Mitogenome analysis reveals predominantly ancient Yellow River origin of population inhabiting Datong agro-pastoral ecotone along Great Wall.

The Datong Basin was an important arena for population movement and admixture between the Yellow River Valley and Eastern Steppe. In historical materials, the region was often the setting for a tug-of-war between Han farmers and non-Han nomads. The genetic makeup and population history of this Datong population has, however, remained uncertain. In this study, we analysed 289 mitogenomes from Datong individuals. Our primary findings were: (1) population summary statistics analysis revealed a high level of genetic diversity and strong signals of population expansion in the Datong population; (2) inter-population comparisons (PCA and Fst heatmap) exhibited a close clustering between the Datong population and Northern Han, especially northern frontier groups, such as the Inner Mongolia Han, Heilongjiang Han, Liaoning Han and Tianjin Han; (3) phylogeographic analysis of complete mitogenomes revealed the presence of different components in the maternal gene pools of Datong population-the northern East Asian component was dominant (66.44%), whereas the southern East Asians were the second largest component with 31.49%. We also observed a much reduced west Eurasian (2.07%) component; (4) direct comparisons with ancient groups showed closer relationship between Datong and Yellow River farmers than Eastern Steppe nomads. Despite, therefore, centuries of Eastern Steppe nomadic control over the Datong area, Yellow River farmers had a much more significant impact on the Datong population.

The Rho kinase inhibitor fasudil attenuates Aß1-42-induced apoptosis via the ASK1/JNK signal pathway in primary cultures of hippocampal neurons.

Alzheimer's disease (AD), a chronic, progressive, neurodegenerative disorder, is the most common type of dementia. Beta amyloid (Aß) peptide aggregation and phosphorylated tau protein accumulation are considered as one of the causes for AD. Our previous studies have demonstrated the neuroprotective effect of the Rho kinase inhibitor fasudil, but the mechanism remains elucidated. In the present study, we examined the effects of fasudil on Aß1-42 aggregation and apoptosis and identified the intracellular signaling pathways involved in these actions in primary cultures of mouse hippocampal neurons. The results showed that fasudil increased neurite outgrowth (52.84%), decreased Aß burden (46.65%), Tau phosphorylation (96.84%), and ROCK-II expression. In addition, fasudil reversed Aß1-42-induced decreased expression of Bcl-2 and increases in caspase-3, cleaved-PARP, phospho-JNK(Thr183/Tyr185), and phospho-ASK1(Ser966). Further, fasudil decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and intracellular calcium overload in the neurons treated with Aß1-42. These results suggest that inhibition of Rho kinase by fasudil reverses Aß1-42-induced neuronal apoptosis via the ASK1/JNK signal pathway, calcium ions, and mitochondrial membrane potential. Fasudil could be a drug of choice for treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

[Immunoregulative effect of Fasudil on encephalomyelitic T cells in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the therapeutic effect of Fasudil-modified splenic mononuclear cells (MNCs) in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and the possible mechanisms.
 METHODS: C57BL/6 female mice were immunized with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide 35-55 to establish active immunity EAE model. Splenic MNCs were isolated on the 9th day after immunization and treated with or without Fasudil for 72 h in vitro. These cells were collected for analysis of the variance of T cell subtypes, the level of cytokines and the activity of Rho kinase (ROCK). MNCs (5×107 cells) were resuspended in 500 µL of phosphate buffer solution (PBS) and transferred into EAE model (intraperitoneal injection), which was divided into a PBS-MNCs group and a Fasudil-MNCs group. Changes of body weight and clinical symptom scores were observed.
 RESULTS: Splenic encephalitogenic MNCs from EAE mice on the 9th day after immunization could establish passive transfer EAE model. But Fasudil-treated MNCs did not trigger EAE development. Compared with the PBS-MNCs group, the loss of body weight was less in the Fasudil-MNCs group. The in vitro experiment indicated that Fasudil could suppress the activity of ROCK on MNCs (P<0.01), decrease the percentage of CD4+ T cells with the expression of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-17 (IL-17) (IFN-γ: P<0.01; IL-17: P<0.05), while increase the secretion of CD4+ T cells with the expression of transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß) and IL-10 (all P<0.001) . Furthermore, Fasudil could inhibit the release of IL-17 (P<0.001) and enhance the level of IL-10 (P<0.05).
 CONCLUSION: Fasudil-modified cell therapy affects the occurrence and development of EAE by inhibiting the inflammatory reaction of helper T cell 1 (Th1) and Th17 while enhancing the immunoregulative effect of Th2.

