Integrative phosphatidylcholine metabolism through phospholipase A2 in rats with chronic kidney disease.

Dysregulation in lipid metabolism is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and also the important risk factors for high morbidity and mortality. Although lipid abnormalities were identified in CKD, integral metabolic pathways for specific individual lipid species remain to be clarified. We conducted ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high-definition mass spectrometry-based lipidomics and identified plasma lipid species and therapeutic effects of Rheum officinale in CKD rats. Adenine-induced CKD rats were administered Rheum officinale. Urine, blood and kidney tissues were collected for analyses. We showed that exogenous adenine consumption led to declining kidney function in rats. Compared with control rats, a panel of differential plasma lipid species in CKD rats was identified in both positive and negative ion modes. Among the 50 lipid species, phosphatidylcholine (PC), lysophosphatidylcholine (LysoPC) and lysophosphatidic acid (LysoPA) accounted for the largest number of identified metabolites. We revealed that six PCs had integral metabolic pathways, in which PC was hydrolysed into LysoPC, and then converted to LysoPA, which was associated with increased cytosolic phospholipase A2 protein expression in CKD rats. The lower levels of six PCs and their corresponding metabolites could discriminate CKD rats from control rats. Receiver operating characteristic curves showed that each individual lipid species had high values of area under curve, sensitivity and specificity. Administration of Rheum officinale significantly improved impaired kidney function and aberrant PC metabolism in CKD rats. Taken together, this study demonstrates that CKD leads to PC metabolism disorders and that the dysregulation of PC metabolism is involved in CKD pathology.

Evaluation and validation of the prognostic value of anti-MDA5 IgG subclasses in dermatomyositis-associated interstitial lung disease.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between the anti-melanoma differentiation associated gene 5 (MDA5) IgG subclasses and prognosis of patients with dermatomyositis (DM)-associated interstitial lung disease (ILD). METHODS: This retrospective study included 122 anti-MDA5 positive DM-ILD patients admitted from October 2017 to October 2020 as training cohort, and additional 68 patients from August 2014 to September 2017 as validation cohort. The levels of anti-MDA5 total IgG and IgG subclasses were measured using in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and analysed in association with the patient prognosis. RESULTS: In the training cohort, the concentrations of anti-MDA5 IgG1 and IgG3 in non-survivors were significantly higher than in survivors (P < 0.05), whereas there were no significant differences in the IgG2 and IgG4 levels. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed that the levels of anti-MDA5 total IgG, IgG1 and IgG3 were associated with mortality (P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis revealed anti-MDA5 IgG1 >13 U/ml and anti-MDA5 IgG3 >11 U/ml were independent risk factors for death of DM-ILD patients (P < 0.05). Anti-MDA5 IgG1 was confirmed as an independent risk factor in the validation cohort, while anti-MDA5 IgG3 was not. Anti-MDA5 IgG1 showed greater discriminable power for patient prognosis (Youden index 0.494) than anti-MDA5 total IgG, IgG3, or the combination of IgG1 and IgG3 (Youden index 0.356, 0.32 and 0.447, respectively). CONCLUSION: Anti-MDA5 IgG1 and IgG3 are significantly associated with poor prognosis in DM-ILD patients, and anti-MDA5 IgG1 is more efficient as a prognostic biomarker in DM-ILD patients.

Three new cassane-type diterpenoids from Caesalpinia sinensis.

Three new cassane-type diterpenoids, namely, (4S)-6ß,12α,19-trihydroxy-cass-13(15)-en-16,12-olide (1), cass-13(15)-en-​16,12-olide (2), and 12α-hydroxy-cass-13(15)-en-16,12-olide (3), were isolated from the seeds of Caesalpinia sinensis. The structures of 1-3 were established by extensive spectroscopic analysis, and their absolute configurations were assigned by electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. The inhibitory activities against PTP1B of the isolated compounds were evaluated. The results showed that compound 2 possessed PTP1B inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 217.45 ± 36.4 µM.

Single-Molecule Imaging in Living Plant Cells: A Methodological Review.

Single-molecule imaging is emerging as a revolutionary approach to studying fundamental questions in plants. However, compared with its use in animals, the application of single-molecule imaging in plants is still underexplored. Here, we review the applications, advantages, and challenges of single-molecule fluorescence imaging in plant systems from the perspective of methodology. Firstly, we provide a general overview of single-molecule imaging methods and their principles. Next, we summarize the unprecedented quantitative details that can be obtained using single-molecule techniques compared to bulk assays. Finally, we discuss the main problems encountered at this stage and provide possible solutions.

