The necessity of a loading dose when prescribing intravenous colistin in critically ill patients with CRGNB-associated pneumonia: a multi-center observational study.

BACKGROUND: The importance or necessity of a loading dose when prescribing intravenous colistin has not been well established in clinical practice, and approximate one-third to half of patients with carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria (CRGNB) infection did not receive the administration of a loading dose. The aim of this study is to investigate the efficacy and risk of acute kidney injury when prescribing intravenous colistin for critically ill patients with nosocomial pneumonia caused by CRGNB. METHODS: This was a multicenter, retrospective study that recruited ICU-admitted patients who had CRGNB-associated nosocomial pneumonia and were treated with intravenous colistin. Then, we classified the patients into colistin loading dose (N = 85) and nonloading dose groups (N = 127). After propensity-score matching for important covariates, we compared the mortality rate, clinical outcome and microbiological eradication rates between the groups (N = 67). RESULTS: The loading group had higher percentages of patients with favorable clinical outcomes (55.2% and 35.8%, p = 0.037) and microbiological eradication rates (50% and 27.3%, p = 0.042) at day 14 than the nonloading group. The mortality rates at days 7, 14 and 28 and overall in-hospital mortality were not different between the two groups, but the Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the loading group had a longer survival time than the nonloading group. Furthermore, the loading group had a shorter length of hospital stay than the nonloading group (52 and 60, p = 0.037). Regarding nephrotoxicity, there was no significant difference in the risk of developing acute kidney injury between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: The administration of a loading dose is recommended when prescribing intravenous colistin for critically ill patients with nosocomial pneumonia caused by CRGNB.

Primary Tumor Resection Is Associated with a Better Outcome among Advanced EGFR-Mutant Lung Adenocarcinoma Patients Receiving EGFR-TKI Treatment.

OBJECTIVES: The characteristics and efficacy of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) in advanced EGFR-mutant lung adenocarcinoma patients with primary tumor resection (PTR) is not yet clear. METHODS: We enrolled advanced EGFR-mutant lung adenocarcinoma patients with EGFR-TKI as first-line therapy to access the impact of PTR on the outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 466 patients were enrolled with 76 patients (16.3%) undergoing PTR; 59 patients recurred after curative surgery, while 17 patients underwent surgery as diagnostic purposes. PTR patients displayed a better performance status, a lower metastatic burden, and much less measurable diseases (30.3 vs. 97.4%, p < 0.001). PTR patients experienced a significantly longer progression-free survival (25.1 [95% CI 16.6-33.7] vs. 9.4 [95% CI 8.4-10.4] months; aHR 0.40 [95% CI 0.30-0.54], p < 0.001) and overall survival (56.8 [95% CI 36.3-77.2] vs. 31.8 [95% CI 28.2-35.4] months; aHR 0.57 [95% CI 0.39-0.84], p = 0.004). Survival advantage was still observed while comparing PTR patients with the better performance and lower metastatic burden subgroup found within the non-resection group. Moreover, the progression-free survival and overall survival of 11 patients who were found having pleural metastases during surgery and underwent PTR plus pleural biopsy, were also longer than those with pure N0--1/M1a-malignant pleural effusion disease in the non-resection group (n = 19) (p < 0.001 and p = 0.002, respectively). CONCLUSION: PTR was associated with significantly better outcomes in advanced lung adenocarcinoma patients treated with EGFR-TKI. Further studies are needed to evaluate the biological role of PTR among these patients.

Impact of Early Fluid Balance on 1-Year Mortality in Critically Ill Patients With Cancer: A Retrospective Study in Central Taiwan.

