Label recovery and label correlation co-learning for multi-view multi-label classification with incomplete labels.

Multi-view multi-label learning (MVML) is an important paradigm in machine learning, where each instance is represented by several heterogeneous views and associated with a set of class labels. However, label incompleteness and the ignorance of both the relationships among views and the correlations among labels will cause performance degradation in MVML algorithms. Accordingly, a novel method, label recovery and label correlation co-learning for M ulti-V iew M ulti-L abel classification with inco M plete L abels (MV2ML), is proposed in this paper. First, a label correlation-guided binary classifier kernel-based is constructed for each label. Then, we adopt the multi-kernel fusion method to effectively fuse the multi-view data by utilizing the individual and complementary information among multiple views and distinguishing the contribution difference of each view. Finally, we propose a collaborative learning strategy that considers the exploitation of asymmetric label correlations, the fusion of multi-view data, the recovery of incomplete label matrix and the construction of the classification model simultaneously. In such a way, the recovery of incomplete label matrix and the learning of label correlations interact and boost each other to guide the training of classifiers. Extensive experimental results demonstrate that MV2ML achieves highly competitive classification performance against state-of-the-art approaches on various real-world multi-view multi-label datasets in terms of six evaluation criteria.

Effects of photoperiod on nutrient digestibility, hair follicle activity and cashmere quality in Inner Mongolia white cashmere goats.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the effects of photoperiod on nutrient digestibility, hair follicle (HF) activity and cashmere quality in Inner Mongolia white cashmere goats. METHODS: Twenty-four female (non-pregnant) Inner Mongolia white cashmere goats aged 1 to 1.5 years old with similar live weights (mean, 20.36±2.63 kg) were randomly allocated into two groups: a natural daily photoperiod group (NDPP group:10 to 16 h light, n = 12) and a short daily photoperiod group (SDPP group: 7 h light:17 h dark, n = 12). All the goats were housed in individual pens and fed the same diets from May 15 to October 15, 2015. The digestibility of crude protein (CP), dry matter (DM), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were measured in different months, along with secondary hair follicle (SHF) activity, concentration of melatonin (MEL), and cashmere quality. RESULTS: Although there was no significant difference in the live weights of goats between the SDPP and NDPP groups (p>0.05), the CP digestibility of goats in the SDPP group was significantly increased compared to the NDPP group in July, September, and October (p<0.05). For the DM and NDF digestibility of goats, a significant increase (p<0.05) was found during in September in the SDPP group. Furthermore, compared to the NDPP group, the SHF activity in July, the MEL concentration in July, and the cashmere fiber length and fiber weight in October were significantly increased in the SDPP group (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The cashmere production of Inner Mongolia white cashmere goats was increased without obvious deleterious effects on the cashmere fibers in the SDPP group (metabolizable energy, 8.34 MJ/kg; CP, 11.16%; short daily photoperiod, 7 h light:17 h dark).

[Cell suspension examination versus histopathological technique in detecting sperm in the testis tissue of non-obstructive azoospermia patients undergoing testicular sperm aspiration].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical selection and application of cell suspension examination (CSE) or histopathological technique (HPT) in detecting sperm in the testis tissue obtained by testicular sperm aspiration (TESA) in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA). METHODS: Totally, 1 006 NOA patients underwent TESA and their testis tissues were subjected to CSE or HPT for sperm detection. Based on the results of CSE, the testicular tissue samples were divided into groups A (with sperm, n = 567) and B (without sperm, n = 439) and the results were compared with those of HPT. RESULTS: HPT showed 508 cases with but 59 without sperm in group A, and 403 with and 36 without sperm in group B. The consistency rate of CSE with that of HPT was 90.56% (Kappa =0.809), and CSE exhibited a significantly higher rate of sperm detection than HPT (56.36% vs 54.08%, P=0.023). CONCLUSIONS: CSE combined with HPT for detecting sperm in the testis tissue of NOA patients undergoing diagnostic TESA helps clinical diagnosis and treatment. The results of CSE have a decisive significance for assisted reproductive therapy, while those of HPT may provide some definite etiological evidence for drug therapy or surgery.

