Tools to measure the burden on informal caregivers of cancer patients: A literature review.

OBJECTIVES: (1) To describe existing tools to assess the burden of informal caregivers of people with cancer, (2) to describe how these tools have been validated and (3) to describe the areas of interest of existing assessment tool entries. BACKGROUND: The caregiver burden of informal caregivers of people with cancer greatly affects their lives. There is a wide variety of relevant assessment tools available, but there are no studies to help researchers to select tools. METHODS: A search was conducted using the keywords 'cancer', 'caregiver', 'burden' and 'scale' in Medline (PubMed), CINAHL and EMBASE to include articles that developed or applied tools to assess the burden on informal caregivers of cancer patients. Once eligible tools were identified, we searched their 'primary reference' studies. If the original scale was assessed in a population other than informal caregivers of cancer patients, we again searched for psychometric measures in the population of caregivers of cancer patients. RESULTS: This study retrieved 938 articles on developing or applying the informal caregiver burden instrument for cancer patients, including 42 scales. Internal consistency of the original scales ranged from 0.53 to 0.96. Nineteen scales initially developed to assess caregiver burden for patients with dementia, stroke and other disorders were later used for caregivers of cancer patients, eight of which have not yet been validated. Reclassifying all scale domains of concern revealed that scale assessments focused more on caregivers' physical health, emotional state and caregiving tasks. CONCLUSION: This review identifies many scales for assessing informal caregiver burden in cancer patients and gives scales recommended. However, a portion still needs to be validated. The development of a new scale proposes to be based on a theoretical framework and to consider dimensions for assessing support resources. IMPACT: What problem did the study address?: This paper collates assessment tools on the burden of informal carers of people with cancer. It also provides information on the applicable population, reliability and validity. What were the main findings?: 41 scales could be considered for use, eight of which have not been validated. The scales focus more on assessing caregivers' physical health, emotional state and caregiving tasks, and less on the dimension of support resources. Where and on whom will the research have an impact?: There are implications for informal carers of cancer patients in hospitals or in the community, as well as for relevant researchers. REPORTING METHOD: Retrieved with reference to systematic evaluation. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: No patient or public contribution.

Stability and digestibility of encapsulated lycopene in different emulsion systems stabilized by acid-modified soybean lipophilic protein.

BACKGROUND: Owing to the harsh acidic environment of the stomach, acid-resistant emulsion products have wide-ranging applications in the food industry. Herein, natural soybean lipophilic protein (LP) was used to establish coarse emulsions, nanoemulsions, emulsion gels, and high internal phase Pickering emulsions (HIPPE) under acidic conditions. Furthermore, the carrying characteristics of the acid-resistant emulsion system with lycopene were explored. RESULTS: Comparisons of particle sizes, potentials, microstructures, and rheology of the four carrier systems revealed that HIPPE has a single particle-size distribution, the largest zeta potential, and an elastic gel-like network structure. Comparison of encapsulation rates indicated that HIPPE had the best effect on encapsulating lycopene, reaching approximately 90%. The pH stability, storage stability, and simulated in vitro digestion experiments showed that the four emulsions that were stable under acidic conditions had good acid resistance. Among them, the acid-induced LP-stabilized HIPPE had the best storage stability and superior compatibility with the harsh acidic environment of the stomach, which not only achieved the purpose of delaying the release of lipids but also conferred better protection to lycopene in the gastric tract; moreover, it achieved the best bioavailability. CONCLUSION: LP-stabilized HIPPE has the best stability and can yield better absorption and utilization of lycopene by the body. The results of this study are helpful for the development of acid-resistant functional emulsion foods that are conducive to the absorption of lycopene. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

DHX15 is up-regulated in castration-resistant prostate cancer and required for androgen receptor sensitivity to low DHT concentrations.