Antidepressant-like effects of ferulic acid: involvement of serotonergic and norepinergic systems.

Ferulic acid is a polyphenol that has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties. The present study analyzed the antidepressant-like potential of ferulic acid using two well-validated mouse models of despair test, tail suspension and forced swim tests. The results suggested that ferulic acid treatment at doses of 10, 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg (p.o.) significantly reduced the immobility time in both of these two tests. These doses that affected the depressive-like behaviors did now show any effect on locomotion counts. The further neurochemical assays suggested that ferulic acid increased monoamine neurotransmitter levels in the brain regions that are relative to mood disorders: the hippocampus and frontal cortex. The increased tend to serotonin and norepinephrine was also found in the hypothalamus after higher dose of ferulic acid treatment. The subsequent study suggested that monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) activity was inhibited in the frontal cortex and hippocampus when treatment with 40 and 80 mg/kg ferulic acid; while MAO-B activity did not change significantly. The current study provides the first lines of evidence that serotonin and norepinephrine, but not dopamine levels were elevated in mouse hippocampus and frontal cortex after ferulic acid treatment. These changes may be attributable to the inhibition of MAO-A activities in the same brain regions.

Investigation on Common Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases and Epidemiological Characteristics of Forsaken Elders Over 60 Years Old in Rural Areas of Datong, China.

Objective: The common chronic non-communicable diseases and epidemiological characteristics of the forsaken elders over 60 in Guangling and Tianzhen were investigated and analyzed to provide reference for health resource allocation, hospital capacity establishing and health management of the forsaken elders in county-level regions. Materials and Methods: The data of 10,331 resident elderly over 60 in Guangling and Tianzhen of Datong Civil Affairs Bureau in the management system for disabled and semi-disabled elderly was collected. The gender, age, main diagnosis and coding of diseases, common chronic non-communicable diseases, and system diseases of the respondents were retrospectively analyzed. Results: The prevalence of the forsaken elders aged over 60 in Guangling and Tianzhen were different. Hypertension, arthritis, type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia and cerebral infarction are the top five common chronic non infectious diseases in Guangling, Tianzhen and the two counties. Among the top five common diseases in Guangling, Tianzhen and the two counties, arthritis or rheumatism, hypertension, diabetes or elevated blood sugar were found, which were different in the 60-65, 66-70, 71-75 and 76-80 groups, with the prevalence increasing with age. The top five diseases in Guangling, Tianzhen and the two counties were consistent, while the ranking changed slightly. The proportion of circulatory diseases, musculoskeletal diseases, connective tissue diseases and endocrine/nutritional and metabolic diseases in 60-65, 66-70 and 71-75 groups increased with age, and was much higher than that in other groups. Conclusion: The prevalence and disease spectrum order of common chronic non-communicable diseases and systemic diseases in Guangling and Tianzhen are diverse, also in gender and age groups. As China's county-level local administrative divisions have relatively independent administrative autonomy, medical and health resources can be better configured according to the information mined, accurately maintaining and promoting residents' health. It is suggested to explore the disease management mechanism with county-level administrative divisions as database management units under the background of big data, so as to implement the interconnection and sharing of information among health-related departments in county-level regions.

Relationship among α­synuclein, aging and inflammation in Parkinson's disease (Review).