[Clinical analysis of 15 851 children at risk of inherited metabolic diseases].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the value of urine gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in the screening of children at risk of inherited metabolic diseases (IMD), and to identify the disease spectrum of IMD and the clinical characteristics of children with IMD. METHODS: The clinical data of 15 851 children at risk of IMD who underwent urine GC-MS in the Tianjin Children's Hospital between February 2012 and December 2016 were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: In the 15 851 children, 5 793 (36.55%) were detected to have metabolic disorders. A total of 117 (0.74%) children were confirmed to have IMD, including 77 cases of methylmalonic acidemia (65.8%). The clinical manifestations of confirmed cases in the neonatal period mainly included jaundice, metabolic acidosis, abnormal muscular tension, feeding difficulty, poor response, and lethargy or coma. The clinical manifestations of confirmed cases in the non-neonatal period mainly included delayed mental and motor development, metabolic acidosis, convulsion, recurrent vomiting, and anemia. CONCLUSIONS: GC-MS is an effective method for the screening for IMD in children at risk. Methylmalonic acidemia is the most common IMD. The clinical manifestations of IMD are different between the confirmed cases in the neonatal and non-neonatal periods.

Genetic Basis of Gastric Cancer.

Gastric cancer is the result of multiple risk factors, including environmental factors, genetic factors and the interaction between them. The environmental factors mainly include dietary, Helicobacter pylori infection and family history of gastric cancer. Genetic factors mainly refer to the susceptible genes that cause epigenetic alterations in oncogenes, tumor suppress genes, cell cycle regulators, DNA repair genes and signaling molecules. This paper summarizes the susceptible genes of gastric cancer and explores the genetic basis of it.

[Level of serum inhibin B for predicting the results of testicular sperm extraction in azoospermia patients].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the value of serum inhibin B (InhB) in predicting the results of testicular sperm extraction (TESE) in patients with azoospermia. METHODS: This study included 191 cases of obstructive azoospermia (OA), 360 cases of nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA), and 100 male controls with normal semen parameters. According to whether sperm was found in TESE, the NOA patients were divided into a sperm-absence group (TESE－, n=127) and a sperm-presence group (TESE+, n=233). Blood samples were collected from the subjects between 8:00 and 10:00 am for measurement of the levels of serum InhB. The specificity and sensitivity of serum InhB predicting TESE outcome were analyzed with receiver operating characteristics curve (ROC). RESULTS: The serum InhB level was significantly lower in the TESE－ group (ï¼»19.7±34.8ï¼½ pg/ml) than in the OA (ï¼»106.8±66.2ï¼½ pg/ml), TESE+ (ï¼»98.2±62.4ï¼½ pg/ml) and normal control group (ï¼»108.3±65.0ï¼½ pg/ml) (P<0.01), but there were no statistically significant differences among the latter three groups (P>0.05). Analysis of ROC showed that the best cut-off value of serum InhB was 19.1 pg/ml. Under the cut-off value, AUCROC was 0.88, specificity 84.2%, sensitivity 90.1%, and accuracy 88.1%. CONCLUSIONS: The serum InhB level is a good and non-invasively obtained index of spermatogenesis and should be measured for predicting the results of TESE.

A biomarker panel of C-reactive protein, procalcitonin and serum amyloid A is a predictor of sepsis in severe trauma patients.

Severe trauma could induce sepsis due to the loss of control of the infection, which may eventually lead to death. Accurate and timely diagnosis of sepsis with severe trauma remains challenging both for clinician and laboratory. Combinations of markers, as opposed to single ones, may improve diagnosis. We compared the diagnostic characteristics of routinely used biomarkers of sepsis alone and in combination, trying to define a biomarker panel to predict sepsis in severe patients. This prospective observational study included patients with severe trauma (Injury severity score, ISS = 16 or more) in the emergency intensive care unit (EICU) at a university hospital. Blood samples were collected and plasma levels of procalcitonin (PCT), C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and serum amyloid A (SAA) were measured using commercial enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. A total of 100 patients were eligible for analysis. Of these, 52 were diagnosed with sepsis. CRP yielded the highest discriminative value followed by PCT. In multiple logistic regression, SAA, CRP, and PCT were found to be independent predictors of sepsis. Bioscore which was composed of SAA, CRP, and PCT was shown to be far superior to that of each individual biomarker taken individually. Therefore, compared with single markers, the biomarker panel of PCT, CRP, and SAA was more predictive of sepsis in severe polytrauma patients.