A positive fluid balance has been found to be deleterious in critically ill patients; however, the impact of early fluid balance, particularly on long-term outcomes, in critically ill patients with cancer remains unclear. We performed this retrospective study at a tertiary-care referral hospital with 1500 beds and 6 intensive care units (ICUs) in central Taiwan, and 942 patients with cancer admitted to ICUs during 2013 to 2016 were enrolled. The primary outcome was 1-year mortality. Cancer-related data were obtained from the cancer registry, and data during ICU admissions were retrieved from the electronic medical records. The association between fluid balance, which was represented by median and interquartile range, and 1-year mortality was determined by calculating the hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) using a multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression model. The in-hospital mortality rate was 22.9% (216 of 942), and the mortality within 1 year after the index ICU admission was 38.7% (365 of 942). Compared to survivors, nonsurvivors tended to have a higher Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score (24.1 ± 6.9 vs 20.5 ± 6.2, P < .01), a higher age (65.0 ± 14.4 vs 61.3 ± 14.3, P < .01), a higher serum creatinine (1.5 ± 1.3 vs 1.0 ± 1.0, P < .01), and a higher cumulative day 1 to 4 fluid balance (2669, 955-5005 vs 4103, 1268-7215 mL, P < .01). Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analysis found that cumulative day-4 fluid balance was independently associated with 1-year mortality (adj HR 1.227, 95% CI: 1.132-1.329). A positive day 1 to 4 cumulative fluid balance was associated with shorter 1-year survival in critically ill patients with cancer. Further studies are needed to validate this association.

Efficacy of combination therapy with standard-dose carbapenem for treating nosocomial pneumonia caused by carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in intensive care units: A multicentre retrospective propensity score-matched study.

Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) infection is common worldwide. Despite carbapenem resistance, standard-dose carbapenems are still used in clinical practice. Hence in this study, we aimed to compare the efficacy and outcomes of a regimen containing standard-dose carbapenems with those of a regimen lacking carbapenems during the treatment of critically ill patients with CRAB nosocomial pneumonia in the intensive care unit (ICU). Initially, 735 patients were recruited for this multicentre retrospective cohort study. After exclusion, time-window bias adjustment, and propensity score matching, multiple clinical outcomes were compared between the carbapenem-containing (CC) (n = 166) and no carbapenem-containing (NCC) (n = 166) groups. The CC group showed a higher risk of clinical failure on day 7 than the NCC group (44.6% vs. 33.1%, P = 0.043). The lengths of ICU stay (21 and 16 days, P = 0.024) and hospital stay (61 and 44 days, P = 0.003) were longer in the CC group than in the NCC group. Multivariate analysis showed that the CC regimen was associated with higher clinical failure (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.05-2.56, P = 0.031) and lower microbiological eradication (aOR = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.23-1.00, P = 0.049) at day 7 than the NCC group. Thus, a regimen containing a standard dose of carbapenem should be prescribed with caution for treating CRAB nosocomial pneumonia in the ICU.

Primary tumor consolidative therapy improves the outcomes of patients with advanced EGFR-mutant lung adenocarcinoma treated with first-line osimertinib.

Background: Patients with advanced epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutant lung adenocarcinoma (LAD) inevitably experience drug resistance following treatment with EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Objectives: We aimed to analyze the effect of primary tumor consolidative therapy (PTCT) on patients treated with first-line osimertinib. Design and methods: This retrospective cohort study was conducted in patients with advanced stage III or stage IV LAD with EGFR-sensitizing mutations (exon 19 deletion or L858R mutation) with disease control after first-line osimertinib. A curative dose of primary tumor radiotherapy or primary tumor resection was classified as PTCT. We compared the progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of patients with and without PTCT. Results: This study included 106 patients with a median age of 61.0 years, and of those, 42% were male and 73.6% were never-smokers. Exon 19 deletion was observed in 67.9%, 30.2% had a programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) tumor proportion score <1%, 33.0% had brain metastasis, and 40.6% had oligometastasis. In all, 53 (50%) patients underwent PTCT. Patients who underwent PTCT demonstrated significantly better PFS [30.3 (95% confidence interval (CI), 24.1-36.4) versus 18.2 (95% CI, 16.1-20.2) months; p = 0.005] and OS [not reached versus 36.7 (95% CI, 32.5-40.9) months; p = 0.005] than patients who did not. A multivariate analysis showed that PTCT was an independent factor associated with better PFS [hazard ratio (HR), 0.22; 95% CI, 0.10-0.49; p < 0.001] and OS [HR, 0.10; 95% CI, 0.01-0.82; p = 0.032]. The PFS benefits of PTCT were consistent across subgroups, and the HR tended to be lower in patients aged <65 years, males, smokers, stage IVB disease, L858R, PD-L1 expression ⩾1%, non-oligometastasis, and brain metastasis. Conclusion: Of the patients with advanced EGFR-mutant LAD, those who underwent PTCT had a significantly better survival outcome than those who did not. The survival benefits were consistent across different subgroups.