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative pathology whose major clinical symptoms are movement disorders. The main pathological characteristics of PD are the selective death of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra and the presence of Lewy bodies containing α-synuclein (α-Syn) within these neurons. PD is associated with numerous risk factors, including environmental factors, genetic mutations and aging. In many cases, the complex interplay of numerous risk factors leads to the onset of PD. The mutated α-Syn gene, which expresses pathologicalα-Syn protein, can cause PD. Another important feature of PD is neuroinflammation, which is conducive to neuronal death. α-Syn is able to interact with certain cell types in the brain, including through phagocytosis and degradation of α-Syn by glial cells, activation of inflammatory pathways by α-Syn in glial cells, transmission of α-Syn between glial cells and neurons, and interactions between peripheral immune cells and α-Syn. In addition to the aforementioned risk factors, PD may also be associated with aging, as the prevalence of PD increases with advancing age. The aging process impairs the cellular clearance mechanism, which leads to chronic inflammation and the accumulation of intracellular α-Syn, which results in DA neuronal death. In the present review, the age-associated α-Syn pathogenicity and the interactions between α-Syn and certain types of cells within the brain are discussed to facilitate understanding of the mechanisms of PD pathogenesis, which may potentially provide insight for the future clinical treatment of PD.

Pharmacological mechanisms of puerarin in the treatment of Parkinson's disease: An overview.

Puerarin, a monomer of traditional Chinese medicine, is a key component of Pueraria radix. Both clinical and experimental researches demonstrated that puerarin has therapeutic effects on Parkinson's disease (PD). Puerarin's pharmacological mechanisms include: 1) Anti-apoptosis. Puerarin inhibits cell apoptosis through the phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathways. Puerarin also exerts a hormone-like effect against cell apoptosis; 2) Anti-oxidative stress injury. Puerarin inhibits the Nrf2 nuclear exclusion through the GSK-3ß/Fyn pathway to promote the Nrf2 accumulation in the nucleus, and then promotes the antioxidant synthesis through the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway to protect against oxidative stress; 3) Neuroprotective effects by intervening in the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy-lysosomal pathway (ALP). Puerarin significantly enhances the activity of chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), which downregulates the expression of α-synuclein, reduces its accumulation, and thus improves the function of damaged neurons. Additionally, puerarin increases proteasome activity and decreases ubiquitin-binding proteins, thereby preventing toxic accumulation of intracellular proteins; 4) Alleviating inflammatory response. Puerarin inhibits the conversion of microglia to the M1 phenotype while inducing the transition of microglia to the M2 phenotype. Furthermore, puerarin promotes the secretion of anti-inflammatory factor and inhibits the expression of pro-inflammatory factors; 5) Increasing the levels of dopamine and its metabolites. Puerarin could increase the levels of dopamine, homovanillic acid (HVA) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in the striatum; 6) Promoting neurotrophic factor expression and neuronal repair. Puerarin increases the expression of glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF), thereby exerting a neuroprotective effect. Moreover, the regulation of the gut microbiota by puerarin may be a potential mechanism for the treatment of PD. The current review discusses the molecular mechanisms of puerarin, which may provide insight into the active components of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of PD.

Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632 downregulates IL-1ß expression in mice with experimental autoimmune myocarditis.

Autoimmune myocarditis is the limited or diffuse inflammation of the myocardium due to dysfunctional cellular and humoral immunity mechanisms. We constructed mouse models of experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) using peptide MyHC-α614-629. On the day after secondary immunization, the mice were intraperitoneally injected with Rho kinase (ROCK) inhibitor Y-27632. On day 21, the cardiac tissues were harvested and weighed. The hearts of EAM mice were significantly enlarged and whitened. Furthermore, body weight (BW) slowly increased during the treatment period, the heart weight (HW) and the ratio of HW/eventual BW were increased, and inflammatory infiltration and fibrosis were aggravated in the myocardial tissue. Y-27632 treatment improved the aforementioned phenotypic and pathological features of EAM mice. Mechanistic analysis revealed a significant increase in Notch1, Hes1, Jag2, Dil1, Toll-like receptor (Tlr) 2, and interleukin (IL)-1ß expression in the myocardial tissue of EAM mice. Notably, IL-1ß expression was correlated with that of Notch1 and Tlr2. Following Y-27632 treatment, the expression of key target genes of the Notch signaling pathway (Notch1, Hes1, Dil1, and Jag2) and Tlr2 were obviously decreased. Y-27632 treatment also decreased the number of monocytes in the spleen of EAM mice. Thus, ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 exerted a protective effect in EAM mice by downregulating IL-1ß expression. This study aimed to provide a reference point for the future treatment of myocarditis in clinical settings.