Two different autorefractors for vision screening in children and adolescents.

AIM: To compare the consistency of two autorefractors (Tianle RM-9000 and Topcon KR-800) for school-age myopia children, and to provide a basis for largescale data analysis and comparison. METHODS: The refractive error in 909 subjects (age 4-18y) were measured using both autorefractors without cycloplegia. The data were analyzed using Fourier decomposition and the correlation coefficients, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), and Bland-Altman limits of agreement (LoA) for each parameter were calculated. RESULTS: There was a strong correlation between the spherical equivalent (SE), sphere diopter (DS), and cylinder diopter (DC) readings of the Tianle RM-9000 and those of the Topcon KR-800, with correlation coefficient values of 0.98, 0.98 and 0.83 and ICC values of 0.99, 0.99 and 0.93, respectively. However, the correlation coefficients and ICC values of J0 and J45 were unreliable (R=-0.004, -0.034; both ICC<0.10). Bland-Altman analysis revealed that SE, DS, and DC measured by the Tianle RM-9000 were significantly biased toward myopia compared with the Topcon KR-800, and the mean differences were -0.072, -0.026, -0.091 D, respectively (all P<0.01). The minimum absolute value of the difference within the 95% LoA for SE, DS, and DC was 0.63 D, 0.50 D, 0.62 D, respectively; all these values were in the clinically acceptable range. For J0 and J45, the mean differences were close to zero (P=0.43, 0.84); however, the 95% LoA were relatively wide (J0 SD: 0.53; 95%CI: -1.00, 1.10; J45 SD: 0.52; 95%CI: -1.00, 1.00). CONCLUSION: The two autorefractors are consistent with each other, as the differences in SE, DS, and DC were within the clinically acceptable range. Readers can compare the data measured by either device in different studies and use the two devices in the same study to generate a dataset that can be analyzed together. However, the J0 and J45 vectors are unreliable and should not be used to assess astigmatism.

Serum glial fibrillary acidic protein as a biomarker for differentiating intracerebral hemorrhage and ischemic stroke in patients with symptoms of acute stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Serum glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) has been reported to have high diagnosis accuracy for differentiating intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) from ischemic stroke (IS) in patients within acute phase of stroke symptom onset. Our purpose was to perform a systematic review and diagnostic meta-analysis to evaluate the valuation of serum GFAP in the early identification of ICH and IS. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and other electronic databases for diagnostic accuracy studies that compared serum GFAP with standard clinical diagnosis of ICH and IS in patients with symptoms of acute stroke. All publication years were included through to April 2013. The sensitivity (SEN), specificity (SPE), and positive and negative likelihood ratios (PLR and NLR, respectively) of serum GFAP for differentiating ICH and IS were pooled using a bivariate meta-analysis. Summary receiver operating characteristic curves were used to summarize overall test performance. A total of five trials met our inclusion criteria. The summarized estimates of serum GFAP for the differentiation of ICH and IS within 24 h of symptom onset were as follows: SEN, 81.1% (95% CI, 72.6-87.5%); SPE, 95.2% (95% CI 82.1-98.9%); PLR, 16.945 (95% CI 4.173-68.803); NLR, 0.198 (95% CI 0.133-0.296), significant heterogeneity was present. The four summary estimates of serum GFAP for patients within 1-6 h of symptom onset were 81.1% (95% CI 72.5-88.0%), 97.0% (95% CI 94.3-98.4%), 26.786 (95% CI 13.979-51.324), 0.191 (95% CI 0.126-0.291), respectively, with no obvious heterogeneity. Serum GFAP is a sensitive and specific test for differentiating ICH and IS in patients within 1-6 h of acute stroke symptom onset.