Identification of a novel autoantibody against heat shock factor 1 in idiopathic inflammatory myopathy.

OBJECTIVES: Myositis autoantibodies show great utility in the diagnosis and clinico-serological phenotyping of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM). We identified a novel autoantibody against heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) and further evaluated its disease specificity and clinical significance in IIM patients. METHODS: A human protein microarray was used to identify autoantibodies in myositis sera. ELISA, immunoblot and dot blot assays were applied to examine anti-HSF1 autoantibodies in IIM patients and controls. Immunofluorescence was used to detect HSF1 expression in muscle tissues. RESULTS: Anti-HSF1 was identified as a novel autoantibody by protein microarray and the seroreactivity was confirmed by immunoprecipitation, ELISA, immunoblot and dot blot assays. Anti-HSF1 autoantibodies were present in 64/581 (11.0%) IIM, 4/37 (10.8%) rheumatoid arthritis, 5/40 (12.5%) primary Sjögren's syndrome, 2/40 (5%) systemic lupus erythematosus, while largely negative in healthy controls. Anti-HSF1 autoantibodies were significantly associated with pruritus, hypergammaglobulinaemia, and elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate in IIM patients. Anti-HSF1 autoantibodies were more prevalent in cancer-associated myositis (CAM) compared to non-CAM patients (17.2% vs. 7.5%, p=0.009), nevertheless were undetectable in cancer controls. Meanwhile, cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses revealed positive correlations between anti-HSF1 levels and disease activity in IIM patients without cancer. Additionally, increased expression of HSF1 was found in regenerating muscle cells of myositis muscle tissues. CONCLUSIONS: These data reveal anti-HSF1 as a new autoantibody associated with CAM in IIM. The autoimmunity against HSF1 may be involved in the immunopathogenesis of myositis.

Increased Levels of Soluble CD206 Associated with Rapidly Progressive Interstitial Lung Disease in Patients with Dermatomyositis.

OBJECTIVE: Soluble CD206 (sCD206) is considered a macrophage activation marker, and a previous study proved it as a potential biomarker to predict the severity of anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5- (anti-MDA-5-) positive dermatomyositis- (DM-) associated interstitial lung disease (ILD). To investigate the role of sCD206 in various subtypes of DM, we evaluated the serum level of sCD206 in patients with different myositis-specific autoantibodies besides anti-MDA-5 and clarified its clinical significance. METHODS: Commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits were used to detect serum concentrations of sCD206 in 150 patients with DM and 52 healthy controls (HCs). Correlations between sCD206 levels and clinical features, laboratory examinations, and pulmonary function test parameters were analysed. RESULTS: The median concentrations of serum sCD206 in DM patients were significantly higher than those in HCs (p < 0.0001). Furthermore, median sCD206 levels were elevated in patients with ILD (p = 0.001), especially in those with rapidly progressive ILD (RP-ILD) (p < 0.0001). In addition, sCD206 levels were negatively correlated with the pulmonary function test results, including the percent predicted forced vital capacity (r = -0.234, p = 0.023), percent predicted forced expiratory volume in one second (r = -0.225, p = 0.030), and percent predicted carbon monoxide diffusion capacity (r = -0.261, p = 0.014). Age- and gender-adjusted multivariable analysis showed that sCD206 was an independent prognostic factor for RP-ILD in patients with DM. A longitudinal study showed that sCD206 levels were positively correlated with the physician global assessment visual analog scale scores (ß = 54.201, p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Serum sCD206 levels were significantly increased in patients with DM and significantly associated with RP-ILD, suggesting that sCD206 is an important biological predictor of RP-ILD in patients with DM.

Three new diterpenes from Dysoxylum lukii and their NO production inhibitory activity.

Three new diterpenes were isolated from the stems of Dysoxylum lukii Merr and characterized on the basis of spectral data. Neoclerod-13Z-ene-3α, 4ß, 15-triol (3) exhibited the inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production in RAW264.7 macrophages with an IC50 value of 25.49 µM.[Formula: see text].