NADPH oxidase 2 inhibitor GSK2795039 prevents doxorubicin-induced cardiac atrophy by attenuating cardiac sympathetic nerve terminal abnormalities and myocyte autophagy.

Doxorubicin is widely used for the treatment of human cancer, but its clinical use is limited by a cumulative dose-dependent cardiotoxicity. However, the mechanism of doxorubicin-induced cardiac atrophy and failure remains to be fully understood. In this study, we tested whether the specific NADPH oxidase 2 (Nox2) inhibitor GSK2795039 attenuates cardiac sympathetic nerve terminal abnormalities and myocyte autophagy, leading to the amelioration of cardiac atrophy and dysfunction in chronic doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy. Mice were randomized to receive saline, doxorubicin (2.5 mg/kg, every other day, 6 times) or doxorubicin plus GSK2795039 (2.5 mg/kg, twice a day, 9 weeks). Left ventricular (LV) total wall thickness and LV ejection fraction were decreased in doxorubicin-treated mice compared with saline-treated mice and the decreases were prevented by the treatment of the specific Nox2 inhibitor GSK2795039. The ratio of total heart weight to tibia length and myocyte cross-sectional area were decreased in doxorubicin-treated mice, and the decreases were attenuated by the GSK2795039 treatment. In doxorubicin-treated mice, myocardial Nox2 and 4-hydroxynonenal levels were increased, myocardial expression of GAP43, tyrosine hydroxylase and norepinephrine transporter, markers of sympathetic nerve terminals, was decreased, and these changes were prevented by the GSK2795039 treatment. The ratio of LC3 II/I, a marker of autophagy, and Atg5, Atg12 and Atg12-Atg5 conjugate proteins were increased in doxorubicin-treated mice, and the increases were attenuated by the GSK2795039 treatment. These findings suggest that inhibition of Nox2 by GSK2795039 attenuates cardiac sympathetic nerve terminal abnormalities and myocyte autophagy, thereby ameliorating cardiac atrophy and dysfunction after chronic doxorubicin treatment.

Antibiotic-Induced Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis Modulates Host Transcriptome and m6A Epitranscriptome via Bile Acid Metabolism.

Gut microbiota can influence host gene expression and physiology through metabolites. Besides, the presence or absence of gut microbiome can reprogram host transcriptome and epitranscriptome as represented by N6-methyladenosine (m6A), the most abundant mammalian mRNA modification. However, which and how gut microbiota-derived metabolites reprogram host transcriptome and m6A epitranscriptome remain poorly understood. Here, investigation is conducted into how gut microbiota-derived metabolites impact host transcriptome and m6A epitranscriptome using multiple mouse models and multi-omics approaches. Various antibiotics-induced dysbiotic mice are established, followed by fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) into germ-free mice, and the results show that bile acid metabolism is significantly altered along with the abundance change in bile acid-producing microbiota. Unbalanced gut microbiota and bile acids drastically change the host transcriptome and the m6A epitranscriptome in multiple tissues. Mechanistically, the expression of m6A writer proteins is regulated in animals treated with antibiotics and in cultured cells treated with bile acids, indicating a direct link between bile acid metabolism and m6A biology. Collectively, these results demonstrate that antibiotic-induced gut dysbiosis regulates the landscape of host transcriptome and m6A epitranscriptome via bile acid metabolism pathway. This work provides novel insights into the interplay between microbial metabolites and host gene expression.

Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus Hydrogen Sulfide Exerts Antihypertensive Effects in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats via the Nrf2 Pathway.

BACKGROUND: Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is widely distributed throughout the nervous system with various antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Hypertension involves an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammation in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). However, it is unclear how H2S in PVN affects hypertension. METHODS: Our study used spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and control Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats, microinjected with adenovirus-associated virus (AAV)-CBS (cystathionine beta-synthase overexpression) or AAV-ZsGreen in bilateral PVN, or simultaneously injected with virus-carrying nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-shRNA for 4 weeks. Blood pressure (BP) and plasma noradrenaline level were detected, and the PVN was collected. Finally, levels of CBS, H2S, Nrf2, Fra-LI, ROS, gp91phox, p47phox, superoxide dismutase 1, interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-α, tyrosine hydroxylase, and glutamate decarboxylase 67 were measured. RESULTS: We found that AAV-CBS increased H2S in the PVN, and BP, neuronal activation, oxidative stress, and inflammation of PVN were substantially reduced. Furthermore, endogenous H2S in the PVN activated Nrf2 and corrected the PVN's imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. However, Nrf2 knockdown in the PVN was similarly observed to abolish the beneficial effect of H2S on hypertension. CONCLUSIONS: The findings imply that endogenous H2S in SHR PVN is reduced, and PVN endogenous H2S can alleviate hypertension via Nrf2-mediated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

