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Multiple facets of global change affect the earth system interactively, with complex consequences for ecosystem functioning and stability. Simultaneous climate and biodiversity change are of particular concern, because biodiversity may contribute to ecosystem resistance and resilience and may mitigate climate change impacts. Yet, the extent and generality of how climate and biodiversity change interact remain insufficiently understood, especially for the decomposition of organic matter, a major determinant of the biosphere-atmosphere carbon feedbacks. With an inter-biome field experiment using large rainfall exclusion facilities, we tested how drought, a common prediction of climate change models for many parts of the world, and biodiversity in the decomposer system drive decomposition in forest ecosystems interactively. Decomposing leaf litter lost less carbon (C) and especially nitrogen (N) in five different forest biomes following partial rainfall exclusion compared to conditions without rainfall exclusion. An increasing complexity of the decomposer community alleviated drought effects, with full compensation when large-bodied invertebrates were present. Leaf litter mixing increased diversity effects, with increasing litter species richness, which contributed to counteracting drought effects on C and N loss, although to a much smaller degree than decomposer community complexity. Our results show at a relevant spatial scale covering distinct climate zones that both, the diversity of decomposer communities and plant litter in forest floors have a strong potential to mitigate drought effects on C and N dynamics during decomposition. Preserving biodiversity at multiple trophic levels contributes to ecosystem resistance and appears critical to maintain ecosystem processes under ongoing climate change.
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Sequías , Ecosistema , Biodiversidad , Bosques , Hojas de la Planta , CarbonoRESUMEN
Enlargement of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-filled brain ventricles (cerebral ventriculomegaly), the cardinal feature of congenital hydrocephalus (CH), is increasingly recognized among patients with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). KATNAL2, a member of Katanin family microtubule-severing ATPases, is a known ASD risk gene, but its roles in human brain development remain unclear. Here, we show that nonsense truncation of Katnal2 (Katnal2Δ17) in mice results in classic ciliopathy phenotypes, including impaired spermatogenesis and cerebral ventriculomegaly. In both humans and mice, KATNAL2 is highly expressed in ciliated radial glia of the fetal ventricular-subventricular zone as well as in their postnatal ependymal and neuronal progeny. The ventriculomegaly observed in Katnal2Δ17 mice is associated with disrupted primary cilia and ependymal planar cell polarity that results in impaired cilia-generated CSF flow. Further, prefrontal pyramidal neurons in ventriculomegalic Katnal2Δ17 mice exhibit decreased excitatory drive and reduced high-frequency firing. Consistent with these findings in mice, we identified rare, damaging heterozygous germline variants in KATNAL2 in five unrelated patients with neurosurgically treated CH and comorbid ASD or other neurodevelopmental disorders. Mice engineered with the orthologous ASD-associated KATNAL2 F244L missense variant recapitulated the ventriculomegaly found in human patients. Together, these data suggest KATNAL2 pathogenic variants alter intraventricular CSF homeostasis and parenchymal neuronal connectivity by disrupting microtubule dynamics in fetal radial glia and their postnatal ependymal and neuronal descendants. The results identify a molecular mechanism underlying the development of ventriculomegaly in a genetic subset of patients with ASD and may explain persistence of neurodevelopmental phenotypes in some patients with CH despite neurosurgical CSF shunting.