The prevalence, presentation and outcome of colistin susceptible-only Acinetobacter Baumannii-associated pneumonia in intensive care unit: a multicenter observational study.

Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) caused by carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) are both associated with significant morbidity and mortality in daily clinical practice, as well as in a critical care setting. It is unclear whether colistin susceptible-only Acinetobacter baumannii (CSO AB) is a unique phenotype separate from or a subset of CRAB-associated pneumonia. The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence of CSO AB pneumonia and compare the presentation and outcome between CSO AB and CRAB-associated pneumonia in critically ill patients. This multicenter retrospective cohort study initially recruited 955 patients with CR-GNB pneumonia. After exclusion, 575 patients left who were ICU-admitted and had CRAB nosocomial pneumonia remained. Among them, 79 patients had CSO AB pneumonia, classified as the CSO AB group. The other 496 patients were classified as the CRAB group. We compared demographic characteristics, disease severity, and treatment outcomes between the two groups. The prevalence of CSO AB among all cases of CRAB pneumonia was 13.74% (79/575). The CSO AB and CRAB groups had similar demographic characteristics and disease severities at initial presentation. The in-hospital mortality rate was 45.6% and 46.4% for CSO AB and CRAB groups, respectively (p = 0.991). The CSO AB group had significantly better clinical outcomes at day 7 (65.8% vs 52.4%, p = 0.036) but longer length of ICU stay (27 days vs 19 days, p = 0.043) compared to the CRAB group. However, other treatment outcomes, including clinical outcomes at day 14 and 28, mortality, microbiological eradication, ventilator weaning, and newly onset dialysis, were similar. In conclusion, CSO AB accounted for 13.74% of all cases of CRAB pneumonia, and the clinical presentation and treatment outcomes of CSO AB and CRAB pneumonia were similar.

Clinical effectiveness of tigecycline in combination therapy against nosocomial pneumonia caused by CR-GNB in intensive care units: a retrospective multi-centre observational study.

BACKGROUND: Tigecycline has in vitro bacteriostatic activity against a broad spectrum of bacteria, including carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (CR-GNB). However, the role of tigecycline in treatment of nosocomial pneumonia caused by CR-GNB remains controversial and clinical evidences are limited. We aimed to investigate the clinical benefits of tigecycline as part of the combination treatment of nosocomial CR-GNB pneumonia in intensive care unit (ICU). METHODS: This multi-centre cohort study retrospectively enrolled ICU-admitted patients with nosocomial pneumonia caused by CR-GNB. Patients were categorized based on whether add-on tigecycline was used in combination with at least one anti-CR-GNB antibiotic. Clinical outcomes and all-cause mortality between patients with and without tigecycline were compared in the original and propensity score (PS)-matched cohorts. A subgroup analysis was also performed to explore the differences of clinical efficacies of add-on tigecycline treatment when combined with various anti-CR-GNB agents. RESULTS: We analysed 395 patients with CR-GNB nosocomial pneumonia, of whom 148 received tigecycline and 247 did not. More than 80% of the enrolled patients were infected by CR-Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB). A trend of lower all-cause mortality on day 28 was noted in tigecycline group in the original cohort (27.7% vs. 36.0%, p = 0.088). In PS-matched cohort (102 patient pairs), patients with tigecycline had significantly lower clinical failure (46.1% vs. 62.7%, p = 0.017) and mortality rates (28.4% vs. 52.9%, p < 0.001) on day 28. In multivariate analysis, tigecycline treatment was a protective factor against clinical failure (PS-matched cohort: aOR 0.52, 95% CI 0.28-0.95) and all-cause mortality (original cohort: aHR 0.69, 95% CI 0.47-0.99; PS-matched cohort: aHR 0.47, 95% CI 0.30-0.74) at 28 days. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis in subgroups of patients suggested significant clinical benefits of tigecycline when added to a colistin-included (log rank p value 0.005) and carbapenem-included (log rank p value 0.007) combination regimen. CONCLUSIONS: In this retrospective observational study that included ICU-admitted patients with nosocomial pneumonia caused by tigecycline-susceptible CR-GNB, mostly CRAB, tigecycline as part of a combination treatment regimen was associated with lower clinical failure and all-cause mortality rates.