The efficacy of thymosin α1 as immunomodulatory treatment for sepsis: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: Thymosin α1 (Tα1) as immunomodulatory treatment is supposed to be beneficial for the sepsis patients by regulating T cell subsets and inflammatory mediators. However, limited by the small sample size and the poor study design, the persuasive power of the single clinical studies is weak. This meta-analysis aimed to investigate the impact of Tα1 on the sepsis patients. METHODS: We searched for the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CBM, VIP, CNKI, WANFANG, Igaku Chuo Zasshi (ICHUSHI) and Korean literature databases reporting the effects of Tα1 on outcomes in sepsis patients. RESULTS: Among 444 related articles, 19 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) met our inclusion criteria. Mortality events were reported in 10 RCTs included 530 patients, and the meta-analysis showed significant decrease in Tα1 group compared with control group (RR 0.59, 95 % CI 0.45 to 0.77, p = 0.0001). The subgroup analysis showed no difference between the two dosages (RR 0.59, 95 % CI 0.43 to 0.81; RR 0.59, 95 % CI 0.35 to 0.98, respectively). In 9 RCTs, with a total of 489 patients, Tα1 administered once per day decrease APACHE II score significantly (SMD -0.80, 95 % CI -1.14 to -0.47, p < 0.0001) while Tα1 twice per day showed no effect (SMD 0.30, 95 % CI-0.10 to 0.70, p = 0.14). However, the length of ICU stay, the incidence of multiple organ failure (MOF) and duration of mechanical ventilation were not significantly affected by Tα1 treatment (SMD -0.52, 95 % CI -1.06 to 0.11, p = 0.06; SMD -0.49, 95 % CI -1.09 to 0.11, p = 0.11; SMD -0.37, 95 % CI -0.90 to 0.17, p = 0.17, respectively). As to the immunological indicators, the level of HLA-DR were increased by Tα1 (SMD 1.23, 95 % CI 0.28 to 2.18, p = 0.01) according to the pooled analysis of 8 studies involving 721 patients. Lymphocyte subsets CD3, CD4 and cytokines IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α were also beneficially affected by Tα1 treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Tα1 may be beneficial to sepsis patients in reducing mortality and modulating inflammation reactions. However, the quality of evidence supporting the effectiveness is low considering the small sample sizes and inadequate adherence to standardized reporting guidelines for RCTs among the included studies.

[Lignans from Stem Bark of Styrax perkinsiae].

OBJECTIVE: To study the chemical constituents in the stem bark of Styrax perkinsiae. METHODS: The chemical constituents were separated and purified by chromatographic methods after solvent extraction and identified by spectroscopic analyses. RESULTS: Ten lignans were isolated from the stem bark of Styrax perkinsiae and identified as following: pinoresinol 4-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside (1), matairesinoside (2), styraxlignolide B (3), 3- (ß-D-glucopyranosyloxymethyl)-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-5-(3-hydroxypropyl )-7-methoxy-(2R , 3S) -dihydrobenzofuran (4), burselignan (5), (+) -neo-olivil (6), threo-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl )-2-[ 4-(3-hydroxypropyl)-2-methoxyphenoxy]-1, 3-propanediol (7), erythro-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl )-2-[ 4-(3-hydroxypropyl )-2-methoxyphenoxy ] -1 ,3-propanediol (8), isolariciresinol(9) and (+) -lariciresinol (10). CONCLUSION: Compounds 5 - 10 are isolated from the plants of Styrax genus for the first time.

Cytotoxic azaphilone alkaloids from Chaetomium globosum TY1.

Three novel azaphilone alkaloids, namely chaetomugilides A-C (1-3), together with three related compounds (4-6) were isolated from the methanol extract of Chaetomium globosum TY1, an endophytic fungus isolated from Ginkgo biloba. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive 1D and 2D NMR as well as HRESI-MS spectroscopic data analysis. The isolated compounds exhibited highly cytotoxic activities against human cancer cell line HePG2 with the IC50 values range from 1.7 to 53.4µM.