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Cilios , Hidrocefalia , Microtúbulos , Animales , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Ratones , ATPasas Asociadas con Actividades Celulares Diversas/genética , ATPasas Asociadas con Actividades Celulares Diversas/metabolismo , Trastorno del Espectro Autista/genética , Trastorno del Espectro Autista/patología , Trastorno del Espectro Autista/metabolismo , Cilios/metabolismo , Cilios/patología , Epéndimo/metabolismo , Epéndimo/patología , Hidrocefalia/genética , Hidrocefalia/patología , Hidrocefalia/metabolismo , Katanina/metabolismo , Katanina/genética , Microtúbulos/metabolismo , Neuronas/metabolismo , Células Piramidales/metabolismo , Células Piramidales/patologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) prior to surgery remains a major challenge in the clinic. METHODS: This multicentre diagnostic study involved 41 and 150 age- and sex-matched patients in the training cohort and validation cohort, respectively. The diagnostic properties of circulating small extracellular vesicle (sEV)-associated and cell-free RNAs were compared by RNA sequencing in the training cohort. Subsequently, using a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRTâPCR) assay, high-quality candidates were identified to construct an RNA classifier for FTC and verified in the validation cohort. The parallel expression, stability and influence of the RNA classifier on surgical strategy were also investigated. RESULTS: The diagnostic properties of sEV long RNAs, cell-free long RNAs and sEV microRNAs (miRNAs) were comparable and superior to those of cell-free miRNAs in RNA sequencing. Given the clinical application, the circulating sEV miRNA (CirsEV-miR) classifier was developed from five miRNAs based on qRTâPCR data, which could well identify FTC patients (area under curve [AUC] of 0.924 in the training cohort and 0.844 in the multicentre validation cohort). Further tests revealed that the CirsEV-miR score was significantly correlated with the tumour burden, and the levels of sEV miRNAs were also higher in sEVs from the FTC cell line, organoid and tissue. Additionally, circulating sEV miRNAs remained constant after different treatments, and the addition of the CirsEV-miR classifier as a biomarker improves the current surgical strategy. CONCLUSIONS: The CirsEV-miR classifier could serve as a noninvasive, convenient, specific and stable auxiliary test to help diagnose FTC following ultrasonography.
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Adenocarcinoma Folicular , Vesículas Extracelulares , MicroARNs , Neoplasias de la Tiroides , Humanos , MicroARNs/genética , MicroARNs/metabolismo , Adenocarcinoma Folicular/diagnóstico , Adenocarcinoma Folicular/genética , Adenocarcinoma Folicular/metabolismo , Biomarcadores , Vesículas Extracelulares/metabolismo , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/diagnóstico , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/genética , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/metabolismoRESUMEN
STUDY QUESTION: Do couple's age ranges for optimal fecundability, and the associations with fecundability of couple's age combinations and age differences differ with gravidity? SUMMARY ANSWER: The couple's age range of optimal fecundability and age combinations differed with gravidity, and gravidity might modify the associations of age and spousal age difference with couple's fecundability. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Age is one of the strongest determinants of fecundability, but the existing studies have certain limitations in study population, couple's extreme age combinations and age differences, and have not explored whether the association between age and fecundability differs with gravidity. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: Retrospective cohort study. 5â407â499 general reproductive-aged couples (not diagnosed with infertility) participated in the National Free Pre-conception Check-up Projects during 2015-2017. They were followed up for pregnancy outcomes through telephone interviews every 3 months until they became pregnant or were followed up for 1 year. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: The main outcome was time to pregnancy, and the fecundability odds ratios and 95% CIs were estimated using the Cox models for discrete survival time. The associations of age and spousal age difference with fecundability were evaluated by restricted cubic splines. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: In this large cohort of general reproductive-aged population, the age of optimal fecundability of multigravida couples was older than that of nulligravida couples, but their subsequent fecundability declined more sharply with age. The decline in female fecundability was more pronounced with age, with fecundability dropping by â¼30% in both nulligravida and multigravida couples whose female partners aged ≥35 years. In the nulligravida group, the fecundability of couples who were both ≤24 years with the same age was the highest, which decreased steadily with the increase of spousal age difference, and younger male partners did not seem to contribute to improving couple's fecundability. In the multigravida group, couples with female partners aged 25-34 years and a spousal age difference of -5 to 5 years showed higher fecundability, and the effect of spousal age difference on couple's fecundability became suddenly apparent when female partners aged around 40 years. Young male partners were unable to change the decisive effect of female partner's age over 40 years on couple's reduced fecundability, regardless of gravidity. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: Lacking the time for couples to attempt pregnancy before enrollment, and some couples might suspend pregnancy plans during follow-up because of certain emergencies, which would misestimate the fecundability. Due to the lack of information on sperm quality and sexual frequency of couples, we could not adjust for these factors. Moreover, due to population characteristics, the extrapolation of our results required caution. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: The couple's age range of optimal fecundability, age combinations, and spousal age difference on fecundability varied with gravidity. Female age-related decline in fecundability was more dominant in couple's fecundability. Targeted fertility guidance should be provided to couples with different age combinations and gravidities. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S): This research received funding from the Project of National Research Institute for Family Planning (Grant No. 2018NRIFPJ03), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2016YFC1000307), and the National Human Genetic Resources Sharing Service Platform (Grant No. 2005DKA21300), People's Republic of China. The funders had no role in study design, analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The authors report no conflict of interest. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: N/A.