Adjuvant chemotherapy compared with observation in patients with T2aN0 stage IB lung adenocarcinoma.

Introduction: For patients with T2aN0 stage IB lung adenocarcinoma, benefits of adjuvant chemotherapy remain controversial. Here, we aimed to evaluate such benefits. Methods: This retrospective cohort study was conducted on the database of the National Taiwan Cancer Registry. We analyzed patients with T2aN0 stage IB lung adenocarcinoma (re-classified by AJCC 8th edition) diagnosed during the period from January 2011 to December 2017. They were divided into two groups: (1) group 1: tumor <=3 cm with visceral pleural invasion (VPI); (2) group 2: tumor >3 cm, but <=4 cm. Overall survival (OS) and cancer specific survival (CSS) were evaluated. Risk factors for survival were determined. Results: A total of 2,100 patients with T2aN0 stage IB lung adenocarcinoma (1,265 in group 1 and 835 in group 2) were enrolled for study. The proportions of patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy in group 1 and 2 were 39.1% and 68.6%, respectively. Amongst group 1 patients, adjuvant chemotherapy was not an independent risk factor for OS and CSS. Amongst group 2 patients, high-grade histologic findings and receiving sublobar resection were two risk factors for poorer survival. Adjuvant chemotherapy was also associated with an OS (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR), 0.52; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.38-0.72; P<0.001) and CSS (aHR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.37-0.78; p=0.001) benefit regardless of the presence or absence of risk factors. Conclusion: For patients with T2aN0 stage IB lung adenocarcinoma, adjuvant chemotherapy improved OS and CSS in those with tumors >3 cm, but <=4 cm.For patients with tumors <=3 cm with VPI, adjuvant chemotherapy had no survival benefit.

Mortality and ventilator dependence in critically ill patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii.

BACKGROUND: Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) is a key pathogen associated with ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). Research on treatment outcomes, especially ventilator dependence, in patients with VAP caused by CRAB remains limited. METHODS: This retrospective multicenter study included ICU-admitted patients with VAP caused by CRAB. The original cohort was included as the mortality evaluation cohort. The ventilator dependence evaluation cohort included cases that survived more than 21 days after VAP and without prolonged ventilation before VAP onset. The mortality rate, ventilator dependence rate, clinical factors associated with treatment outcomes, and treatment outcome differences with various VAP onset times were investigated. RESULTS: In total, 401 patients with VAP caused by CRAB were analyzed. The 21-day all-cause mortality rate was 25.2%, and the 21-day ventilator dependence rate was 48.8%. Clinical factors associated with 21-day mortality included lower body mass index, higher sequential organ failure assessment score, vasopressors usage, CRAB persistence, and VAP onset time > seven days. Clinical factors associated with 21-day ventilator dependence included older age, vasopressors usage, and VAP onset time > seven days. CONCLUSIONS: ICU-admitted patients with CRAB-related VAP had high mortality and ventilator dependence rates. Older age, vasopressor usage, and longer VAP onset time were independent factors associated with ventilator dependence.