Three new compounds from the leaves of Liquidambar formosana.

Two new flavan glycosides, (2S)-5,7,4'-trihydroxyflavan-7-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside and (2S)-5,7,4'-trihydroxyflavan-5-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside, and a new neolignan, (7S,8S)-3-methoxyl-3'-O-ß-D-glucopyrannosyl-4':8,5':7-diepoxyneolignan-4,9'-diol, were isolated from the leaves of Liquidambar formosana Hance. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data and chemical evidence.

Poly[diaqua[µ4-4-(isonicotinamido)phthalato]nickel(II)] displaying an sra topology.

In the title compound, [Ni(C14H8N2O5)(H2O)2]n, the Ni(II) cation is six-coordinate with a slightly distorted octahedral coordination geometry and the 4-(isonicotinamido)phthalate ligand links the Ni(II) centres into a three-dimensional structure with sra topology. The structure is also stabilized by N-H···O hydrogen bonding between the uncoordinated amide groups of the ligand and extensive O-H···O hydrogen bonding between the two coordinated water molecules. The magnetic and thermal stability properties of the title compound are also discussed.

Poly[[tetra-aqua-tetra-kis-[µ3-5-(pyridine-4-carboxamido)-isophthalato]nickel(II)diterbium(III)] tetra-hydrate].

In the title compound, {[NiTb2(C14H8N2O5)4(H2O)4]·4H2O} n , the Tb(III) ion is coordinated by one water mol-ecule and seven O atoms from four 5-(pyridine-4-carboxamido)-isophthalate (L) ligands in a distorted square-anti-prismatic arrangement, while the Ni(II) ion, lying on an inversion center, is six-coordinated in an octa-hedral geometry by two pyridine N atoms, two carboxyl-ate O atoms and two water mol-ecules. One L ligand bridges two Tb(III) ions and one Ni(II) ion through two carboxyl-ate groups and one pyridine N atom. The other L ligand bridges two Tb(III) ions and one Ni(II) ion through two carboxyl-ate groups, while the uncoordinating pyridine N atom is hydrogen bonded to an adjacent coordinating water mol-ecule. Extensive O-H⋯O, N-H⋯O and O-H⋯N hydrogen bonds play an important role in stabilizing the crystal structure.

[Effect of comprehensive control and prevention for chronic disease in demonstration plot of Chongqing].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of comprehensive control and prevention for chronic diseases in demonstration plot of Chongqing. METHODS: Residents were enrolled through multi-stage stratified random sampling method from 17 districts or counties which had successfully established demonstration plots and 21 districts or counties which had not established demonstration plots (non-demonstration plot for short) yet on May, 2012. Questionnaire was designed to survey awareness of health knowledge, health behaviors and utilization of health supportive tools. The results were analyzed by SPSS 15.0 software. RESULTS: We investigated 15 108 residents, 6156 of which were in demonstration plot and others (8951) were not. The findings revealed the percentage of the people who were aware the national action of health lifestyle in demonstration plot and in non-demonstration plot were 44.4% (2734/6157) and 40.2% (3598/8951), respectively, and the awareness of the hypertension risk of too much sodium were 72.4% (4458/6156) and 67.5% (6042/8951), respectively, and the awareness of the cardinal vascular disease (CVD) risk of obesity and overweight were 77.2% (4753/6157) and 69.6% (6230/8951), respectively. About the residents' health behaviors in demonstration plot and in non-demonstration plot, the utilization rates of salt restriction scoop or pot were 23.5% (1447/6157) and 17.9% (1602/8951), and the utilization rates of oil restriction pot were 16.7% (1028/6157) and 11.8% (1064/8951), respectively. Totally, 33 of the 37 indexes were shown higher in demonstration plot than that in non-demonstration plot (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The chronic diseases comprehensive control and prevention in demonstration plot was more effective, and the remarkable improvement of health knowledge and behaviors level had been achieved in demonstration plot.

Assessing the phylogenetic relationship among varieties of Toona ciliata (Meliaceae) in sympatry with chloroplast genomes.