[Acupuncture combined with auricular point sticking for girls aged 3-8 years with incomplete precocious puberty: a randomized controlled trial].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the efficacy and safety of acupuncture combined with auricular point sticking for girls aged 3-8 years with incomplete precocious puberty (IPP). METHODS: Sixty girls with IPP were randomly divided into an observation group (30 cases, 2 cases dropped off) and a control group (30 cases, 2 cases were eliminated). The girls in the control group were treated with healthy diet and proper exercise for 12 weeks. On the basis of the treatment in the control group, the girls in the observation group were treated with acupuncture combined with auricular point sticking. The acupuncture was applied at Sanyinjiao (SP 6), Guanyuan (CV 4), Guilai (ST 29), etc., the needles were retained for 20 min, acupuncture was given twice a week (once every 3 days). The auricular point sticking was applied at Luanchao (TF2), Neishengzhiqi (TF2), Neifenmi (CO18), Yuanzhong (AT2,3,4i), etc., twice a week. The treatment was given for 12 weeks. Before treatment, after treatment and in follow-up after 12 weeks of treatment completion, the Tanner stage of breast, serum contents of sex hormone (luteinizing hormone [LH], follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH], estradiol [E2]) were observed. The ovarian volume, the number of follicles with diameter>4 mm, and the uterine volume were measured by abdominal color Doppler ultrasound. In addition, the safety of the observation group was evaluated. RESULTS: Compared with before treatment, the Tanner stage of breast in the observation group was improved after treatment and in follow-up (P<0.05); after treatment and in follow-up, the Tanner stage of breast in the observation group was better than that in the control group (P<0.05). Compared with before treatment, the serum levels of LH and E2 in the observation group were increased (P<0.05), and the volume of bilateral ovaries was larger (P<0.05) in follow-up. Compared with before treatment, the serum contents of LH, FSH and E2 in the control group were increased (P<0.05), the volume of bilateral ovaries was larger (P<0.05), and the number of follicles was increased (P<0.05) after treatment and in follow-up. The serum levels of LH, FSH and E2 in the observation group were lower than those in the control group (P<0.05), the volume of bilateral ovaries was smaller than that in the control group (P<0.05), and the number of follicles was lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). Compared with before treatment, the uterine volume in the two groups was larger in follow-up (P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups after treatment and in follow-up (P>0.05). During the treatment, 3 cases in the observation group had slight abdominal pain and subcutaneous blood stasis, without serious adverse reactions. CONCLUSION: Acupuncture combined with auricular point sticking could improve the Tanner stage of breast, reduce the level of sex hormone, slow down the development and maturation of ovary and follicle, and control the degree and speed of sexual development in girls aged 3-8 years with IPP.

[Effect of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation combined with auricular acupressure on sexual hormone level and gonadal development in girls with precocious puberty].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation (TEAS) combined with auricular acupressure on serum sexual hormone level, and the ovarian, follicular and uterine development in the girls with precocious puberty. METHODS: Sixty girls with precocious puberty were randomly divided into a control group (30 cases, 2 cases dropped off) and a treatment group (30 cases, 3 cases dropped off). In both the control group and the treatment group, the healthy life-style intervention was provided for 12 weeks. Besides, in the treatment group, TEAS was delivered for 20 minutes each time, twice a week; and bilateral auricular acupressure was combined. The duration of treatment was 12 weeks. The levels of serum luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and estradiol (E2), as well as ovarian volume, maximum follicular diameter and uterine volume before and after treatment were detected, and the safety was evaluated separately. RESULTS: Compared with before treatment, the contents of serum LH and FSH were increased (P<0.05), and the ovarian volume and the maximum follicle diameter were increased (P<0.05) in the control group after treatment; the contents of serum FSH and E2 were decresed (P<0.05), and the maximum follicular diameter was reduced significantly (P<0.05) in the treatment group after treatment. Compared with the control group, the contents of serum LH, FSH and E2 were decreased (P<0.05), while the ovarian volume and the maximum follicle diameter were decreased (P<0.05) in the treatment group after treatment. CONCLUSION: TEAS combined with auricular acupressure can effectively decrease the level of sex hormone, improve the ovarian and uterine development and retard the gonadal development. Such combined therapy is of high safety and conductive to regulating the development for the girls with precocious puberty.

Two new norcassane-type diterpenoids from Mezonevron sinense Hemsl.

Two new norcassane-type diterpenoids, named 6ß-hydroxy-bisnorcass-13-en-12-one (1) and 6ß-hydroxy-bisnorcassan-12-one (2), were isolated from the seeds of Mezonevron sinense Hemsl. The structures of compounds 1-2 were determined by extensive spectroscopic analysis. Two compounds exhibited immunosuppressive activity with the IC50 values of 19.35 ± 0.87 µM and 18.69 ± 0.88 µM in the ConA induced T cell model and 65.04 ± 0.83 µM and 48.06 ± 0.76 µM in LPS induced B cell model, respectively.

Two undescribed steroids from Munronia pinnata (Wall.) W. Theob.