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Número de Embarazos , Semen , Embarazo , Masculino , Humanos , Femenino , Adulto , Estudios de Cohortes , Estudios Retrospectivos , Fertilidad , Tiempo para Quedar EmbarazadaRESUMEN
A large and growing body of literature has investigated the broad antibacterial spectrum and strong synergistic antimicrobial activity of medium chain monoglycerides (MCMs) have been widely investigated. Recently, more and more researches have focused on the regulation of MCMs on metabolic health and gut microbiota both in vivo and in vitro. The current review summarizes the digestion, absorption and metabolism of MCMs. Subsequently, it focuses on the functional and nutritional properties of MCMs, including the antibacterial and antiviral characteristics, the modulation of metabolic balance, the regulation of gut microbiota, and the improvement in intestinal health. Additionally, we discuss the most recent developments and application of MCMs using nanotechnologies in food industry, poultry and pharmaceutical industry. Additionally, we analyze recent application examples of MCMs and their nanotechnology formation used in food. The development of nanotechnology platforms facilitating molecular encapsulation and functional presentation contribute to the application of hydrophobic fatty acids and monoglycerides in food preservation and their antibacterial effectiveness. This study emphasizes the metabolic mechanisms and biological activity of MCMs by summarizing the prevailing state of knowledge on this topic, as well as providing insights into prospective techniques for developing the beneficial applications of MCMs to realize the industrialized production.
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China faces challenges in meeting the World Health Organization (WHO)'s target of reducing hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections by 95% using 2015 as the baseline. Using Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 data, joinpoint regression models were used to analyse the temporal trends in the crude incidence rates (CIRs) and age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs) of acute HBV (AHBV) infections in China from 1990 to 2019. The age-period-cohort model was used to estimate the effects of age, period, and birth cohort on AHBV infection risk, while the Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) model was applied to predict the annual number and ASIRs of AHBV infections in China through 2030. The joinpoint regression model revealed that CIRs and ASIRs decreased from 1990 to 2019, with a faster decline occurring among males and females younger than 20 years. According to the age-period-cohort model, age effects showed a steep increase followed by a gradual decline, whereas period effects showed a linear decline, and cohort effects showed a gradual rise followed by a rapid decline. The number of cases of AHBV infections in China was predicted to decline until 2030, but it is unlikely to meet the WHO's target. These findings provide scientific support and guidance for hepatitis B prevention and control.
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Hepatitis B , Masculino , Femenino , Humanos , Teorema de Bayes , Hepatitis B/epidemiología , Virus de la Hepatitis B , Incidencia , China/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Modulation of intracellular chloride concentration ([Cl(-)](i)) plays a fundamental role in cell volume regulation and neuronal response to GABA. Cl(-) exit via K-Cl cotransporters (KCCs) is a major determinant of [Cl(-)](I); however, mechanisms governing KCC activities are poorly understood. We identified two sites in KCC3 that are rapidly dephosphorylated in hypotonic conditions in cultured cells and human red blood cells in parallel with increased transport activity. Alanine substitutions at these sites result in constitutively active cotransport. These sites are highly phosphorylated in plasma membrane KCC3 in isotonic conditions, suggesting that dephosphorylation increases KCC3's intrinsic transport activity. Reduction of WNK1 expression via RNA interference reduces phosphorylation at these sites. Homologous sites are phosphorylated in all human KCCs. KCC2 is partially phosphorylated in neonatal mouse brain and dephosphorylated in parallel with KCC2 activation. These findings provide insight into regulation of [Cl(-)](i) and have implications for control of cell volume and neuronal function.