Toona ciliata is an endangered species due to over-cutting and low natural regeneration in China. Its genetic conservation is of an increasing concern. However, several varieties are recognized according to the leaf and flower traits, which complicates genetic conservation of T. ciliata. Here, we sequenced the whole chloroplast genome sequences of three samples for each of four varieties (T. ciliata var. ciliata, T. ciliata var. yunnanensis, T. ciliata var. pubescens, and T. ciliata var. henryi) in sympatry and assessed their phylogenetic relationship at a fine spatial scale. The four varieties had genome sizes ranged from 159,546 to 159,617 bp and had small variations in genome structure. Phylogenomic analysis indicated that the four varieties were genetically well-mixed in branch groups. Genetic diversity from the whole chloroplast genome sequences of 12 samples was low among varieties (average π = 0.0003). Besides, we investigated genetic variation of 58 samples of the four varieties in sympatry using two markers (psaA and trnL-trnF) and showed that genetic differentiation was generally insignificant among varieties (Ф st = 0%-5%). Purifying selection occurred in all protein-coding genes except for the ycf2 gene that was under weak positive selection. Most amino acid sites in all protein-coding genes were under purifying selection except for a few sites that were under positive selection. The chloroplast genome-based phylogeny did not support the morphology-based classification. The overall results implicated that a conservation strategy based on the T. ciliata complex rather than on intraspecific taxon was more appropriate.

Inhibitor of DNA-binding-1/inhibitor of differentiation-1 (ID-1) is implicated in various aspects of gastric cancer cell biology.

In order to determine the biological roles of the inhibitor of DNA-binding-1/inhibitor of differentiation-1 (ID-1) protein in MGC803 and AGS cell lines, we ectopically expressed or downregulated ID-1 in the both gastric cell lines and measured various parameters of tumor cell development, including cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, apoptosis and cell migration. The ectopic expression of ID-1 significantly enhanced cell proliferation, cell cycle progression and cell migration, and protected MGC803 and AGS cell lines from cisplatin-induced apoptosis. The opposite effects were observed after downregulation of ID-1, which in combination with cisplatin treatment enhanced apoptosis in a synergistic fashion. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that ID-1 plays pivotal and diverse roles in the biology of certain gastric cancer cells, further suggesting that ID-1 is implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of gastric cancer.

Poly[[(µ2-4,4'-bipyridine)(µ3-5-isonicotinamidoisophthalato)cobalt(II)] trihydrate].

In the title compound, {[Co(C(14)H(8)N(2)O(5))(C(10)H(8)N(2))]·3H(2)O}(n), the Co(II) cation is five-coordinated with a slightly distorted trigonal-bipyramidal geometry, and the 5-isonicotinamidoisophthalate ligands link Co(II) atoms into a layered structure. These two-dimensional arrays are further pillared by rod-like 4,4'-bipyridine ligands to give a three-dimensional framework with pcu (primitive cubic) topology. The magnetic and adsorption properties of the title compound are also discussed.

[Serum level of 25(OH)D and its relevant influencing factors in patients on maintenance hemodialysis].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the serum level of 25(OH)D and its relevant influencing factors in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. METHODS: The serum level of 25(OH)D was detected by electrochemiluminescence. A total of 162 patients on maintenance hemodialysis were divided into 3 groups according to the serum level of 25(OH)D: vitamin D deficiency: 25(OH)D ≤ 15 µg/L, vitamin D insufficiency: 25(OH)D ≤ 30 µg/L and vitamin D normal: 25(OH)D > 30 µg/L. Age, gender, relevant biochemical indices, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and HOMA-IR were compared among there groups. The associations between 25(OH)D and the influencing factors of its levels were analyzed by Pearson's correlation. The independent factors correlated with the level of 25(OH)D were estimated by multiple linear regression. RESULTS: The average level of 25(OH)D was 10.3 (range: 4.0 - 43.5) µg/L and the prevalence of 25(OH)D insufficiency and deficiency 88.9% (144/162). Significant differences existed in age, cholesterol (CHOL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), lipoprotein(a) (LP(a)), creatinine (Cr), lg(hsCRP), lg(reductase inhibitor) (lg(RI)) and lg(vitamin D) (lg(VitD)) between three groups (all P < 0.05). Pearson's correlation analyses revealed that the serum levels of albumin (ALB), Cr and Ca(2+) were correlated positively with lg(VitD) while those of white blood cell, CHOL, LDL, Lp(a), age, RI and hsCRP were correlated negatively with VitD. Multiple linear regression analyses demonstrated that hsCRP, RI, LDL and age were the independent influencing factors of the serum levels of 25(OH)D. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of 25(OH)D insufficiency and deficiency is high. And microinflammation and insulin resistance are closely correlated with the insufficiency and deficiency of 25(OH)D. The independent influencing factors of serum 25(OH)D are hsCRP, RI, LDL and age.