The efficacy and safety of VEGF/VEGFR inhibitors in patients with recurrent or metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: Molecular targeted therapies against vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor (VEGFR) have been explored in the treatment of recurrent or metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma (rmNPC). We conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy and safety of VEGF/VEGFR inhibitors for treating rmNPC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Electronic databases were searched for eligible literature. Data on the objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), median progression-free survival (mPFS), median overall survival (mOS), PFS rate, OS rate, and drug-related adverse events (AEs) were extracted. RESULTS: A total of 10 studies (published in 9 articles) that involved 357 patients were included. The pooled ORR was 37 % (95 % confidence interval [CI]: 17-60 %), the DCR was 70 % (95 % CI: 51-85 %), the mPFS was 5.69 months (95 % CI: 4.52-6.86), the mOS was 12.61 months (95 % CI: 10.23-14.99), the 1-year PFS rate was 34 % (95 % CI: 25-44 %), and the 1-year OS rate was 62 % (95 % CI: 38-83 %). The pooled incidence of grade 3/4 drug-related AEs was 27 %, while that of grade 5 AEs was 0.22 %. Further subgroup analysis showed that the pooled ORR and DCR for first-line VEGF inhibitors were 80 % (95 % CI: 74-86 %) and 94 % (CI: 82-100 %), respectively. CONCLUSION: Our meta-analysis is the first report to demonstrate the efficacy and safety of VEGF/VEGFR inhibitors in patients with rmNPC. Targeting VEGF/VEGFR therapy added to first-line chemotherapy achieved an excellent ORR and DCR, while the improvement in response rates did not translate to a prominent OS benefit.

Effect of self-management of stroke patients on rehabilitation based on patient-reported outcome.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of self-management behavior on the rehabilitation of stroke patients to lay a theoretical basis for using patient-reported outcome (PRO) for rehabilitation evaluation of stroke patients. Materials and methods: 396 patients hospitalized in the Department of Neurology of 4 tertiary general hospitals in Datong from August 1st 2018 to March 31st 2020 were included in accordance with the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The included patients were randomly assigned into a self-management intervention group and a control group. Only the control group received the clinical pathway intervention of stroke rehabilitation. The stroke patients in the intervention group received the self-management intervention in addition to the clinical pathway intervention of stroke rehabilitation. The self-management status and rehabilitation results of the patients were evaluated in 24 h and 3 months after the patients were enrolled, respectively. Statistical description and analysis were conducted using SPSS20.0 statistical software. The general data of the patients were expressed by percentage. The data regarding patients' self-management and rehabilitation results were statistically described by percentage, mean and standard deviation. The comparison between groups was drawn through t-test and analysis of variance. Bonferroni method was used for multiple comparison correction. The correlation between rehabilitation results and patients' basic conditions and self-management was investigated through Pearson correlation analysis. The main factors for self-management behaviors were studied through multiple stepwise regression analyses. Results: The total scores of self-management behaviors of the investigated subjects achieved statistical significance in different ages, occupations, educational levels, income levels, exercise intervention, past medical history, BMI, as well as marital status (P < 0.01). In this study, there was no statistical difference in different genders and medical insurance status (P > 0.05). The total scores of self-management behaviors and the scores of the respective dimension were positively correlated with the health education, exercise intervention, functional training, psychological intervention, food intake, living habits, and functional training of stroke patients at the recovery stage. Educational level and marital status were positively correlated with the rehabilitation results of patients. The PRO questionnaire for the stroke scored higher in married patients and highly educated patients, and there were statistically significant differences (P < 0.01). Family history was negatively correlated with the rehabilitation results of patients. Exercise intervention and functional training were positively correlated with the rehabilitation results of patients. Conclusion: Education level, health education, food intake, exercise and rehabilitation training, sleep, and psychological intervention were the main factors for self-management behavior in stroke patients at the recovery stage. Self-management interventions can effectively increase the health education level of stroke patients, strengthen their self-confidence in disease self-management, facilitate the establishment of effective self-management behavior of patients, and improve their quality of life and subjective well-being. Stroke PRO scale can be used to evaluate the clinical intervention effect of self-management on stroke patients in multiple dimensions, especially evaluating the improvement of subjective mental and psychological state of patients, thus revealing the intervention effect of self-management on stroke patients comprehensively.