Association of smoking and ALK tyrosine-kinase inhibitors on overall survival in treatment-naïve ALK-positive advanced lung adenocarcinoma.

Introduction: Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) fusion mutation is more common in younger and never-smoking lung cancer patients. The association of smoking and ALK-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) on overall survival (OS) of treatment-naïve ALK-positive advanced lung adenocarcinoma remains unclear in real-world. Methods: This retrospective study evaluated all 33170 lung adenocarcinoma patients registered in the National Taiwan Cancer Registry from 2017 to 2019, of whom 9575 advanced stage patients had ALK mutation data. Results: Among the 9575 patients, 650 (6.8%) patients had ALK mutation with the median follow-up survival time 30.97 months (median age, 62 years; 125 [19.2%] were aged ≥75 years; 357 (54.9%) females; 179 (27.5) smokers, 461 (70.9%) never-smokers, 10 (1.5%) with unknown smoking status; and 544 (83.7%) with first-line ALK-TKI treatment). Overall, of 535 patients with known smoking status who received first-line ALK-TKI treatment, never-smokers and smokers had a median OS of 40.7 months (95% confidence interval (CI), 33.1-47.2 months) and 23.5 months (95% CI, 11.5-35.5 months) (P=0.015), respectively. Among never-smokers, those who received first-line ALK-TKI treatment had a median OS of 40.7 months (95% CI, 22.7-57.8 months), while those ALK-TKI not as first-line treatment had a median OS of 31.7 months (95% CI, 15.2-42.8 months) (P=0.23). In smokers, the median OS for these patients was 23.5 months (95% CI, 11.5-35.5 months) and 15.6 months (95% CI, 10.2-21.1 months) (P=0.026), respectively. Conclusions and relevance: For patients with treatment-naïve advanced lung adenocarcinoma, the ALK test should be performed irrespective of smoking status and age. Smokers had shorter median OS than never-smokers among treatment-naïve-ALK-positive patients with first-line ALK-TKI treatment. Furthermore, smokers not receiving first-line ALK-TKI treatment had inferior OS. Further investigations for the first-line treatment of ALK-positive smoking advanced lung adenocarcinoma patients are needed.

Clinical outcome of nosocomial pneumonia caused by Carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria in critically ill patients: a multicenter retrospective observational study.

Nosocomial pneumonia caused by carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria (CRGNB) is a growing threat due to the limited therapeutic choices and high mortality rate. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic factors for mortality in patients with nosocomial pneumonia caused by CRGNB and the impact of colistin-based therapy on the outcomes of intensive care unit (ICU) patients. We conducted a retrospective study of the ICUs in five tertiary teaching hospitals in Taiwan. Patients with nosocomial pneumonia caused by CRGNB from January 2016 to December 2016 were included. Prognostic factors for mortality were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression. The influence of colistin-based therapy on mortality and clinical and microbiological outcomes were evaluated in subgroups using different severity stratification criteria. A total of 690 patients were enrolled in the study, with an in-hospital mortality of 46.1%. The most common CRGNB pathogens were Acinetobacter baumannii (78.7%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13.0%). Significant predictors (odds ratio and 95% confidence interval) of mortality from multivariate analysis were a length of hospital stay (LOS) prior to pneumonia of longer than 9 days (2.18, 1.53-3.10), a sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score of more than 7 (2.36, 1.65-3.37), supportive care with vasopressor therapy (3.21, 2.26-4.56), and escalation of antimicrobial therapy (0.71, 0.50-0.99). There were no significant differences between the colistin-based therapy in the deceased and survival groups (42.1% vs. 42.7%, p = 0.873). In the subgroup analysis, patients with multiple organ involvement (> 2 organs) or higher SOFA score (> 7) receiving colistin-based therapy had better survival outcomes. Prolonged LOS prior to pneumonia onset, high SOFA score, vasopressor requirement, and timely escalation of antimicrobial therapy were predictors for mortality in critically ill patients with nosocomial CRGNB pneumonia. Colistin-based therapy was associated with better survival outcomes in subgroups of patients with a SOFA score of more than 7 and multiple organ involvement.