BACKGROUND: DHX15 is a member of the DEAH-box (DHX) RNA helicase family. Our previous study identified it as an AR coactivator which contributes to prostate cancer progression. METHODS: We investigated DHX15 expression in castration resistant prostate cancer specimens and the influence of DHX15 on the responsiveness of prostate cancer cells to DHT stimulation. We also explored the role DHX15 played in enzalutamide resistance and the interacting domain in DHX15 with AR. DHX15 expression level in human CRPC specimens and prostate cancer specimens was detected by tissue microarray (TMA) immunostaining analysis. Colony formation assay was performed to determine the proliferation of cells treated with enzalutamide or DHT. siRNAs were used to knockdown DHX15. The interactions between DHX15 and AR were detected using co-immunoprecipitation assay. RESULTS: The expression level of DHX15 was upregulated in human CRPC specimens compared with hormone naïve prostate cancer specimens. DHX15 knockdown reduced AR sensitivity to low DHT concentrations in C4-2 cells. Inactivation of DHX15 sensitizes the enzalutamide treatment in C4-2 cells. Deletion mutagenesis indicated that DHX1 5 interacts with AR through its N terminal domain. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that DHX15 contributes to prostate cancer progression. DHX15 is required for androgen receptor sensitivity to low DHT concentrations and contributes to enzalutamide resistance in C4-2 cells. Targeting DHX15 may improve the ADT treatment.

General Control Nonderepressible 2 (GCN2) Kinase Inhibits Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 in Response to Amino Acid Starvation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

In eukaryotic cells, two conserved protein kinases, Gcn2 and TOR complex 1 (TORC1), couple amino acid conditions to protein translation. Gcn2 functions as an amino acid sensor and is activated by uncharged tRNAs that accumulate when intracellular amino acids are limited. Activated Gcn2 phosphorylates and inhibits eukaryotic initiation factor-2α (eIF2α), resulting in repression of general protein synthesis. Like Gcn2, TORC1 is also involved in sensing amino acid conditions. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In the present study, we show that TORC1 is a direct target of Gcn2 kinase in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae In response to amino acid starvation, Gcn2 binds to TORC1 and phosphorylates Kog1, the unique regulatory subunit of TORC1, resulting in down-regulation of TORC1 kinase activity. In the absence of Gcn2, TORC1 signaling activity increases and becomes unresponsive to amino acid starvation. Our findings demonstrate that TORC1 is an effector of Gcn2 in amino acid signaling, hence defining a novel mechanism by which TORC1 senses amino acid starvation.

Target of rapamycin complex 1 and Tap42-associated phosphatases are required for sensing changes in nitrogen conditions in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

In yeast target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) and Tap42-associated phosphatases regulate expression of genes involved in nitrogen limitation response and the nitrogen discrimination pathway. However, it remains unclear whether TORC1 and the phosphatases are required for sensing nitrogen conditions. Utilizing temperature sensitive mutants of tor2 and tap42, we examined the role of TORC1 and Tap42 in nuclear entry of Gln3, a key transcription factor in yeast nitrogen metabolism, in response to changes in nitrogen conditions. Our data show that TORC1 is essential for Gln3 nuclear entry upon nitrogen limitation and downshift in nitrogen quality. However, Tap42-associated phosphatases are required only under nitrogen limitation condition. In cells grown in poor nitrogen medium, the nitrogen permease reactivator kinase (Npr1) inhibits TORC1 activity and alters its association with Tap42, rendering Tap42-associated phosphatases unresponsive to nitrogen limitation. These findings demonstrate a direct role for TORC1 and Tap42-associated phosphatases in sensing nitrogen conditions and unveil an Npr1-dependent mechanism that controls TORC1 and the phosphatases in response to changes in nitrogen quality.

Regulation of ELL2 stability and polyubiquitination by EAF2 in prostate cancer cells.

BACKGROUND: Elongation factor for RNA polymerase 2 (ELL2) and ELL associated factor 2 (EAF2) have been reported to have tumor suppressive properties in prostate epithelial cells. AIMS: We investigated ELL2 expression in human prostate cancer specimens, and ELL2 protein stability and ubiquitination in prostate cancer cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Immunostaining analysis of human prostate cancer specimens was used to determine ELL2 expression in tumor and normal tissues. ELL2 knockdown in prostate cancer cell lines LNCaP and C4-2 was used to compare proliferation and motility. Deletion and site-directed mutagenesis was used to identify amino acid residues in ELL2 that were important for degradation. RESULTS: ELL2 protein was downregulated in prostate cancer specimens and was up-regulated by androgens in prostate cancer cell lines LNCaP and C4-2. ELL2 knockdown enhanced prostate cancer cell proliferation and motility. ELL2 protein has a short half-life and was stabilized by proteasome inhibitor MG132. Amino acid residues K584 and K599 in ELL2 were important for ELL2 degradation. EAF2 could stabilize ELL2 and inhibited its polyubiquitination. CONCLUSION: Our findings provide further evidence that ELL2 is a potential tumor suppressor frequently down-regulated in clinical prostate cancer specimens and provides new insights into regulation of ELL2 protein level by polyubiquitination and EAF2 binding.