Transcriptome analysis of fasudil treatment in the APPswe/PSEN1dE9 transgenic (APP/PS1) mice model of Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of progressive dementia. In the present study, we showed hippocampal tissue transcriptome analysis in APPswe/PSEN1dE9 (APP/PS1, AD model) mice treated with fasudil (ADF) and compared with AD mice treated with saline (ADNS) and wild type mice (WT). The competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network was constructed and validated the differential expression of mRNA, lncRNA, miRNA, and circRNA. Our study showed differentially expressed mRNAs (DEMs) between WT and ADNS, while enriched in cell growth and death and nervous system pathways. DEMs between ADNS-ADF were enriched in the nervous system, glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis-keratan sulfate (KS) and Quorum sensing pathways. We validated four genes with RT-PCR, whereas enrichment of Acyl-CoA Synthetase Long Chain Family Member 4 (Acsl4, ENSMUST00000112903) in Quorum sensing pathways, and BTG anti-proliferation factor 1 (Btg1, ENSMUST00000038377) in RNA degradation pathways were conducted. Expression of these two genes were higher in ADNS, but were significantly reduced in ADF. Histone H4 transcription factor (Hinfp, ENSMUST00000216508) orchestrate G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle and co-expressed with mmu-miR-26a-2-3p-mediated ceRNA and mmu-miR-3065-5p-mediated ceRNA; Wnt family member 4 (Wnt4, ENSMUST00000045747) was enriched in mTOR, Hippo and Wnt signaling pathway. Expression of these two genes were significantly lower in ADNS, and fasudil treatment reverse it. The present studies demonstrated four genes: Acsl4, Btg1, Hinfp, Wnt4 could be potential biomarkers of AD and the targets of fasudil treatment. These results will pave a novel direction for future clinic studies for AD and fasudil treatment.

Blockade of Microglial Activation in Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus Improves High Salt-Induced Hypertension.

BACKGROUND: It has been shown that activated microglia in brain releasing proinflammatory cytokines (PICs) contribute to the progression of cardiovascular diseases. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that microglial activation in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), induced by high-salt diet, increases the oxidative stress via releasing PICs and promotes sympathoexcitation and development of hypertension. METHODS: High-salt diet was given to male Dahl salt-sensitive rats to induce hypertension. Those rats were bilaterally implanted with cannula for PVN infusion of minocycline, a selective microglial activation blocker, or artificial cerebrospinal fluid for 4 weeks. RESULTS: High-salt diet elevated mean arterial pressure of Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Meanwhile, elevations of renal sympathetic nerve activity and central prostaglandin E2, as well as increase of plasma norepinephrine, were observed in those hypertensive rats. Tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), and IL-6 increased in the PVN of those rats, associated with a significant activation of microglia and prominent disruption of redox balance, which was demonstrated by higher superoxide and NAD(P)H oxidase 2 (NOX-2) and NAD(P)H oxidase 4 (NOX-4), and lower Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase in PVN. PVN infusion of minocycline attenuated all hypertension-related alterations described above. CONCLUSION: This study indicates that high salt leads to microglial activation within PVN of hypertensive rats, and those activated PVN microglia release PICs and trigger the production of reactive oxygen species, which contributes to sympathoexcitation and development of hypertension. Blockade of PVN microglial activation inhibits inflammation and oxidative stress, therefore attenuating the development of hypertension induced by high-salt diet.

The Effects of Age, Period, and Cohort on the Mortality of Cervical Cancer in Three High-Income Countries: Canada, Korea, and Italy.