Two undescribed steroids, named (15 R)-2,15-dihydroxypregna-1,4-dien-3,16-dione (1) and 2,15-dihydroxypregna-1,4,14-trien-3,16-dione (2), were isolated from the aerial parts of Munronia pinnata (Wall.) W. Theob. The structure elucidation of two compounds was performed by using spectroscopic methods and comparing the literature. Compound 2 exhibited inhibitory effect against PTP-1B with an IC50 value of 152.07 ± 3.33 µM, and compound 1 was inactive.

Three new caryophyllene-type sesquiterpenoid glycosides from Biebersteinia heterostemon maxim.

Three new caryophyllene-type sesquiterpenoid glycosides were isolated from Biebersteinia heterostemon. Their structures were elucidated by comprehensive analysis of NMR and MS spectroscopic data. All the isolated compounds were evaluated for MCF-7/TAM cytotoxic activity. The results indicated that compound 1 was found to exhibit the weak cytotoxicity against MCF-7/TAM with the IC50 value of 106.4 ± 0.04 µM.

Transforming growth factor-ß signaling: From tissue fibrosis to therapeutic opportunities.

Fibrosis refers to the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix components in the processes of wound repair or tissue regeneration after tissue damage. Fibrosis occurs in various organs such as lung, heart, liver, and kidney tissues, resulting in the failure of organ structural integrity and its functional impairment. It has long been thought to be relentlessly progressive and irreversible process, but both preclinical models and clinical trials in multiorgans have shown that fibrosis is a highly dynamic process. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-ß) is a superfamily of related growth factors. Many studies have described that activation of profibrotic TGF-ß signaling promotes infiltration and/or proliferation of preexisting fibroblasts, generation of myofibroblasts, extracellular matrix deposition, and inhibition of collagenolysis, which leads to fibrosis in the pathological milieu. This review describes the effect of TGF-ß signaling in fibrotic-associate lung, heart, liver, and kidney tissues, followed by a detailed discussion of canonical and non-canonical TGF-ß signaling pathway. In addition, this review also discusses therapeutic options by using natural products and chemical agents, for targeting tissue fibrosis via modulating TGF-ß signaling to provide a more specific concept-driven therapy strategy for multiorgan fibrosis.

Moshen granule ameliorates membranous nephropathy by blocking intrarenal renin-angiotensin system signalling via the Wnt1/ß-catenin pathway.

BACKGROUND: Membranous nephropathy (MN) is one of the cardinal causes of nephrotic syndrome in adults, but an adequate treatment regimen is lacking. PURPOSE: We assessed the effect of Moshen granule (MSG) on patients with MN and cationic bovine serum albumin (CBSA)-induced rats. We further identified the bioactive components of MSG and revealed the underlying molecular mechanism of its renoprotective effects. METHODS: We determined the effect of MSG on patients with MN and CBSA-induced rats and its components on podocyte injury in zymosan-activated serum (ZAS)-elicited podocytes and revealed their regulatory mechanism on the Wnt/ß-catenin/renin-angiotensin system (RAS) signalling axis. RESULTS: MSG treatment improved renal function and reduced proteinuria in MN patients and significantly reduced proteinuria and preserved the protein expression of podocin, nephrin, podocalyxin and synaptopodin in CBSA-induced MN rats. Mechanistically, MSG treatment significantly inhibited the protein expression of angiotensinogen, angiotensin converting enzyme and angiotensin II type 1 receptor, which was accompanied by inhibition of the protein expression of Wnt1 and ß-catenin and its downstream gene products, including Snail1, Twist, matrix metalloproteinase-7, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and fibroblast-specific protein 1, in CBSA-induced MN rats. We further identified 81 compounds, including astragaloside IV (AGS), calycosin, barleriside A and geniposidic acid, that preserve the podocyte-specific protein expression in ZAS-induced podocytes. Among these four compounds, AGS exhibited the strongest inhibitory effects on podocyte protein expression. AGS treatment significantly inhibited the protein expression of RAS components and Wnt1 and ß-catenin and its downstream gene products in ZAS-induced podocytes. In contrast, the inhibitory effect of AGS on podocyte-specific proteins, ß-catenin downstream gene products and RAS components was partially abolished in ZAS-induced podocytes treated with ICG-001 and ß-catenin siRNA. CONCLUSION: This study first demonstrates that AGS mitigates podocyte injury by inhibiting the activation of RAS signalling via the Wnt1/ß-catenin pathway by both pharmacological and genetic methods. Therefore, AGS might be considered a new ß-catenin inhibitor that inhibits the Wnt1/ß-catenin pathway to retard MN in patients.