Characterizing the Structural and Functional Properties of Soybean Protein Extracted from Full-Fat Soybean Flakes after Low-Temperature Dry Extrusion.

The soy protein isolates (SPI) extracted from different extruded full-fat soybean flakes (FFSF), and their conformational and functional properties were characterized. Overall, the free thiol (SH) content of SPI increased when the extrusion temperature was below 80 °C and decreased at higher temperatures. Soy glycinin (11S) showed higher stability than ß-conglycinin (7S) during extrusion. Results also indicated that the increase in some hydrophobic groups was due to the movement of hydrophobic groups from the interior to the surface of the SPI molecules at extrusion temperatures from 60 to 80 °C. However, the aggregation of SPI molecules occurred at extrusion temperatures of 90 and 100 °C, with decreasing levels of hydrophobic groups. The extrusion temperature negatively affected the emulsifying activity index (EAI); on the other side, it positively affected the emulsifying stability index (ESI), compared to unextruded SPI.

Tumor Suppressor Folliculin Regulates mTORC1 through Primary Cilia.

Folliculin (FLCN) is the tumor suppressor associated with Birt-Hogg-Dubé (BHD) syndrome that predisposes patients to incident of hamartomas and cysts in multiple organs. Its inactivation causes deregulation in the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling pathway. However, the underlying mechanism is poorly defined. In this study, we show that FLCN is a ciliary protein that functions through primary cilia to regulate mTORC1. In response to flow stress, FLCN associates with LKB1 and recruits the kinase to primary cilia for activation of AMPK resided at basal bodies, which causes mTORC1 down-regulation. In cells depleted of FLCN, LKB1 fails to accumulate in primary cilia and AMPK at the basal bodies remains inactive, thus nullifying the inhibitory effect of flow stress on mTORC1 activity. Our results demonstrate that FLCN is part of a flow sensory mechanism that regulates mTORC1 through primary cilia.

Application of a Saddle-Type Eddy Current Sensor in Steel Ball Surface-Defect Inspection.

Steel ball surface-defect inspection was performed by using a new saddle-type eddy current sensor (SECS), which included a saddle coil and a signal conditioning circuit. The saddle coil was directly wound on the steel ball's outer bracket in a semi-circumferential direction. Driven by a friction wheel, the test steel ball rotated in a one-dimensional direction, such that the steel ball surface was fully scanned by the SECS. There were two purposes for using the SECS in the steel ball inspection system: one was to reduce the complexity of the unfolding wheel of the surface deployment mechanism, and the other was to reduce the difficulty of sensor processing and installation. Experiments were carried out on bearing steel balls in diameter of 8 mm with three types of representative and typical defects by using the SECS, and the results showed that the inspection system can detect surface defects as small as 0.05 mm in width and 0.1 mm in depth with high-repetition detection accuracy, and the detection efficiency of 5 pcs/s, which meet the requirement for inspecting ISO grade 10 bearing steel balls. The feasibility of detecting steel ball surface defects by SECS was verified.

A Steel Ball Surface Quality Inspection Method Based on a Circumferential Eddy Current Array Sensor.

To efficiently inspect surface defects on steel ball bearings, a new method based on a circumferential eddy current array (CECA) sensor was proposed here. The best probe configuration, in terms of the coil quality factor (Q-factor), magnetic field intensity, and induced eddy current density on the surface of a sample steel ball, was determined using 3-, 4-, 5-, and 6-coil probes, for analysis and comparison. The optimal lift-off from the measured steel ball, the number of probe coils, and the frequency of excitation current suitable for steel ball inspection were obtained. Using the resulting CECA sensor to inspect 46,126 steel balls showed a miss rate of ~0.02%. The sensor was inspected for surface defects as small as 0.05 mm in width and 0.1 mm in depth.

The effects of different hydrocolloids on lotus root starch gelatinization and gels properties.