BACKGROUND: As the second most common gynecologic cancer worldwide, cervical cancer has led to morbidity and mortality in thousands of women. Our study is aimed at comparing the long-term trends of mortality rates for cervical cancer in three high-income countries-Canada, Korea, and Italy-and analyzing the detached effects of chronological age, time period, and birth cohort by age-period-cohort (APC) analysis. METHODS: Joinpoint regression was used in this study, and the age-period-cohort model combined with the intrinsic estimator method was also applied to estimate the detached effect of each age, time period, and birth cohort on cervical cancer mortality. RESULTS: For the overall trends of ASMRs for cervical cancer, the rates for Canada and Italy generally decreased during the whole observation periods while the rate for Korea exhibited a significant increase from 1986 to 2003. The APC analysis suggested that the cancer mortality risks consistently increased with age in the age groups including women aged 20 to 50 years in all areas. The period effect exhibited a general upward trend for both Korea and Italy, while a decreased trend was observed for Canada during the whole observation period. The mortality risk generally decreased with birth cohort, except there was a slight increase for younger generations in the three countries. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that the overall decrease in the cohort effect may have contributed to the reduced mortality rate for Italy and Canada, and the increased period effects and cohort effect in younger generations may have led to the increase in cancer mortality rate for Korea.

Core decompression combined with implantation of ß-tricalcium phosphate modified by a BMSC affinity cyclic peptide for the treatment of early osteonecrosis of the femoral head.

Early intervention of osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) is very important. At present, the therapeutic effect on early ONFH is not completely satisfactory. D7 peptide has special affinity towards bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC). Taking advantage of the adsorption/freeze-drying strategy, we constructed D7 cyclic peptide-modified ß-tricalcium phosphate (ß-TCP) scaffolds. The functional ß-TCP scaffolds can enhance adhesion, spreading and proliferation of BMSCs compared with unmodified ß-TCP scaffolds, which was comfired in cytological experiments. In rabbit model of early ONFH, functional ß-TCP scaffolds were stuffed into the cavities after core decompression (CD). Radiographic and histological examination confirmed that CD followed by filling of functional ß-TCP scaffolds can obviously improve the therapeutic effect of early ONFH. Our study provides a new option for curing early ONFH.

Inhibition of Rho Kinase by Fasudil Ameliorates Cognition Impairment in APP/PS1 Transgenic Mice via Modulation of Gut Microbiota and Metabolites.

Background: Fasudil, a Rho kinase inhibitor, exerts therapeutic effects in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD), a chronic neurodegenerative disease with progressive loss of memory. However, the mechanisms remain unclear. In addition, the gut microbiota and its metabolites have been implicated in AD. Methods: We examined the effect of fasudil on learning and memory using the Morris water-maze (MWM) test in APPswe/PSEN1dE9 transgenic (APP/PS1) mice (8 months old) treated (i.p.) with fasudil (25 mg/kg/day; ADF) or saline (ADNS) and in age- and gender-matched wild-type (WT) mice. Fecal metagenomics and metabolites were performed to identify novel biomarkers of AD and elucidate the mechanisms of fasudil induced beneficial effects in AD mice. Results: The MWM test showed significant improvement of spatial memory in APP/PS1 mice treated with fasudil as compared to ADNS. The metagenomic analysis revealed the abundance of the dominant phyla in all the three groups, including Bacteroidetes (23.7-44%) and Firmicutes (6.4-26.6%), and the increased relative abundance ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes in ADNS (59.1%) compared to WT (31.7%). In contrast, the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio was decreased to the WT level in ADF (32.8%). Lefse analysis of metagenomics identified s_Prevotella_sp_CAG873 as an ADF potential biomarker, while s_Helicobacter_typhlonius and s_Helicobacter_sp_MIT_03-1616 as ADNS potential biomarkers. Metabolite analysis revealed the increment of various metabolites, including glutamate, hypoxanthine, thymine, hexanoyl-CoA, and leukotriene, which were relative to ADNS or ADF microbiota potential biomarkers and mainly involved in the metabolism of nucleotide, lipids and sugars, and the inflammatory pathway. Conclusions: Memory deficit in APP/PS1 mice was correlated with the gut microbiome and metabolite status. Fasudil reversed the abnormal gut microbiota and subsequently regulated the related metabolisms to normal in the AD mice. It is believed that fasudil can be a novel strategy for the treatment of AD via remodeling of the gut microbiota and metabolites. The novel results also provide valuable references for the use of gut microbiota and metabolites as diagnostic biomarkers and/or therapeutic targets in clinical studies of AD.