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Simportadores/química , Simportadores/metabolismo , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Sustitución de Aminoácidos , Animales , Humanos , Ratones , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Fosforilación , Alineación de Secuencia , Cotransportadores de K ClRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The association of genital Mollicutes infection transition with adverse pregnancy outcomes was insignificant among general pregnant women, but there remains a paucity of evidence linking this relationship in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) women. The aim was to investigate the association between genital Mollicutes infection and transition and adverse pregnancy outcomes in GDM women, and to explore whether this association still exist when Mollicutes load varied. METHODS: We involved pregnant women who attended antenatal care in Chongqing, China. After inclusion and exclusion criteria, we conducted a single-center cohort study of 432 GDM women with pregnancy outcomes from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2021. The main outcome was adverse pregnancy outcomes, including premature rupture of membrane (PROM), fetal distress, macrosomia and others. The exposure was Mollicutes infection, including Ureaplasma urealyticum (Uu) and Mycoplasma hominis (Mh) collected in both the second and the third trimesters, and testing with polymerase chain reaction method. The logistic regression models were used to estimate the relationship between Mollicutes infection and adverse pregnancy outcomes. RESULTS: Among 432 GDM women, 241 (55.79%) were infected with genital Mollicutes in either the second or third trimester of pregnancy. At the end of the pregnancy follow-up, 158 (36.57%) participants had adverse pregnancy outcomes, in which PROM, fetal distress and macrosomia were the most commonly observed adverse outcomes. Compared with the uninfected group, the Mollicutes (+/-) group showed no statistical significant increase in PROM (OR = 1.05, 95% CI:0.51 â¼ 2.08) and fetal distress (OR = 1.21, 95% CI: 0.31 â¼ 3.91). Among the 77 participants who were both Uu positive in the second and third trimesters, 38 participants presented a declined Uu load and 39 presented an increased Uu load. The Uu increased group had a 2.95 odds ratio (95% CI: 1.10~8.44) for adverse pregnancy outcomes. CONCLUSION: Mollicutes infection and transition during trimesters were not statistically associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes in GDM women. However, among those consistent infections, women with increasing Uu loads showed increased risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes. For GDM women with certain Mollicutes infection and colonization status, quantitative screening for vaginal infection at different weeks of pregnancy was recommended to provide personalized fertility treatment.
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Diabetes Gestacional , Tenericutes , Embarazo , Femenino , Humanos , Resultado del Embarazo/epidemiología , Diabetes Gestacional/diagnóstico , Tercer Trimestre del Embarazo , Macrosomía Fetal/etiología , Estudios de Cohortes , Estudios Prospectivos , Sufrimiento Fetal , Aumento de Peso , GenitalesRESUMEN
In this article, chiral covalent organic framework core-shell composite CCOF-TpPa-Py@SiO2 was facilely synthesized by induction at room temperature. The CCOF-TpPa-Py@SiO2 core-shell composite was used as a chiral stationary phase for the separation of the racemates by high-performance liquid chromatography, which exhibits good separation performance for chiral compounds including ketones, alcohols, esters, epoxides, carboxylic acids, amides, and amines. The effects of analyte injection mass on the enantioseparation were studied. The reproducibility and stability of the CCOF-TpPa-Py@SiO2 chiral column were explored. The intra-day (n = 5), inter-day (n = 5), and inter-column (n = 3) relative standard deviations for the migration times and resolution of benzoin were 0.32%-0.54%, 0.45%-0.61%, and 1.21%-1.53%, respectively. In addition, the chiral separation ability of the CCOF-TpPa-Py@SiO2 chiral column (column A) was compared with that of the MDI-ß-CD-Modified COF@SiO2 (column B) as well as a commercial chiral column (Chiralpak AD-H). The chiral recognition ability of column A is complementary to that of column B and AD-H column. The resolution mechanism of CCOF-TpPa-Py@SiO2 stationary phase towards chiral analyte was explored. Hence, the synthesis of CCOF-TpPa-Py@SiO2 core-shell composite by induction at room temperature as chiral stationary phases for chromatographic separation has important research potential and application prospects.
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INTRODUCTION: We explored the viability of simultaneous bilateral endoscopic surgery (SBES) in the prone split-leg position for managing bilateral calculi. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 72 patients who underwent SBES, with procedures involving ureteroscopy (URS) and contralateral percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL) simultaneously, in prone split-leg position. RESULTS: Operative times averaged 109.38 ± 30.76 min, with an average hospital stay of 7.79 ± 3.78 days. The bilateral stone-free rate (SFR) was 70.83%, while URS and PNL demonstrated comparable unilateral SFR (83.33% and 79.17%, respectively). Receiver operating characteristics curves for predicting unilateral residual fragments yielded an area under the curve of 0.84 (URS) and 0.81 (PNL) with respective cutoff values of stone diameter of 11.55 mm and 23.52 mm. Fifty-seven (79.17%) and 15 (20.83%) patients encountered grade 0-1/2 complications, with no severe complications (grade 3-5) recorded. No significant changes in blood count or renal function were observed post-SBES. CONCLUSIONS: SBES in the prone split-leg position is a viable option for managing bilateral upper tract urolithiasis. Larger scale studies are needed to further assess safety and efficacy in various positions.