Characteristics and immune checkpoint inhibitor effects on non-smoking non-small cell lung cancer with KRAS mutation: A single center cohort (STROBE-compliant).

ABSTRACT: Kirsten rat sarcoma (KRAS) mutation (KRASm) is associated with poor prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. We have aimed to survey NSCLC patients harboring KRASm in Taiwan, where never-smoking lung adenocarcinoma predominates, and analyze the immune checkpoint inhibitor effect on NSCLC harboring KRASm.NSCLC patients with KRASm were enrolled and tested on programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression using available tissue. We analyzed their clinical features, PD-L1 status, responses to ICIs, and overall survival (OS).We studied 93 patients with a median age 66.0 years, 23.7% of whom were women, and 22.6% were never-smokers. The results showed that G12C (36.6%) was the most common KRASm. In 47 patients with available tissue for PD-L1 testing, PD-L1 expression was positive in 66.0% of patients, while PD-L1 ≥50% was higher in ever-smokers (P = .038). Among 23 patients receiving ICI treatment, those with PD-L1 ≥50% experience a 45.5% response rate to ICI. There were benefits from ICI treatment on OS compared with no ICI treatment (median OS 35.6 vs 9.8 months, P = .002) for all of our patients, and for patients with PD-L1 ≥50% (median OS not-reached vs 8.4 months, P = .008). There were no differences in survival across different KRAS subtypes (P = .666).Never-smokers composed more than one-fifth of KRASm in NSCLC in Taiwan. A high PD-L1 expression was related to smoking history and responded well to ICI. ICI treatment improved the OS in NSCLC patients with KRASm, particularly those with PD-L1 ≥50%.

Association of Smoking With Patient Characteristics and Outcomes in Small Cell Lung Carcinoma, 2011-2018.

Importance: Small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) is uncommon in individuals who have never smoked (never-smokers). The related epidemiologic factors and prognosis remain unclear. Objective: To assess the epidemiologic factors, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of SCLC in never-smokers. Design, Setting, and Participants: A retrospective cohort study was conducted using data from the national Taiwan Cancer Registry, which was inaugurated in 1979 and maintains standardized records of patients' characteristics and clinical information for all individuals with cancer. Patients with cytologically or pathologically proven lung cancer were included for analysis. The study obtained data on patients from January 1, 1996, to December 31, 2018; data analysis was conducted from January 1, 1996, to December 31, 2019. Exposures: Clinical characteristics and outcomes of smokers and never-smokers with SCLC. Main Outcomes and Measures: Clinical characteristics for comparison included age at diagnosis, sex, performance status, tumor stage, and treatment. The main outcome parameter was overall survival of patients with SCLC from 2011 to 2018. Results: From 1996 to 2018, a total of 225 788 patients had diagnosed lung cancer; 141 654 patients (62.7%) were men; mean (SD) age was 67.55 (12.58) years. The numbers of both patients with newly diagnosed lung cancer and those with SCLC increased until 2009 by 111.5% for lung cancer and 118.5% for SCLC. Thereafter, lung cancer cases grew in number, but SCLC cases did not; hence, the percentage of patients with SCLC decreased from 9.3% in 2009 to 6.3% in 2018. From 2011 to 2018, the percentage of never-smokers increased significantly among all patients with lung cancers (from 49.9% in 2011 to 60.2% in 2018) and among those with lung adenocarcinomas (from 64.1% in 2011 to 70.9% in 2018) (both P < .001). However, the percentage of never-smokers appeared to vary little in the SCLC population: 15.5% in 2011 and 16.1% in 2018 (P = .28). The median overall survival was significantly longer in patients with adenocarcinoma vs SCLC (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.31-0.33; P < .001). Compared with smokers with SCLC, never-smokers with SCLC tended to include more older patients (age ≥70 years: 492 [57.3%] vs 2242 [44.8%]), more women (274 [31.9%] vs 322 [6.4%]), more individuals with a poor performance status (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status ≥2: 284 [33.1%] vs 1261 [25.2%]) and stage IV cancer (660 [76.9%] vs 3590 [71.8%]), and more patients without treatment (203 [23.7%] vs 626 [12.5%]). Furthermore, never-smokers, particularly men, experienced a shorter survival rate (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.00-1.20; P = .04) compared with the other groups. Conclusions and Relevance: The findings of this cohort study suggest that the decrease in the percentage of patients with SCLC was associated with increased lung cancers of other histologic types, with no substantial decrease in the number of those with SCLC.