In this study, xanthan gum (XG), sodium alginate (SA), guar gum (GG), and gum Arabic (GA), were used to modify Lotus root starch (LRS). The incorporation XG, SA, and GG significantly (p < 0.05) influence the swelling power (SP) of LRS, among which the 1.5 % of XG exhibited the highest value of 25.84 g/g at 90 °C. Gelatinization analysis revealed that XG raised the final viscosity (FV) and lowered the breakdown (BD), while SA significantly increased peak viscosity (PV) and BD. Furthermore, GG and GA exhibited a substantial reduction in setback (SB). The incorporation of XG, SA, and GG enhanced the rheological and structural properties (e.g., gel strength and elasticity) of LRS. Particularly, XG demonstrated a more prominent effect, while GA exhibited an opposite trend. Moreover, the structural analyses revealed that hydrophilic colloids have no impact on the functional group and crystal structure of the LRS. However, complex system exhibited the more stable hydrogen bonding. The addition of 1.5 % XG exhibited the most stable hydrogen bonding and highest water binding affinity. Overall, the results demonstrated the effect of different hydrophilic colloids on LRS, offering a theoretical basis for LRS applications and novel insights for the use of starches and hydrocolloids.

Recent advancements in the utilization of ultrasonic technology for the curing of processed meat products: A comprehensive review.

Curation meat products involves multiple stages, including pre-curing processing (thawing, cleaning, and cutting), curing itself, and post-curing processing (freezing, and packaging). Ultrasound are nonthermal processing technology widely used in food industry. This technology is preferred because it reduces the damages caused by traditional processing techniques on food, while simultaneously improving the nutritional properties and processing characteristics of food. The utilization of ultrasonic-assisted curing technology has attracted significant attention within the realm of meat product curing, encouraging extensive research efforts. In terms of curing meat products, ultrasonic-assisted curing technology has been widely studied due to its advantages of accelerating the curing speed, reducing nutrient loss, and improving the tenderness of cured meats. Therefore, this article aims to comprehensively review the application and mechanism of ultrasound technology in various stages of meat product curing. Furthermore, it also elaborates the effects of ultrasonic-assisted curing on the tenderness, water retention, and flavor substances of the meat products during the curing process. Besides, the implication of the ultrasound in the processing of meat curation plays a potent role together with other technologies or methods. The use of ultrasound technology in the process of meat curation was analyzed, which might be a theoretical insight for the industrialization prospects of the meat product.

Interfacial multilayer self-assembly of protein and polysaccharides: Ultrasonic regulation, stability and application in delivery lutein.

In this study, the layer-by-layer adsorption behavior of sodium caseinate, pectin, and chitosan on the oil-water interface was illustrated using multi-frequency ultrasound. We investigated the impact of ultrasound on various factors, such as particle size, zeta potential, and interfacial protein/polysaccharide concentration. It was observed that ultrasound has significantly decreased droplet size and increased the surface area at the interface, hence promoting the adsorption of protein/polysaccharide. In the sonicated multilayer emulsion, the concentrations of interface proteins, pectin, and chitosan increased to 84.82 %, 90.49 %, and 83.31 %, respectively. The findings of the study indicated that the application of ultrasonic treatment had a significant impact on the emulsion's surface charge and the prevention of droplet aggregation. As a result, the stability of the emulsion system, including its resistance to salt, temperature, and storage conditions, has been significantly improved. Moreover, the emulsion showed an increase in the retention rate of lutein by 21.88 % after a high-temperature water bath and by 19.35 % after UV irradiation. Certainly, the multilayer emulsion treated with ultrasound demonstrated a superior and prolonged releasing behavior. These findings demonstrated the suitability of the ultrasound treatment for the preparation of emulsions to deliver bioactive compounds.

Enhancing storage and gastroprotective viability of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum encapsulated by sodium caseinate-inulin-soy protein isolates composites carried within carboxymethyl cellulose hydrogel.

Probiotics are subjected to various edible coatings, especially proteins and polysaccharides, which serve as the predominant wall materials, with ultrasound, a sustainable green technology. Herein, sodium caseinate, inulin, and soy protein isolate composites were produced using multi-frequency ultrasound and utilized to encapsulateLactiplantibacillus plantarumto enhance its storage, thermal, and gastrointestinal viability. The physicochemical analyses revealed that the composites with 5 % soy protein isolate treated with ultrasound at 50 kHz exhibited enough repulsion forces to maintain stability, pH resistance, and the ability to encapsulate larger particles and possessed the highest encapsulation efficiency (95.95 %). The structural analyses showed changes in the composite structure at CC, CH, CO, and amino acid residual levels. Rheology, texture, and water-holding capacity demonstrated the production of soft hydrogels with mild chewing and gummy properties, carried the microcapsules without coagulation or sedimentation. Moreover, the viability attributes ofL. plantarumevinced superior encapsulation, protecting them for at least eight weeks and against heat (63 °C), reactive oxidative species (H2O2), and GI conditions.

