masticatory movements may bemodulated by the mode of breathing.