Efficacy of adjunctive nebulized colistin in critically ill patients with nosocomial carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacterial pneumonia: a multi-centre observational study.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association between adjunctive nebulized colistin and treatment outcomes in critically ill patients with nosocomial carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacterial (CR-GNB) pneumonia. METHODS: This retrospective, multi-centre, cohort study included individuals admitted to the intensive care unit with nosocomial pneumonia caused by colistin-susceptible CR-GNB. Enrolled patients were divided into groups with/without nebulized colistin as adjunct to at least one effective intravenous antibiotic. Propensity score matching was performed in the original cohort (model 1) and a time-window bias-adjusted cohort (model 2). The association between adjunctive nebulized colistin and treatment outcomes was analysed. RESULTS: In total, 181 and 326 patients treated with and without nebulized colistin, respectively, were enrolled for analysis. The day 14 clinical failure rate and mortality rate were 41.4% (75/181) versus 46% (150/326), and 14.9% (27/181) versus 21.8% (71/326), respectively. In the propensity score-matching analysis, patients with nebulized colistin had lower day 14 clinical failure rates (model 1: 41% (68/166) versus 54.2% (90/166), p 0.016; model 2: 35.3% (41/116) versus 56.9% (66/116), p 0.001). On multivariate analysis, nebulized colistin was an independent factor associated with fewer day 14 clinical failures (model 1: adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.59, 95% CI 0.37-0.92; model 2: aOR 0.37, 95% CI 0.21-0.65). Nebulized colistin was not associated independently with a lower 14-day mortality rate in the time-dependent analysis in both models 1 and 2. CONCLUSIONS: Adjunctive nebulized colistin was associated with lower day 14 clinical failure rate, but not lower 14-day mortality rate, in critically ill patients with nosocomial pneumonia caused by colistin-susceptible CR-GNB.

Efficacies of Colistin-Carbapenem versus Colistin-Tigecycline in Critically Ill Patients with CR-GNB-Associated Pneumonia: A Multicenter Observational Study.

Background: Evaluating the options for antibiotic treatment for carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (CR-GNB)-associated pneumonia remains crucial. We compared the therapeutic efficacy and nephrotoxicity of two combination therapies, namely, colistin + carbapenem (CC) versus colistin + tigecycline (CT), for treating CR-GNB-related nosocomial pneumonia in critically ill patients. Methods: In this multicenter, retrospective, and cohort study, we recruited patients admitted to intensive care units and diagnosed with CR-GNB-associated nosocomial pneumonia. We divided the enrolled patients into CC (n = 62) and CT (n = 59) groups. After propensity score matching (n = 39), we compared the therapeutic efficacy by mortality, favorable outcome, and microbiological eradication and compared nephrotoxicity by acute kidney injury between groups. Results: There was no significant difference between the CC and CT groups regarding demographic characteristics and disease severities as assessed using the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, and other organ dysfunction variables. Therapeutic efficacy was non-significantly different between groups in all-cause mortality, favorable outcomes, and microbiological eradication at days 7, 14, and 28; as was the Kaplan-Meier analysis of 28-day survival. For nephrotoxicity, both groups had similar risks of developing acute kidney injury, evaluated using the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes criteria (p = 1.000). Conclusions: Combination therapy with CC or CT had similar therapeutic efficacy and risk of developing acute kidney injury for treating CR-GNB-associated nosocomial pneumonia in critically ill patients.