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Estudios de Factibilidad , Nefrolitotomía Percutánea , Posicionamiento del Paciente , Ureteroscopía , Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Estudios Retrospectivos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Ureteroscopía/métodos , Proyectos Piloto , Adulto , Nefrolitotomía Percutánea/métodos , Posición Prona , Resultado del Tratamiento , Anciano , Cálculos Renales/cirugía , Cálculos Ureterales/cirugía , Tiempo de Internación , Tempo OperativoRESUMEN
Gain-of-function mutations in the CACNA1H gene (encoding the T-type calcium channel CaV3.2) cause autosomal-dominant familial hyperaldosteronism type IV (FH-IV) and early-onset hypertension in humans. We used CRISPR/Cas9 to generate Cacna1hM1560V/+ knockin mice as a model of the most common FH-IV mutation, along with corresponding knockout mice (Cacna1h-/- ). Adrenal morphology of both Cacna1hM1560V/+ and Cacna1h-/- mice was normal. Cacna1hM1560V/+ mice had elevated aldosterone:renin ratios (a screening parameter for primary aldosteronism). Their adrenal Cyp11b2 (aldosterone synthase) expression was increased and remained elevated on a high-salt diet (relative autonomy, characteristic of primary aldosteronism), but plasma aldosterone was only elevated in male animals. The systolic blood pressure of Cacna1hM1560V/+ mice was 8 mmHg higher than in wild-type littermates and remained elevated on a high-salt diet. Cacna1h-/- mice had elevated renal Ren1 (renin-1) expression but normal adrenal Cyp11b2 levels, suggesting that in the absence of CaV3.2, stimulation of the renin-angiotensin system activates alternative calcium entry pathways to maintain normal aldosterone production. On a cellular level, Cacna1hM1560V/+ adrenal slices showed increased baseline and peak intracellular calcium concentrations in the zona glomerulosa compared to controls, but the frequency of calcium spikes did not rise. We conclude that FH-IV, on a molecular level, is caused by elevated intracellular Ca2+ concentrations as a signal for aldosterone production in adrenal glomerulosa cells. We demonstrate that a germline Cacna1h gain-of-function mutation is sufficient to cause mild primary aldosteronism, whereas loss of CaV3.2 channel function can be compensated for in a chronic setting.
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Señalización del Calcio/fisiología , Hiperaldosteronismo/fisiopatología , Aldosterona/biosíntesis , Animales , Presión Sanguínea , Canales de Calcio/genética , Canales de Calcio Tipo T/genética , Canales de Calcio Tipo T/metabolismo , Citocromo P-450 CYP11B2/metabolismo , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Mutación con Ganancia de Función , Hiperaldosteronismo/metabolismo , Hipertensión/fisiopatología , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , MutaciónRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To collect validity evidence for a simulator-based obstetric ultrasound competency assessment tool (OUCAT). METHODS: 89 sonographers from three centers (XY, MC, DT), including novices (n=21), experienced trainees (n=44), and experts (n=24), participated in the competency assessment. Validity evidence of OUCAT was collected according to Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing. Content validity was ensured by reviewing guidelines and reaching expert consensus. The response process was ensured via training raters. Internal structure was explored through internal consistency, inter-rater reliability, and test-retest reliability. Relations to other variables were explored by comparing OUCAT scores of sonographers with different experience. Evidence for consequences was collected by determining the pass/fail level. RESULTS: OUCAT included 123 items, of which 117 items could effectively distinguish novices from experts (P<0.05). The internal consistency was represented by the Cronbach's α coefficient (0.978). The inter-rater reliability was high, with XY being 0.868, MC being 0.877, and DT being 0.937 (P<0.001). Test-retest reliability was 0.732 (P=0.001). The performance of experts was significantly better than experienced trainees, and the performance of experienced trainees was significantly better than novices (70.3±10.7 vs. 39.8±15.0 vs. 20.5±10.6, P<0.001). The pass/fail level determined by contrast group method was 45 points. The passing rate of novices, experienced trainees and experts was 0% (0/21), 31.8% (14/44), and 100% (24/24), respectively. CONCLUSION: Simulator-based OUCAT exhibits good reliability and validity in assessing obstetric ultrasound skills.