Aqua-(2,2'-bipyridine-κ(2)N,N'){(E)-[(5-chloro-2-oxidobenzyl-idene)amino-κ(2)N,O]methane-sulfonato-κO}zinc.

In the title compound, [Zn(C(8)H(6)ClNO(4)S)(C(10)H(8)N(2))(H(2)O)], the Zn(II) atom is six-coordinated by two O atoms and one N atom from a tridentate Schiff base ligand and two N atoms from a chelating 2,2'-bipyridine ligand and one water mol-ecule, forming a slightly distorted octa-hedral geometry. In the crystal, O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link pairs of complex mol-ecules into dimers. An intra-molecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bond is also present.

[Effect of Jinhuang Fuzheng powder on cytokines of immunosuppressive mice with protein antibody micro-array].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of Jinhuang Fuzheng powder on cytokines of immunosuppressive mice by using protein antibody micro-array. METHOD: The immunosuppressive mice model was established by subcutaneously injecting cyclophosphamide. Rats were orally administered with low, middle and high dose of Huangjin Fuzheng powder for 10 days, and fasted for 12 hours after the final administration. 1 mL blood was drawn from caudal veins and isolated hearts of rats of each group. A quantitative test was conducted for cytokines with cytokine antibody array. RESULT: Compared with the control group, IFN-gamma and RANTES of the CTX group decreased significantly (P<0.05). After the administration, IFN-gamma of low, middle and high-dose groups, and RANTES of the high-dose group increased significantly (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, IL-13 and MCP-1 of the CTX group increased remarkably (P<0.01, P<0.05). After the administration, IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, IL-13 and MCP-1 of low, middle and high-dose groups decreased to varying degrees. GM-CSF, IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, IL-17, M-CSF, TNF-alpha, KC and VEGF of the 13 types of cytokines showed no significant change. CONCLUSION: Jinhuang Fuzheng powder shows effect on 20 types of cytokines of immunosuppressive mice to varying degrees, which may be related to the regulatory immunosuppression of Th1/Th2 subgroup in mice.

Reduced Graphene Oxide Derived from Low-Grade Coal for High-Performance Flexible Supercapacitors with Ultrahigh Cyclability.

Preparation of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) from abundant and inexpensive low-grade coal is regarded as one of the most promising methods for utilizing this resource in a high-value and environmentally sustainable manner. As the main precursor for the fabrication of RGO, graphene oxide (GO) can be extracted from low-grade coal such as lignite, but its size is just in the range of tens to hundreds of nanometers, which limits its practical application. Herein, we demonstrate that large-size RGO sheets can be prepared in large quantities by the pretreatment of lignite using the high temperature-high pressure (HTHP) method. The RGO electrode after the reduction reaction by 50 mM NaBH4 at 105 °C features porosity and high conductivity, which can facilitate high electrochemical reaction efficiency. Thus, we also demonstrate the use of lignite-derived RGO for supercapacitor electrode materials with high performance. The lignite-derived RGO supercapacitor can deliver outstanding volumetric capacitance (30.6 F cm-3), high energy density (4.2 mW h cm-3), excellent flexibility (79.5% retention of the initial capacitance at 180° bending), and a long lifespan (112.3% retention of the initial capacitance after 20,000 cycles). It is believed that the proposed large-size RGO based on reasonable optimization of inferior lignite will offer a new prospect for next-generation energy storage applications.