Bilateral Paraventricular Nucleus Upregulation of Extracellular Superoxide Dismutase Decreases Blood Pressure by Regulation of the NLRP3 and Neurotransmitters in Salt-Induced Hypertensive Rats.

Aims: Long-term salt diet induces the oxidative stress in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and increases the blood pressure. Extracellular superoxide dismutase (Ec-SOD) is a unique antioxidant enzyme that exists in extracellular space and plays an essential role in scavenging excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the underlying mechanism of Ec-SOD in the PVN remains unclear. Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats (150-200 g) were fed either a high salt diet (8% NaCl, HS) or normal salt diet (0.9% NaCl, NS) for 6 weeks. Each group of rats was administered with bilateral PVN microinjection of AAV-Ec-SOD (Ec-SOD overexpression) or AAV-Ctrl for the next 6 weeks. Results: High salt intake not only increased mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and the plasma noradrenaline (NE) but also elevated the NAD(P)H oxidase activity, the NAD(P)H oxidase components (NOX2 and NOX4) expression, and ROS production in the PVN. Meanwhile, the NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3)-dependent inflammatory proteins (ASC, pro-cas-1, IL-ß, CXCR, CCL2) expression and the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression in the PVN with high salt diet were higher, but the GSH level, Ec-SOD activity, GAD67 expression, and GABA level were lower than the NS group. Bilateral PVN microinjection of AAV-Ec-SOD decreased MAP and the plasma NE, reduced NAD(P)H oxidase activity, the NOX2 and NOX4 expression, and ROS production, attenuated NLRP3-dependent inflammatory expression and TH, but increased GSH level, Ec-SOD activity, GAD67 expression, and GABA level in the PVN compared with the high salt group. Conclusion: Excessive salt intake not only activates oxidative stress but also induces the NLRP3-depensent inflammation and breaks the balance between inhibitory and excitability neurotransmitters in the PVN. Ec-SOD, as an essential anti-oxidative enzyme, eliminates the ROS in the PVN and decreases the blood pressure, probably through inhibiting the NLRP3-dependent inflammation and improving the excitatory neurotransmitter release in the PVN in the salt-induced hypertension.

Effects of Nrf1 in Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus on Regulating the Blood Pressure During Hypertension.

The incidence rate and mortality of hypertension increase every year. Hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) plays a critical role on the pathophysiology of hypertension. It has been demonstrated that the imbalance of neurotransmitters including norepinephrine (NE), glutamate (Glu) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are closely related to sympathetic overactivity and pathogenesis of hypertension. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), consisting of GluN1 and GluN2 subunits, is considered to be a glutamate-gated ion channel, which binds to Glu, and activates neuronal activity. Studies have found that the synthesis of respiratory chain enzyme complex was affected and mitochondrial function was impaired in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), further indicating that mitochondria is associated with hypertension. Nuclear respiratory factor 1 (Nrf1) is a transcription factor that modulates mitochondrial respiratory chain and is related to GluN1, GluN2A, and GluN2B promoters. However, the brain mechanisms underlying PVN Nrf1 modulating sympathoexcitation and blood pressure during the development of hypertension remains unclear. In this study, an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector carrying the shRNA targeting rat Nrf1 gene (shNrf1) was injected into bilateral PVN of male rats underwent two kidneys and one clip to explore the role of Nrf1 in mediating the development of hypertension and sympathoexcitation. Administration of shNrf1 knocked down the expression of Nrf1 and reduced the expression of excitatory neurotransmitters, increased the expression of inhibitory neurotransmitters, and reduced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and attenuated sympathoexcitation and hypertension. The results indicate that knocking down Nrf1 suppresses sympathoexcitation in hypertension by reducing PVN transcription of NMDAR subunits (GluN1, GluN2A, and GluN2B), rebalancing PVN excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters, inhibiting PVN neuronal activity and oxidative stress, and attenuating sympathetic activity.