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Competencia Clínica , Ultrasonografía Prenatal , Femenino , Embarazo , Humanos , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Ultrasonografía , Evaluación Educacional/métodosRESUMEN
Two chiral covalent organic frameworks (CCOFs) core-shell microspheres based on achiral organic precursors by chiral-induced synthesis strategy for HPLC enantioseparation are reported for the first time. Using n-hexane/isopropanol as mobile phase, various kinds of racemates were selected as analytes and separated on the CCOF-TpPa-1@SiO2 and CCOF-TpBD@SiO2-packed columns with a low column backpressure (3 ~ 9 bar). The fabricated two CCOFs@SiO2 chiral columns exhibited good separation performance towards various racemates with high column efficiency (e.g., 19,500 plates m-1 for (4-fluorophenyl)ethanol and 18,900 plates m-1 for 1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethanol) and good reproducibility. Some effects have been investigated such as the analyte mass and column temperature on the HPLC enantioseparation. Moreover, the chiral separation results of the CCOF-TpPa-1@SiO2 chiral column and the commercialized Chiralpak AD-H column show a good complementarity. This study demonstrates that the usage of chiral-induced synthesis strategy for preparing CCOFs core-shell microspheres as a novel stationary phase has a good application potential in HPLC.
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A novel CCOF core-shell composite material (S)-DTP-COF@SiO2 was prepared via asymmetric catalytic and in situ growth strategy. The prepared (S)-DTP-COF@SiO2 was utilized as separation medium for HPLC enantioseparation using normal-phase and reversed-phase chromatographic modes, which displays excellent chiral separation performance for alcohols, esters, ketones, and epoxides, etc. Compared with chiral commercial chromatographic columns (Chiralpak AD-H and Chiralcel OD-H columns) and some previously reported chiral CCOF@SiO2 (CC-MP CCTF@SiO2 and MDI-ß-CD-modified COF@SiO2)-packed columns, there are 4, 3, 13, and 15 tested racemic compounds that could not be resolved on the Chiralpak AD-H column, Chiralcel OD-H column, CC-MP CCTF@SiO2 column, and MDI-ß-CD-modified COF@SiO2 column, respectively, which indicates that the resolution effect of (S)-DTP-COF@SiO2-packed column can be complementary to the other ones. The effects of the analyte mass, column temperature, and mobile phase composition on the enantiomeric separation were investigated. The chiral column exhibits good reproducibility after multiple consecutive injections. The RSDs (n = 5) of the peak area and retention time were less than 1.5% for repetitive separation of 2-methoxy-2-phenylethanol and 1-phenyl-1-pentanol. The chiral core-shell composite (S)-DTP-COF@SiO2 exhibited good enantiomeric separation performance, which not only demonstrates its potential as a novel CSP material in HPLC but also expands the range of applications for chiral COFs.
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Wheat is one of the most important food crops globally, and understanding the regulation of grain size is crucial for wheat breeding to achieve a higher grain yield. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play vital roles in plant growth and development. However, the miRNA-mediated mechanism underlying grain size regulation remains largely elusive in wheat. Here, we report the characterization and functional validation of a miRNA, TamiR397a, associated with grain size regulation in wheat. The function of three TaMIR397 homoeologs was determined through histochemical ß-glucuronidase-dependent assay. MiRNA expression was detected using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and the function of TamiR397a was validated through its transgenic overexpression and repression in wheat. It was found that TaMIR397-6A and TaMIR397-6B encode active TamiR397a. The expression profiling indicated that TamiR397a was differentially expressed in various tissues and gradually up-regulated during grain filling. The inhibition of TamiR397a perturbed grain development, leading to a decrease in grain size and weight. Conversely, the overexpression of TamiR397a resulted in increased grain size and weight by accelerating the grain filling process. Transcriptome analysis revealed that TamiR397a regulates a set of genes involved in hormone response, desiccation tolerance, regulation of cellular senescence, seed dormancy, and seed maturation biological processes, which are important for grain development. Among the down-regulated genes in the grains of the TamiR397a-overexpressing transgenic plants, 11 putative targets of the miRNA were identified. Taken together, our results demonstrate that TamiR397a is a positive regulator of grain size and weight, offering potential targets for breeding wheat with an increased grain yield.