Dithiothreitol-induced reassembly of soybean lipophilic protein as a carrier for resveratrol: Preparation, structural characterization, and functional properties.

We employed dithiothreitol (DTT) to reassemble soy lipophilic protein (LP) and increased its solubility for encapsulating resveratrol (Res); we subsequently added hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) to further stabilize Res. Physicochemical characterization, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and spectral analysis revealed that DTT triggered the breakage and reassembly of the disulfide bond. Consequently, the solubility of LP increased from 38.64 % to 71.49 %, and the number of free sulfhydryl groups increased to 7.84 mol·g-1. Furthermore, the encapsulation efficiency and structure of reassembled LP nanoparticles loaded with Res were found to be closely related to the DTT concentration used for induction. When HPMC was added, the LP-Res complex demonstrated spontaneous self-assembly, and the pH and temperature stability of the Res in the nanoparticles improved. An in vitro digestion simulation revealed that the reassembled LP was an efficient carrier for Res delivery. Particularly, HPMC improved the bioavailability and sustained release of Res.

Ultrasound-assisted alkali removal of proteins from wastewater generated during oil bodies extraction.

In this study, an ultrasonic-assisted alkaline method was used to remove proteins from wastewater generated during oil-body extraction, and the effects of different ultrasonic power settings (0, 150, 300, and 450 W) on protein recovery were investigated. The recoveries of the ultrasonically treated samples were higher than those of the samples without ultrasonic treatment, and the protein recoveries increased with increasing power, with a protein recovery of 50.10 % ± 0.19 % when the ultrasonic power was 450 W. Amino acid analysis showed that the amino acids comprising the recovered samples were consistent, regardless of the ultrasonic power used, but significant differences in the contents of amino acids were observed. No significant changes were observed in the protein electrophoretic profile using dodecyl polyacrylamide gel, indicating that sonication did not change the primary structures of the recovered samples. Fourier transform infrared and fluorescence spectroscopy revealed that the molecular structures of the samples changed after sonication, and the fluorescence intensity increased gradually with increasing sonication power. The contents of α-helices and random coils obtained at an ultrasonic power of 450 W decreased to 13.44 % and 14.31 %, respectively, whereas the ß-sheet content generally increased. The denaturation temperatures of the proteins were determined using differential scanning calorimetry, and ultrasound treatment reduced the denaturation temperatures of the samples, which was associated with the structural and conformational changes caused by their chemical bonding. The solubility of the recovered protein increased with increasing ultrasound power, and a high solubility was essential in good emulsification. The emulsification of the samples was improved well. In conclusion, ultrasound treatment changed the structure and thus improved the functional properties of the protein.

The risk assessment tool for intensive care unit readmission: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To review and evaluate existing risk assessment tools for intensive care unitreadmission. METHODS: Nine electronic databases (Medline, CINAHL, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Embase, Sino Med, CNKI, VIP, and Wan fang) were systematically searched from their inception to September 2022. Two authors independently extracted data from the literature included. Meta-analysis was performed under the bivariate modeling and summary receiver operating characteristic curve method. RESULTS: A total of 29 studies were included in this review, among which 11 were quantitatively Meta-analyzed. The results showed Stability and Workload Index for Transfer: Sensitivity = 0.55, Specificity = 0.65, Area under curve = 0.63. And Early warning score: Sensitivity = 0.78, Specificity = 0.83, Area under curve = 0.88. The remaining tools included scores, nomograms, machine learning models, and deep learning models. These studies, with varying reports on thresholds, case selection, data preprocessing, and model performance, have a high risk of bias. CONCLUSION: We cannot identify a tool that can be used directly in intensive care unit readmission risk assessment. Scores based on early warning score are moderately accurate in predicting readmission, but there is heterogeneity and publication bias that requires model adjustment for local factors such as resources, demographics, and case mix. Machine learning models present a promising modeling technique but have a high methodological bias and require further validation. IMPLICATIONS FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE: Using reliable risk assessment tools is essential for the early identification of unplanned intensive care unit readmission risk in critically ill patients.  A reliable risk assessment tool must be developed, which is the focus of further research.

Ethanol as a switch to induce soybean lipophilic protein self-assembly and resveratrol delivery.