Ethanol extract of Herpetospermum caudigerum Wall ameliorates psoriasis-like skin inflammation and promotes degradation of keratinocyte-derived ICAM-1 and CXCL9.

OBJECTIVE: To explore whether the ethanol extract of Herpetospermum caudigerum Wall (EHC), a Xizang medicinal plant traditionally used for treating liver diseases, can improve imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin inflammation. METHODS: Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining were used to determine the effects of topical EHC use in vivo on the skin pathology of imiquimod-induced psoriasis in mice. The protein levels of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-17A (IL-17A) in mouse skin samples were examined using immunohistochemical staining. In vitro, IFN-γ-induced HaCaT cells with or without EHC treatment were used to evaluate the expression of keratinocyte-derived intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and chemokine CXC ligand 9 (CXCL9) using Western blotting and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide and proteasome inhibitor MG132 were utilized to validate the EHC-mediated mechanism underlying degradation of ICAM-1 and CXCL9. RESULTS: EHC improved inflammation in the imiquimod-induced psoriasis mouse model and reduced the levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17A in psoriatic lesions. Treatment with EHC also suppressed ICAM-1 and CXCL9 in epidermal keratinocytes. Further mechanistic studies revealed that EHC suppressed keratinocyte-derived ICAM-1 and CXCL9 by promoting ubiquitin-proteasome-mediated protein degradation rather than transcriptional repression. Seven primary compounds including ehletianol C, dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol, herpetrione, herpetin, herpetotriol, herpetetrone and herpetetrol were identified from the EHC using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry. CONCLUSION: Topical application of EHC ameliorates psoriasis-like skin symptoms and improves the inflammation at the lesion sites. Please cite this article as: Zhong Y, Zhang BW, Li JT, Zeng X, Pei JX, Zhang YM, Yang YX, Li FL, Deng Y, Zhao Q. Ethanol extract of Herpetospermum caudigerum Wall ameliorates psoriasis-like skin inflammation and promotes degradation of keratinocyte-derived ICAM-1 and CXCL9. J Integr Med. 2023; 21(6): 584-592.

Cloning and functional characterization of a caffeic acid O-methyltransferase from Trigonella foenum-graecum L.

A cDNA encoding an O-methyltransferase (namely FGCOMT1) was identified from the medicinal plant Trigonella foenum-graecum L. The FGCOMT1 enzyme is a functional caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (COMT) and is localized in the cytosol. Kinetic analysis indicated that FGCOMT1 protein exhibited the highest catalyzing efficiency towards 5-hydroxy ferulic acid and caffeic acid as substrates, but did not possess the abilities to methylate either quercetin or tricetin in vitro. Furthermore, transformation of Arabidopsis loss-of-function Atomt1 mutant with a FGCOMT1 cDNA partially complements accumulation of sinapoyl derivatives but did not function to produce the major methylated flavonol isorhamnetin in seeds. The results from this study indicated that FGCOMT1 is a COMT with substrate preference to monomeric lignin precursors but is not involved in the flavonoid methylation in T. foenum-graecum L.

Altered expression of matrix metalloproteinases and tight junction proteins in rats following PEMF-induced BBB permeability change.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression of occludin, ZO-1, MMP-2, and MMP-9 in cerebral microvasculature following Pulse Electromagnetic Field (PEMF) induced BBB permeability change. METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into PEMF and sham exposed groups (n = 8). After exposure to PEMF at 0.5, 1, 3, 6, and 12 h, BBB permeability was measured by Evans-Blue extravasation. The expression of occludin, ZO-1, MMP-2, and MMP-9 were detected by real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR and western blotting. MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity were detected by EnzChek gelatinase assay. RESULTS: Compared with the sham group, PEMF exposure led to increased permeability of the BBB to EB, which was prolonged after exposure. BBB permeability became progressively more severe, and recovered at 6 h. The gene and protein expression of occludin and ZO-1 were significantly decreased, while MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression were significantly increased after exposure to PEMF. All levels of expression recovered 12 h following PEMF. CONCLUSION: Changes to BBB permeability were related to the alteration expression of tight junction proteins and matrix metalloproteinase after exposure to PEMF.