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Grano Comestible , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , MicroARNs , Triticum , Triticum/genética , Triticum/crecimiento & desarrollo , Triticum/metabolismo , MicroARNs/genética , MicroARNs/metabolismo , Grano Comestible/genética , Grano Comestible/crecimiento & desarrollo , Grano Comestible/metabolismo , Poliploidía , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente/genética , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Recent data have shown divergent trends in gastric cancer (GC) incidence between China and Japan; however, the cause for has not been explored. METHODS: We retrieved GC incidence data from 1990 to 2019 from the Global Burden of Disease study, stratified by sex for both countries. We analyzed annual average percentage change (AAPC) via a joinpoint regression model and estimated the effects of age, period, and cohort via the age-period-cohort model. RESULTS: The age-standardized incidence rate trends for GC decreased in both countries and both sexes, but the reduction was more pronounced in Japan because the AAPC for Japanese males (AAPC = -2.65%; 95% CI, -2.98 to -2.32) was eight times greater than that of Chinese males (AAPC = -0.30%; 95% CI, -0.5 to -0.09). The age and cohort effects on the trend are similar in both countries: the risk of GC incidence increased with age among the Chinese and the Japanese but was lower among younger birth cohorts. The two countries showed contrasting trends over the study period; although the risk of GC rapidly decreased for Japanese males and females, it increased by twofold among Chinese males. CONCLUSIONS: The period effect is the main reason for the divergent trends in age-standardized incidence rate for GC in China and Japan. By comparing national cancer control programs in both countries, we concluded that countries with a high prevalence of GC, such as China, can learn from Japan's experience in controlling GC by actively conducting national population screening, which is expected to facilitate both prevention and treatment of GC. LAY SUMMARY: More than one-half of all new gastric cancer (GC) worldwide occur in China and Japan, but the reasons for the different incidence trends have not been thoroughly analyzed. Analysis using the age-period-cohort model confirmed that the cohort effect was the main reason for the decline in age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) for GC and that the period effect may be the main reason for the divergent trends in gastric cancer ASIR in China and Japan.
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Neoplasias Gástricas , Masculino , Femenino , Humanos , Incidencia , Neoplasias Gástricas/epidemiología , Estudios de Cohortes , China/epidemiología , Pueblo AsiaticoRESUMEN
Strigolactones (SLs) play fundamental roles in regulating plant architecture, which is a major factor determining crop yield. The perception and signal transduction of SLs require the formation of a complex containing the receptor DWARF14 (D14), an F-box protein D3 and a transcriptional regulator D53 in an SL-dependent manner. Structural and biochemical analyses of D14 and its orthologs DAD2 and AtD14, D3 and the complexes of ASK1-D3-AtD14 and D3CTH-D14 have made great contributions to understanding the mechanisms of SL perception. However, structural analyses of D53 and the D53-D3-D14 holo-complex are challenging, and the biochemical mechanism underlying the complex assembly remains poorly understood. Here, we found that apo-D53 was rather flexible and reconstituted the holo-complex containing D53, S-phase kinase-associated protein 1 (SKP1), D3 and D14 with rac-GR24. The cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of SKP1-D3-D14 in the presence of D53 was analyzed and superimposed on the crystal structure of ASK1-D3-AtD14 without D53. No large conformational rearrangement was observed, but a 9Å rotation appeared between D14 and AtD14. Using hydrogen-deuterium exchange monitored by mass spectrometry, we analyzed dynamic motifs of D14, D3 and D53 in the D53-SKP1-D3-D14 complex assembly process and further identified two potential interfaces in D53 that are located in the N and D2 domains, respectively. Together, our results uncovered the dynamic conformational changes and built a model of the holo-complex D53-SKP1-D3-D14, offering valuable information for the biochemical and genetic mechanisms of SL perception and signal transduction.