Protein-based nanoparticles or nanocarriers of emulsion systems have piqued the interest of nutrition and health care goods. As a result, this work examines the characterisation of ethanol-induced soybean lipophilic protein (LP) self-assembly for resveratrol (Res) encapsulation, particularly the influence on emulsification. By varying the ethanol content ([E]) in the range of 0-70% (v/v), the structure, size, and morphology of LP nanoparticles may be adjusted. Similarly, the self-assembled LPs have a strong [E] dependency on the encapsulation efficiency of Res. For [E] = 40% (v/v), Res had the highest encapsulation efficiency (EE) and load capacity (LC) of 97.1% and 141.0 µg/mg nanoparticles, respectively. Most of the Res was encapsulated by the hydrophobic core of LP. Moreover, for [E] = 40% (v/v), LP-Res showed significantly improved emulsifying properties, independent of low-oil or high-oil emulsion systems. Furthermore, the ethanol-induced production of appropriate aggregates increased emulsion system stability, hence increasing Res retention during storage.

Fluorapatite nanorod arrays with enamel-like bundle structure regulated by iron ions.

Pigmented rodent tooth enamel is mainly composed of parallel hydroxyapatite nanorods and a small amount of organic matrix. These hydroxyapatite nanorods tend to be carbonated and contain traces of iron, fluorine, and magnesium. The pigmented rodent tooth enamel which contains trace iron is stronger and more resistant to acid corrosion than unpigmented rodent enamel, which could provide inspiration for the preparation and synthesis of high performance and corrosion resistant artificial materials. However, the regulatory role and mechanical enhancement of iron ions in enamel growth are unclear. Here, we synthesized enamel-like fluorapatite nanorod arrays in vitro using a mineralization technique at room-temperature. To investigate the regulatory effect of iron ions on the fluorapatite nanorod arrays (FAP-Fe), the phosphate solution is slowly transfused dropwise in the calcium ion solution, and different concentrations of iron ions are added to the calcium ion solution in advance. We demonstrated that fluorapatite nanorod arrays (FAP) can be epitaxially grown from amorphous calcium phosphate nanoparticles and iron ions can improve the microstructure of FAP nanorod arrays and obtain the same enamel bundle structure as the natural enamel. Moreover, high concentration of iron ions can inhibit the crystallization of fluorapatite. The FAP-Fe nanorod arrays controlled by 0.02 mM Fe3+ have good mechanical properties. Their hardness is 1.34 ± 0.02 GPa and Young's modulus is 65.3 ± 0.4 GPa, respectively. This work is helpful to understand the role of trace elements in natural enamel in the regulation of enamel formation and to provide a theoretical foundation for the preparation of high strength artificial composites, which can play a greater role in the fields of biological alternative materials, anti-oil coating, oil/water separation, anti-bioadhesion and so on.

A comprehensive review of ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) for bioactive components: Principles, advantages, equipment, and combined technologies.

The increasing focus on health and well-being has sparked a rising interest in bioactive components in the food, pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical industries. These components are gaining popularity due to their potential benefits for overall health. The growing interest has resulted in a continuous rise in demand for bioactive components, leading to the exploration of both edible and non-edible sources to obtain these valuable substances. Traditional extraction methods like solvent extraction, distillation, and pressing have certain drawbacks, including lower extraction efficiency, reduced yield, and the use of significant amounts of solvents or resources. Furthermore, certain extraction methods necessitate high temperatures, which can adversely affect certain bioactive components. Consequently, researchers are exploring non-thermal technologies to develop environmentally friendly and efficient extraction methods. Ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) is recognized as an environmentally friendly and highly efficient extraction technology. The UAE has the potential to minimize or eliminate the need for organic solvents, thereby reducing its impact on the environment. Additionally, UAE has been found to significantly enhance the production of target bioactive components, making it an attractive method in the industry. The emergence of ultrasonic assisted extraction equipment (UAEE) has presented novel opportunities for research in chemistry, biology, pharmaceuticals, food, and other related fields. However, there is still a need for further investigation into the main components and working modes of UAEE, as current understanding in this area remains limited. Therefore, additional research and exploration are necessary to enhance our knowledge and optimize the application of UAEE. The core aim of this review is to gain a comprehensive understanding of the principles, benefits and impact on bioactive components of UAE, explore the different types of equipment used in this technique, examine the various working modes and control parameters employed in UAE, and provide a detailed overview of the blending of UAE with other emerging extraction technologies. In conclusion, the future development of UAEE is envisioned to focus on achieving increased efficiency, reduced costs, enhanced safety, and improved reliability. These key areas of advancement aim to optimize the performance and practicality of UAEE, making it a more efficient, cost-effective, and reliable extraction technology.