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Proteínas F-Box , Reguladores del Crecimiento de las Plantas , Reguladores del Crecimiento de las Plantas/metabolismo , Microscopía por Crioelectrón , Proteínas F-Box/genética , Proteínas F-Box/metabolismo , Lactonas/metabolismo , Transducción de SeñalRESUMEN
Metallacycles are a novel class of supramolecular materials with circular structures, internal cavities, and abundant host-guest chemical properties that have exhibited good application prospects in many fields. However, to the best of our knowledge, no research on the use of metallacycles as stationary phases for gas chromatographic (GC) separations has been published yet. In this work, we report for the first time the use of a homochiral metallacycle, [ZnCl2L]2, as a stationary phase for GC separations. [ZnCl2L]2 was synthesized by reaction of (S)-(1-isonicotinoylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl-isonicotinate (L) with ZnCl2 via coordination-driven self-assembly. The [ZnCl2L]2-coated column displayed an excellent separation performance not only of organic isomers but also of racemic compounds. Sixteen racemates (including alcohols, esters, amino acid derivatives, ethers, organic acids, and epoxides) and 21 isomeric compounds (including positional, structural, and cis/trans-isomers) were well separated on the [ZnCl2L]2-coated column. Impressively, some racemates were resolved with high resolution values (Rs), including 1,2-butanediol diacetate (Rs = 25.86), ethyl 3-hydroxybutyrate (Rs = 20.97), 1,3-butanediol diacetate (Rs = 18.09), and threonine derivative (Rs = 18.61). Compared with the commercial ß-DEX 120 column for separation of the tested racemates, the [ZnCl2L]2-coated column exhibited good enantioseparation complementarity, enabling separation of some racemates that could not be separated, or were not well resolved, by the ß-DEX 120 column. In addition, many organic mixtures, such as n-alkanes, alkylbenzenes, n-alcohols, and a Grob test mixture, were also well separated on the [ZnCl2L]2-coated column. The column also has good reproducibility and thermal stability on separation. This work not only reveals the great potential of metallacycles for GC separations but also opens up a new application of metallacycles in separation science.
RESUMEN
Podocytes are highly specialized glomerular epithelial cells that play a crucial role in maintaining the glomerular filtration barrier, impairment of which usually leads to proteinuria. The phenotypic alterations of podocytes are described to be one of the critical mechnisms underlying podocyte detachment from the glomerular basement membrane. High glucose is the major factor mediating the renal damages and podocyte injuries in the process of diabetic nephropathy. It was revealed that high glucose stimulated the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of podocyte, thus contributing to proteinuria. When the podocytes converse from epithelial phenotype to mesenchymal phenotype, their migratory capacity significantly increases. Previously, cell migration is conventionally detected by the wound healing assay and the transwell assay. In this study, we investigated and comfirmed the possibility of using single cell motility assay for the anaysis of podocyte motility under high glucose condtition.
Asunto(s)
Nefropatías Diabéticas , Podocitos , Humanos , Podocitos/metabolismo , Glomérulos Renales/metabolismo , Riñón/metabolismo , Nefropatías Diabéticas/metabolismo , Proteinuria/metabolismo , Glucosa/metabolismoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Sexually transmitted and blood-borne infections (STBBIs) is a major public health concern in China. This study assessed the overall trends in STBBIs to improve the comprehensive understanding of the burden of STBBIs and provide evidence for their prevention and control. METHODS: Data for the period from 2005 to 2021 were analyzed across China on infections with hepatitis B or C; syphilis; gonorrhea; and HIV infection. Trends, annual percent change (APC), and average annual percent change (AAPC) in diagnosis rate was analyzed using joinpoint regression models for the five STBBIs together or individually. RESULTS: From 2005 to 2021, the overall diagnosis rate of all five STBBIs increased, with an AAPC of 1.3% [95% confidence interval (CI) -0.5% to 3.1%]. Diagnosis rates of HIV, syphilis and hepatitis C increased individually, but it decreased for infections of hepatitis B and gonorrhea. Joinpoint analysis identified four phases in diagnosis rate of hepatitis C; three phases in diagnosis rate of hepatitis B, HIV infection, and syphilis; two in diagnosis rate of gonorrhea infection. CONCLUSION: Despite national efforts to prevent and control STBBIs, their overall diagnosis rate has continued to rise in China, and they remain an important public health challenge. Further efforts should be made to educate the general population about STBBIs, particularly HIV. Interventions targeting vulnerable groups should be adopted and their efficacy monitored through regular analysis of trends.